scholarly journals Osteosarcopenic obesity in cardiovascular patients. Controversial and open issues

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (6) ◽  
pp. 2787
Author(s):  
K. E. Krivoshapova ◽  
V. L. Masenko ◽  
E. D. Bazdyrev ◽  
O. L. Barbarash
Keyword(s):  
Progressive Loss ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Cardiovascular Patients ◽  
Single Link ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Osteosarcopenic Obesity ◽  
Common Pathogenesis ◽  
Atherosclerotic Changes ◽  
Cardiovascular Continuum ◽  
Open Issues

See “Inflammaging in the pathogenesis of chronic non-communicable diseases”, Kim O. T. in Opinion of invited editor, pp. 54-55.The study of osteosarcopenic obesity (OSO) in patients with cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) in recent years has caused a dis-cussion on common pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, obesity, progressive loss of skeletal and muscle mass. Are these processes independent age-related conditions or comorbidities with common links of pathogenesis? The aim of this review was to analyze studies on OSO in patients with CVDs. We used following electronic databases: PubMed, Clinical Trials, Google Scholar, www.elibrary.ru. Based on this analysis, modern ideas on the etiology, epidemiology and pathogenesis of OSO in elderly and senile patients with atherosclerosis were described. The authors concluded that absence of standards for OSO diagnosis and inadequate clinical suspicion of specialists during routine examination is one of the main causes of its insufficient detection in elderly patients with CVDs. The results of analyzed studies allow us to consider the OSO and atherosclerotic changes as a single link of cardiovascular continuum. Eliminating the negative effect of chronic inflammation on human body should be considered as a key mechanism in the treatment of OSO and atherosclerosis. However, more research is needed in this area.

scholarly journals Inflammaging in the pathogenesis of chronic non­communicable diseases

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (6) ◽  
pp. 3053
Author(s):  
O. T. Kim
Keyword(s):  
Review Articles ◽  
Cardiovascular Patients ◽  
Osteosarcopenic Obesity ◽  
Open Issues

See Krivoshapova K. E., Masenko V. L., Bazdyrev E. D., Barbarash O. L. Osteosarcopenic obesity in cardiovascular patients. Controversial and open issues in Review articles, pp. 92­98.

scholarly journals Clustering of eyes with age-related macular degeneration or pachychoroid spectrum diseases based on choroidal thickness profile

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Young Ho Kim ◽  
Boram Lee ◽  
Edward Kang ◽  
Jaeryung Oh
Keyword(s):  
Macular Degeneration ◽  
Choroidal Thickness ◽  
Age Related Macular Degeneration ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Soft Drusen ◽  
Pachychoroid Neovasculopathy ◽  
The Common ◽  
Common Pathogenesis ◽  
Clustering Pattern ◽  
Normal Controls

AbstractChoroidal changes have been suggested to be involved in the pathophysiology of both age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and pachychoroid spectrum diseases (PSD). To find out the choroidal characteristics of each disease groups, various groups of AMD and PSD were classified into several clusters according to choroidal profiles based on subfoveal choroidal thickness (CT), peripapillary CT, the ratio of subfoveal CT to peripapillary CT and age. We retrospectively analyzed 661 eyes, including 190 normal controls and 471 with AMD or PSDs. In the AMD groups, eyes with soft drusen or reticular pseudodrusen were belonged to the same cluster as those with classic exudative AMD (all p < 0.001). However, eyes with pachydrusen were not clustered with eyes from other AMD groups; instead, they were classified in the same cluster as eyes from the PSD group (all p < 0.001). In the PSD group, eyes with pachychoroid neovasculopathy were grouped in the same cluster of those with polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (p < 0.001). The cluster analysis based on the CT profiles, including subfoveal CT, peripapillary CT, and their ratio, revealed a clustering pattern of eyes with AMD and PSDs. These findings support the suggestion that pachydrusen has the common pathogenesis as PSD.

scholarly journals Age Differences in the Required Coefficient of Friction During Level Walking Do Not Exist When Experimentally-Controlling Speed and Step Length

2014 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 542-546 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dennis E. Anderson ◽  
Christopher T. Franck ◽  
Michael L. Madigan
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Age Differences ◽  
Coefficient Of Friction ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Step Length ◽  
Age Difference ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Independent Effects ◽  
Positive Effect

The effects of gait speed and step length on the required coefficient of friction (COF) confound the investigation of age-related differences in required COF. The goals of this study were to investigate whether age differences in required COF during self-selected gait persist when experimentally-controlling speed and step length, and to determine the independent effects of speed and step length on required COF. Ten young and 10 older healthy adults performed gait trials under five gait conditions: self-selected, slow and fast speeds without controlling step length, and slow and fast speeds while controlling step length. During self-selected gait, older adults walked with shorter step lengths and exhibited a lower required COF. Older adults also exhibited a lower required COF when walking at a controlled speed without controlling step length. When both age groups walked with the same speed and step length, no age difference in required COF was found. Thus, speed and step length can have a large influence on studies investigating age-related differences in required COF. It was also found that speed and step length have independent and opposite effects on required COF, with step length having a strong positive effect on required COF, and speed having a weaker negative effect.

scholarly journals The Femoral Neck Mechanoresponse to Hip Extensors Exercise: A Case Study

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saulo Martelli ◽  
Hossein Mokhtarzadeh ◽  
Peter Pivonka ◽  
Peter R. Ebeling
Keyword(s):  
Femoral Neck ◽  
Proximal Femur ◽  
Bone Adaptation ◽  
Areal Bone Mineral Density ◽  
Mineral Density ◽  
Strain Pattern ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Extensor Muscles ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Trochanteric Region

Physical activity is recommended to prevent age-related bone loss. However, the proximal femur mechanoresponse is variable, possibly because of a muscle-dependant mechanoresponse. We compared the proximal femur response with the femoral strain pattern generated by the hip extensor muscles. A healthy participant underwent a six-month unilateral training of the hip extensor muscles using a resistance weight regularly adjusted to the 80% of the one-repetition maximum weight. DXA-based measurements of the areal Bone Mineral Density (aBMD) in the exercise leg were adjusted for changes in the control leg. The biomechanical stimulus for bone adaptation (BS) was calculated using published models of the musculoskeletal system and the average hip extension moment in elderly participants. Volumetric (ΔvBMD) and areal (ΔaBMD) BMD changes were calculated. The measured and calculated BMD changes consistently showed a positive and negative effect of exercise in the femoral neck (ΔaBMD = +0.7%; ΔvBMD = +0.8%) and the trochanter region (ΔaBMD = −4.1%; ΔvBMD = −0.5%), respectively. The 17% of the femoral neck exceeded the 75th percentile of the spatially heterogeneous BS distribution. Hip extensor exercises may be beneficial in the proximal femoral neck but not in the trochanteric region. DXA-based measurements may not capture significant aBMD local changes.

scholarly journals Longitudinal changes in body composition associated with healthy ageing: men, aged 20–96 years

2011 ◽  
Vol 107 (7) ◽  
pp. 1085-1091 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew S. Jackson ◽  
Ian Janssen ◽  
Xuemei Sui ◽  
Timothy S. Church ◽  
Steven N. Blair
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Positive Influence ◽  
Healthy Ageing ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Longitudinal Changes ◽  
Percentage Of Body Fat ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Negative Effect

Obesity and sarcopenia are health problems associated with ageing. The present study modelled the longitudinal changes in body composition of healthy men, aged from 20 to 96 years, and evaluated the fidelity of BMI to identify age-dependent changes in fat mass and fat-free mass. The data from 7265 men with multiple body composition determinations (total observations 38 328) were used to model the age-related changes in body mass, fat mass, fat-free mass, BMI and percentage of body fat. Changes in fat mass and fat-free mass were used to evaluate the fidelity of BMI and to detect body composition changes with ageing. Linear mixed regression models showed that all trajectories of body composition with healthy ageing were quadratic. Fat mass, BMI and percentage of body fat increased from age 20 years and levelled off at approximately 80 years. Fat-free mass increased slightly from age 20 to 47 years and then declined at a non-linear rate with ageing. Levels of aerobic exercise had a positive influence on fat mass and a slight negative effect on fat-free mass. BMI and percentage of body fat were sensitive in detecting the increase in fat mass that occurred with healthy ageing, but failed to identify the loss of fat-free mass that started at age 47 years.

scholarly journals Maternal age alters offspring lifespan, fitness, and lifespan extension under caloric restriction

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martha J. Bock ◽  
George C. Jarvis ◽  
Emily L. Corey ◽  
Emily E. Stone ◽  
Kristin E. Gribble
Keyword(s):  
Caloric Restriction ◽  
Maternal Age ◽  
Life History Theory ◽  
Maternal Investment ◽  
Age Effects ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Lifespan Extension ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Food Conditions

ABSTRACTMaternal age has a negative effect on offspring lifespan in a range of taxa and is hypothesized to influence the evolution of aging. However, the mechanisms of maternal age effects are unknown, and it remains unclear if maternal age alters offspring response to therapeutic interventions to aging. Here, we evaluate maternal age effects on offspring lifespan, reproduction, and the response to caloric restriction, and investigate maternal investment as a source of maternal age effects using the rotifer,Brachionus manjavacas, an aquatic invertebrate. We found that offspring lifespan and fecundity decline with increasing maternal age. Caloric restriction increases lifespan in all offspring, but the magnitude of lifespan extension is greater in the offspring from older mothers. The trade-off between reproduction and lifespan extension under low food conditions expected by life history theory is observed in young-mother offspring, but not in old-mother offspring. Age-related changes in maternal resource allocation to reproduction do not drive changes in offspring fitness or plasticity under caloric restriction inB. manjavacas. Our results suggest that the declines in reproduction in old-mother offspring negate the evolutionary fitness benefits of lifespan extension under caloric restriction.

scholarly journals Personal Experiences of Age Discrimination in Different Life Domains: Determinants and Consequences

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 192-192
Author(s):  
Jana Nikitin ◽  
Sylvie Graf ◽  
Klaus Rothermund ◽  
Maria Clara P de Paula Couto
Keyword(s):  
Life Satisfaction ◽  
Age Discrimination ◽  
Life Domains ◽  
Family Work ◽  
Domain Specific ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Personal Experiences ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Subjective Importance ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Age discrimination is pervasive in society which bears far-reaching consequences for individuals in terms of decreased psychological and physical health. Age discrimination can be experienced in different life-domains and perceived as a social (others’ experiences) or as a personal phenomenon (own experiences). Our first goal was to examine country- and age-related differences in personal experiences of age discrimination in distinct life domains, reported by 2,817 participants aged 40 to 90 years from the US, China, Germany, the Czech Republic, and Taiwan. As another goal, we investigated the impact of age discrimination on life satisfaction. Personal age discrimination was domain-specific, with more experiences reported in the family, work, and personality domains. Personal age discrimination increased with age and was higher in China and Taiwan. Age discrimination negatively predicted life satisfaction. This negative effect was more pronounced if age discrimination was experienced in domains with high subjective importance.

Blood Pressure as a Biomarker in Gerontological Research

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas M. Hess ◽  
Erica L. O'Brien ◽  
Claire M. Growney
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Adult Development ◽  
Cardiovascular Health ◽  
Later Life ◽  
Personal Traits ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Gerontological Research ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
Development And Aging

Blood pressure is a frequently used measure in studies of adult development and aging, serving as a biomarker for health, physiological reactivity, and task engagement. Importantly, it has helped elucidate the influence of cardiovascular health on behavioral aspects of the aging process, with research demonstrating the negative effect of chronic high blood pressure on various aspects of cognitive functioning in later life. An important implication of such research is that much of what is considered part and parcel of getting older may actually be reflective of changes in health as opposed to normative aging processes. Research has also demonstrated that situational spikes in blood pressure to emotional stressors (i.e., reactivity) also have implications for health in later life. Although research is still somewhat limited, individual differences in personal traits and living circumstances have been found to moderate the strength of reactive responses, providing promise for the identification of factors that might ameliorate the effects of age-related changes in physiology that lead to normative increases in reactivity. Finally, blood pressure has also been successfully used to assess engagement levels. In this context, recent work on aging has focused on the utility of blood pressure as a reliable indicator of both (a) the costs associated with cognitive engagement and (b) the extent to which variation in these costs might predict both between-individual and age-related normative variation in participation in cognitively demanding—but potentially beneficial—activities. This chapter elaborates on these three approaches and summarizes major research findings along with methodological and interpretational issues.

The effects of stereotype threat on the associative memory deficit of older adults

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Matthew S. Brubaker
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Stereotype Threat ◽  
Associative Memory ◽  
Memory Performance ◽  
Memory Deficit ◽  
Item Memory ◽  
University Of Missouri ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Associative Deficit ◽  
Negative Effect

[ACCESS RESTRICTED TO THE UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI AT REQUEST OF AUTHOR.] One of the suggestions made in the literature regarding older adults' episodic memory decline is that it is caused by their reduced ability to bind together components of an episode and retrieve the binding (termed an associative deficit). The purpose of the current research is to assess whether the age-related associative memory deficit is at least partially mediated by stereotype threat, which has been shown to negatively affect performance on a wide variety of cognitive tasks, including memory performance of older adults. To date the effects of stereotype threat on older adults' memory performance have only been shown using tests of item memory, and between subject manipulations. The question assessed in the current research is whether older adults' associative memory will be affected by stereotype threat more than item memory, rendering it one potential factor underlying the associative deficit. To answer this question, three experiments were conducted, which used an item-associative recognition memory paradigm while manipulating stereotype threat both within and between subjects. The first two experiments attempted to establish the baseline effect by directly comparing item and associative memory in younger and older adults under induced stereotype threat, reduced stereotype threat, and no stereotype threat (i.e. control) conditions. While a baseline age-related associative deficit was not shown in the control condition, inducing stereotype threat did have a significant negative effect on older adults' associative memory performance without affecting item memory performance -- suggesting that stereotype threat does increase the age-related associative deficit. The third experiment further assessed the stage of processing -- encoding, retrieval, or both -- during which the effect of stereotype threat on older adults' memory occurs. Results showed that when stereotype threat was induced only at retrieval, memory performance was in line with performance with the reduced stereotype threat and control conditions, suggesting that this effect of stereotype threat occurs primarily during encoding of the information.

Age-related physiologic declines

2017 ◽  
pp. 303-310
Author(s):  
Elisa Fabbri ◽  
Marco Zoli ◽  
Luigi Ferrucci
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Outcomes ◽  
Physiological Changes ◽  
Cognitive Frailty ◽  
Multiple Systems ◽  
Adverse Health Outcomes ◽  
Multiple Organs ◽  
Progressive Loss ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Accelerate Ageing ◽  
Living Organisms

‘How and why living organisms age?’ This question has puzzled and challenged philosophers and scientists for centuries. Ageing can be defined as a progressive loss of anatomic and physiological integrity across multiple systems and organs, leading to impaired function and higher vulnerability to adverse health outcomes and death. Although the biological mechanisms that trigger and accelerate ageing are still not understood, enormous steps forward in delineating the effects of ageing has been made in recent years. Ageing induces morphological and physiological changes across multiple organs and systems, which result in progressive loss of resilience, increased vulnerability to stressors, disease susceptibility, and development of physical and cognitive frailty, disability, and adverse outcomes.

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