Freedom, Sufism, maqâm hurrîyah, hâl hurrîyah.

This paper will discuss the meaning of freedom in the discourse of Sufi thought, especially of Ibn ‘Arabî. This is based on the consideration that Sufism before Ibn ‘Arabî’s more focused on ritualistic orientation for students and only revealed variant of Sufi’s expressions, both on maqâmât and ahwâl. The presence of Ibn ‘Arabî, therefore, became the turning point in the discourse of Sufism by expressing his beliefs in the theoretical formulation. The doctrine of Sufism—which previously only implicitly contained in the words of the Sufi shaykh—in the hands of Ibn ‘Arabî flashed into an open, theoretical, and obvios and thus opened the door for anyone who has a high intelligence in reflecting at once and realizing the metaphysical theories through operational forms. Therefore, this article will discuss some of the key concepts in the thought of Ibn ‘Arabî including the meaning of freedom (al-hurrîyah) in Sufism, maqâm hurrîyah, and hâl hurrîyah obtained by the Sufis during their spiritual journey.

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Vocational Development in Emerging Adulthood

10.1093/oso/9780199934263.003.0006 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Michael W. Pratt ◽

M. Kyle Matsuba

Keyword(s):

Turning Point ◽

Life Stories ◽

Life Story ◽

Emerging Adult ◽

Vocational Development ◽

Data Set ◽

The World ◽

Key Concepts

Chapter 6 reviews research on the topic of vocational/occupational development in relation to the McAdams and Pals tripartite personality framework of traits, goals, and life stories. Distinctions between types of motivations for the work role (as a job, career, or calling) are particularly highlighted. The authors then turn to research from the Futures Study on work motivations and their links to personality traits, identity, generativity, and the life story, drawing on analyses and quotes from the data set. To illustrate the key concepts from this vocation chapter, the authors end with a case study on Charles Darwin’s pivotal turning point, his round-the-world voyage as naturalist for the HMS Beagle. Darwin was an emerging adult in his 20s at the time, and we highlight the role of this journey as a turning point in his adult vocational development.

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The Stages of Spiritual Life: Joseph Ḥazzāyā and the Greek Spiritual Legacy

Vox Patrum ◽

10.31743/vp.4037 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 71 ◽

pp. 233-254

Author(s):

Ihnatia Havrylyk

Keyword(s):

Turning Point ◽

Spiritual Life ◽

Panoramic View ◽

Church Of The East ◽

Key Concepts ◽

Stage Synthesis ◽

Mystical Experiences ◽

Philosophical Texts ◽

Spiritual Legacy ◽

First Time

For the Assyrian Church of the East, the 5th century became a turning point, which somewhat changed the spiritual and theological face of this Church. It marked the beginning of translations of the philosophical texts and works of the Greek Fathers from Greek into the Syriac language. Some elements of the Greek spirituality gradually penetrated into the Syriac monastic environment, leaving its imprint on it. This article presents a panoramic view of the influence of the Greek ascetic tradition on the Syriac spirituality, as exemplified by the teachings of Joseph Ḥazzāyā, a spiritual author of the 8th century, who is considered to be a systematizer of all Syriac spiritual and mystical experiences. The teaching of Ḥazzāyā was, without a doubt formed, on the basis of his own Syriac tradition, as well as under the influence of great spiritual authorities of other traditions: Evagrius of Pontus, Macarius of Egypt, and John of Apamea. From them, Joseph borrowed the key concepts of his doctrine, formulating it for the first time in the so-called three-stage synthesis of spiritual life, covering various elements that are analyzed in this article.

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Transformasi Negasi Dimensi Kehambaan Pengamal Sholawat Wahidiyah dan Implementasinya pada Lembaga Pendidikan Formal

ISLAMICA Jurnal Studi Keislaman ◽

10.15642/islamica.2017.12.1.204-229 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

pp. 204-229

Author(s):

Zumrotul Mukaffa

Keyword(s):

Formal Education ◽

Spiritual Journey ◽

Education Environment ◽

Ibn Arabi

This article examines the disappearance of the dimension of servitude among the members Sholawat Wahidiyah. The results of this study indicate that the variety of human normative responsibilities as a manifestation of the dimension of servitude to God (takālif) is valid for negation without reducing the degree of obedience. The validity of the negation occurs when the members are on their spiritual journey in the phase of fānī al-majdhūb. The provisions of the validity of the negation depend on the time of the phase of the journey. Practitioners who have arrived at this degree are totally free from all their responsibilities theo-centrically, as servants who are bound by devotion to their Lord. The validity of the negation refers to the mystical perspective and experience of prominent sufis, such as Ibn ‘Arabī and ‘Abd al-Wahāb al-Sha‘rānī. As an inseparable part of mujāhadah, the doctrine of fānī al-majdhūb is also transformed into a formal education environment managed by the practicioners Sholawat Wahidiyah. Thus, this doctrine is not only projected for members who have been mature in terms of age and spiritual journey, but also for students at the elementary and secondary levels of education.

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Interpretasi Esoteris Jihad dalam Tafsīr Ibn 'Arabi (Ta'wīlāt al-Kasyani)

JOURNAL OF QUR'AN AND HADITH STUDIES ◽

10.15408/quhas.v9i1.15244 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 25-50

Author(s):

Darmawan Darmawan

Keyword(s):

Social Pathology ◽

Key Concepts ◽

Body And Soul ◽

Ibn Arabi

Reading the Qur'an which is limited to outward level is basically contrary to Islamic scientific traditions which give great attention to the inner aspects. As a result, the breadth of key concepts of Qur’anic teachings, including the teachings of jihad, became narrow and dry. That will trigger the issue of religious social pathology in the form of tolerance crisis, radicalism even terrorism. So an effort is needed to bring back Sufi interpretation of the verses of jihad that focuses on the inner dimension and not negate the outward dimension. The method used in this research is maudhu'i and descriptive-analytical interpretation. This study finds that jihad is an effort to encourage the soul to endure bodily difficulties and to oppose lust in everything that aims to pick up self-perfection. In Tafsīr Ibn 'Arabi, there are three meanings of jihad esoterically; First, jihad is an attempt to eliminate the reprehensible traits which brings up a concept of jihad: “the key to the success of jihād fī sabīlillah which is fanā bi kulliyāt or total self-annihilation”. Second, jihad is an effort towards maqām of human spiritual perfection which brings up a rule of jihad: “the higher or the more perfect a person is, the greater his jihad”. Third, jihad is an attempt to sacrifice wealth, body and soul. This sacrifice is a result of fulfillment of the above principles of jihad

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Constituency Cleavages and Congressional Parties

Social Science History ◽

10.1017/s0145553200012840 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 28 (4) ◽

pp. 537-573

Author(s):

Jeffery A. Jenkins ◽

Eric Schickler ◽

Jamie L. Carson

Keyword(s):

Civil War ◽

Political Science ◽

Turning Point ◽

Census Data ◽

Roll Call ◽

High Homogeneity ◽

Key Concepts ◽

The Status ◽

Substantial Change ◽

Critical Turning Point

We analyze the constituency bases of the congressional parties from 1857 through 1913 by focusing on two key concepts: party homogeneity and party polarization. With a few notable exceptions, prior efforts to assess these concepts have relied upon measures based on members’ roll call votes. This is potentially problematic, as such measures are likely endogenous: They reflect the party’s actual level of success as much as the party’s underlying homogeneity. To address this problem, we construct measures for party homogeneity and polarization that are based on constituency characteristics, using economic-based census data and presidential voting data as proxies. We then examine how these “exogenous” measures compare to roll call-based measures. We find that changes in party unity on roll call votes track shifts in constituency characteristics fairly closely. Substantively, we find that the congressional parties went through three distinct phases during these 56 years: first, a period of extremely high overlap and low party homogeneity during the Civil War and Reconstruction, followed by a period of moderate polarization and homogeneity from the mid-1870s through the early 1890s, and concluding with a period of sharp polarization and high homogeneity, which coincided with the realignment of 1894–96. While the status of the 1894–96 elections as a critical turning point remains controversial in the historical and political science literatures, our results suggest that these elections did lead to a substantial change in the underlying characteristics of the congressional parties.

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The Challenges of Realization in a Global Civilization

Kanz Philosophia A Journal for Islamic Philosophy and Mysticism ◽

10.20871/kpjipm.v1i2.11 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 1 (2) ◽

pp. 9

Author(s):

James Winston Morris

Keyword(s):

Spiritual Journey ◽

The Real ◽

The World ◽

Meaning And Purpose ◽

Ibn Arabi ◽

Divine Name ◽

Nature And Society ◽

Spiritual Work ◽

The Way

<div>The contemporary historical situation suggests fascinating parallels with that period of the 13th/7th century when the massive destruction of the Mongol invasions opened the way for popular new forms of Islamic life and practice that eventually spread Islam throughout Asia. Today, as in earlier periods of dramatic upheaval, we can witness those processes of inspiration and awakening that give rise to the spiritual pathways of future centuries, through each soul’s gradual discovery of its unique challenges and demands of ihsan.One way of describing this transformation, to use the Qur’anic language adapted by Ibn ‘Arabi, is in the terms of the process of spiritual realization (tahqīq) by which people discover their guiding inner relationship to those divine qualities or “Names” that eventually come to deﬁne the meaning and purpose of their lives. Through our life long movement of service (‘ibda) to the “Lord” (rabb) constituted by each divine Name, the transformation of the soul follows a familiar, naturally ascending trajectory. It begins with a curiosity drawing us toward some particular dimension of the Real (al-Haqq); then a compelling striving leading to heightened discipline and awareness; and ultimately to the creative manifestation of that devotion through the appropriate means of teaching, communication, and new communities of fellow- seekers—the Qur’anic “servants of the All-Merciful”—that slowly emerge from this shared spiritual work of devotion, discovery and creative response. Here we point to some ways this process of civilizational renewal is unfolding around the world, focusing on three of the most far-reaching of those divine Names: the “servants of the All-Wise” (al-Hakīm), in their exploring and deciphering the inﬁnite Signs of God’s Wisdom “on the horizons”, in all of the sciences of nature and society; to those muhsinūn and “servants of the Beautiful” (al-Jamīl) whose creative acts of beauty help awaken that love and awe which mark the beginnings of each spiritual journey; or to those “servants of the Subtly-Gracious” (al-Latīf) whose lives are dedicated to deepening our understanding of the presence and meaning of each of the divine Signs “in our souls,” in the emerging science of spirituality. These “servants of the all- Merciful” and their communities are themselves the ﬁrst seeds of an emerging global civilization.</div>

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Ethnogeriatrics: Development and Application of the Cohort Analysis Tool

Perspectives on Communication Disorders and Sciences in Culturally and Linguistically Diverse Populations ◽

10.1044/cds21.2.37 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 21 (2) ◽

pp. 37-52

Author(s):

Melen McBride

Keyword(s):

Healthcare Professionals ◽

Cohort Analysis ◽

Analysis Tool ◽

Speech Language Pathology ◽

Clinical Tool ◽

Research Activities ◽

Key Concepts ◽

Practice Teaching ◽

Language Pathology ◽

Significant Factors

Ethnogeriatrics is an evolving specialty in geriatric care that focuses on the health and aging issues in the context of culture for older adults from diverse ethnic backgrounds. This article is an introduction to ethnogeriatrics for healthcare professionals including speech-language pathologists (SLPs). This article focuses on significant factors that contributed to the development of ethnogeriatrics, definitions of some key concepts in ethnogeriatrics, introduces cohort analysis as a teaching and clinical tool, and presents applications for speech-language pathology with recommendations for use of cohort analysis in practice, teaching, and research activities.

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