scholarly journals Effects of Different Deficit Irrigation Strategies on Yield, Fruit Quality and Some Parameters: ‘Braeburn’ Apple Cultivar

2013 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 510 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cenk KÜÇÜKYUMUK ◽  
Emel KAÇAL ◽  
Halit YILDIZ
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Quality ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Deficit Irrigation ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Apple Cultivar ◽  
Full Bloom ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Marketable Yield ◽  
Vegetative Development ◽  
Irrigation Treatments

This study was conducted to determine the effects of deficit irrigation applied in different periods to dwarf rootstock apple trees (cv. ‘Braeburn’)on vegetative development, yield, fruit quality and marketable yield for three years (2010-2012). There were six different treatments (none deficit irrigation, T1; continuous deficit irrigation, T2; deficit irrigation between the 40th and 70th days after full bloom, DAFB, T3; deficit irrigation between the 70th and 100th DAFB, T4; deficit irrigation between the 100th and 130th DAFB, T5; deficit irrigation between the 130th and 160th DAFB, T6). It was determined that short-term (30 days) deficit irrigation treatments during growing season resulted in decrease for vegetative development and yield. The apples that have both the highest marketable yield and the highest red colour density were obtained from T3 in deficit irrigation treatments. T3 treatments saved irrigation water according to T1 treatment in study years (12.4%, 14.4% and 15.2 respectively). For more efficient use of water resources in case of limited irrigation water, T3 treatment was found to be recommendable for apple growers because it not only saves water but also affects yield and fruit quality least.

scholarly journals Impact of Deficit Irrigation on Shallow Saline Groundwater Contribution and Sunflower Productivity in the Imperial Valley, California

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 571
Author(s):  
Mohamed Galal Eltarabily ◽  
John M. Burke ◽  
Khaled M. Bali
Keyword(s):  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Deficit Irrigation ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Crop Evapotranspiration ◽  
Imperial Valley ◽  
Saline Groundwater ◽  
Irrigation Treatments ◽  
Groundwater Contribution

Yield and production functions of sunflower (Helianthus annuus) were evaluated under full and deficit irrigation practices with the presence of shallow saline groundwater in a semi-arid region in the Imperial Valley of southern California, USA. A growing degree day (GDD) model was utilized to estimate the various growth stages and schedule irrigation events throughout the growing season. The crop was germinated and established using overhead irrigation prior to the use of a subsurface drip irrigation (SDI) system for the remainder of the growing season. Four irrigation treatments were implemented: full irrigation (100% full sunflower crop evapotranspiration, ETC), two reduced irrigation scenarios (95% ETC and 80% ETC), and a deficit irrigation scenario (65% ETC). The salinity of the irrigation water (EC) (Colorado River water) was nearly constant at 1.13 dS·m−1 during the growing season. The depth to groundwater and groundwater salinity (ECGW) were continuously monitored in five 3 m deep observation wells. Depth to groundwater fluctuated slightly under the full and reduced irrigation treatments, but drastically increased under deficit irrigation, particularly toward the end of the growing season. Estimates of ECGW ranged from 7.34 to 12.62 dS·m−1. The distribution of soil electrical conductivity (ECS) and soil matric potential were monitored within the active root zone (120 cm) at selected locations in each of the four treatments. By the end of the experiment, soil salinity (ECS) across soil depths ranged from 1.80 to 6.18 dS·m−1. The estimated groundwater contribution to crop evapotranspiration was 9.03 cm or approximately 16.3% of the ETC of the fully irrigated crop. The relative yields were 91.8%, 82.4%, and 83.5% for the reduced (95% and 80% ETC) and deficit (65% ETC) treatments, respectively, while the production function using applied irrigation water (IW) was: yield = 0.0188 × (IW)2 − 15.504 × IW + 4856.8. Yield reduction in response to water stress was attributed to a significant reduction in both seed weight and the number of seed produced resulting in overall average yields of 2048.9, 1879.9, 1688.1, and 1710.3 kg·ha−1 for the full, both reduced, and deficit treatments, respectively. The yield response factor, ky, was 0.63 with R2 = 0.745 and the irrigation water use efficiencies (IWUE) were 3.70, 3.57, 3.81, and 4.75 kg·ha−1·mm−1 for the full, reduced, and deficit treatments, respectively. Our results indicate that sunflowers can sustain the implemented 35% deficit irrigation with root water uptake from shallow groundwater in arid regions with a less than 20% reduction in yield.

scholarly journals Effects of Various Quantities of Three Irrigation Water Types on Yield and Fruit Quality of ‘Succary’ Date Palm

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 796
Author(s):  
Mohamed A. Mattar ◽  
Said S. Soliman ◽  
Rashid S. Al-Obeed
Keyword(s):  
Soil Water ◽  
Fruit Quality ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Deficit Irrigation ◽  
Date Palm ◽  
Saline Water ◽  
Irrigation Level ◽  
Water Types ◽  
Palm Trees

A field experiment was conducted on date palm trees (Phoenix dactylifera ‘Succary’) cultivated on sandy loam soil from 2017 to 2018. This study investigated the effects of providing water of three different qualities, namely freshwater (FR) and two saline water sources: reclaimed wastewater (RW) and well-water (WE) applied through three irrigation levels representing 50% (I50), 100% (I100), and 150% (I150) of crop evapotranspiration (ETc), on the soil water and salt distribution patterns, yield, water productivity (WP), and fruit quality of the ′Succary′ date palm. The electrical conductivity (ECw) of FR, RW, and WE were 0.18, 2.06, and 3.94 dS m−1, respectively. Results showed that WE applied by the I150 treatment had the highest soil water content, followed by RW used in the I100 irrigation level and FR with I50, whereas the soil salt content was high for WE applied in the I50 level and low for FR applied by the I150 treatment. Deficit irrigation (I50) of date palms with either RW or WE reduced date yields on average 86 kg per tree, whereas the yield increased under over-irrigation (I150) with FR to 123.25 kg per tree. High WP values were observed in the I50 treatments with FR, RW, or WE (on average 1.82, 1.68, and 1.67 kg m−3, respectively), whereas the I150 treatment with each of the three water types showed the lowest WP values. Fruit weight and size were the lowest in the full irrigation (I100) with WE, whereas the I150 treatment with RW showed the highest values. There were no significant differences in either total soluble solids (TSS) or acidity values when the irrigation level decreased from 100% to 50% ETc. Compared with both I50 and I100 treatments, reduced values of both TSS and acidity were observed in the I150 treatment when ECw decreased from 3.94 to 0.18 dS m−1,. Fruit moisture content decreased with the application of saline irrigation water (i.e., RW or WE). Total sugar and non-reducing sugar contents in fruits were found to be decreased in the combination of RW and I150, whereas the 50% ETc irrigation level caused an increment in both parameters. These results suggest that the application of deficit irrigation to date palm trees grown in arid regions, either with FR or without it, can sufficiently maximize WP and improve the quality of fruits but negatively affects yield, especially when saline water is applied. The use of saline water for irrigation may negatively affect plants because of salt accumulation in the soil in the long run.

scholarly journals Deficit irrigation and rootstock: their effects on water relations, vegetative development, yield, fruit quality and mineral nutrition of Clemenules mandarin

2006 ◽  
Vol 26 (12) ◽  
pp. 1537-1548 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Romero ◽  
J. M. Navarro ◽  
J. Perez-Perez ◽  
F. Garcia-Sanchez ◽  
A. Gomez-Gomez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Relations ◽  
Fruit Quality ◽  
Mineral Nutrition ◽  
Deficit Irrigation ◽  
Vegetative Development

scholarly journals Deficit Irrigation as a Sustainable Practice in Improving Irrigation Water Use Efficiency in Cauliflower under Mediterranean Conditions

Agronomy ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 732 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdelkhalik ◽  
Pascual ◽  
Nájera ◽  
Baixauli ◽  
Pascual-Seva
Keyword(s):  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Deficit Irrigation ◽  
Water Status ◽  
Vegetable Production ◽  
Marketable Yield ◽  
Irrigation Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Irrigation Water Use ◽  
Use Efficiency

Water shortage is one of the major constraints in vegetable production. Deficit irrigation is a sustainable technique that improves irrigation water use efficiency. Field studies were conducted during two growing seasons to evaluate the effects of deficit irrigation on plant growth, plant water status, productive response (curd yield and quality), irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE), and crop profitability of cauliflower. Nine irrigation treatments were used, applying 100%, 75% (moderate), or 50% (severe) of the irrigation water requirements (IWR) during the entire growing season (Continued Deficit Irrigation, CDI), or 75% and 50% of IWR during one of the following stages (Regulated Deficit Irrigation, RDI): Juvenility, curd induction, and curd growth. Severe deficit irrigation applied during juvenility and curd induction reduced the plant size, but it only led to a significant reduction of marketable yield (22%), and average curd size and weight if it was maintained throughout the crop cycle, supposing the highest IWUE (43.6 kg m−3). Moderate CDI or severe RDI during juvenility did not reduce significantly the curd yield compared to fully irrigated plants (4.4 kg m−2), thereby obtaining similar gross revenues (16,859 € ha−1) with important water savings (up to 24.3%), improving IWUE (up to 34.2 kg m−3).

Effects of deficit irrigation on growth, yield and fruit quality of eggplant under semi-arid conditions

2002 ◽  
Vol 53 (12) ◽  
pp. 1367 ◽  
Author(s):  
Halil Kirnak ◽  
Ismail Tas ◽  
Cengiz Kaya ◽  
David Higgs
Keyword(s):  
Water Use ◽  
Fruit Quality ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Deficit Irrigation ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Pan Evaporation ◽  
Relative Water ◽  
Leaf Relative Water Content ◽  
Use Efficiency

Eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) cv. Pala was grown in the field from March to August 2001 in order to investigate the effects of deficit irrigation on fruit yield and quality (i.e. soluble dry matter, fruit size), leaf relative water content, leaf area index (LAI), leaf chlorophyll concentration, electrolyte leakage, and leaf nutrient composition (N, P, K) in eggplant. Treatments were: (1) well-watered treatment receiving 100% replenishment of A pan evaporation on a daily basis (C); (2) water-stressed treatment receiving 90% replenishment of A pan evaporation at 4-day intervals (WS1); (3) water-stressed treatment receiving 80% replenishment of A pan evaporation at 8-day intervals (WS2); and (4) water-stressed treatment receiving 70% replenishment of A pan evaporation at 12-day intervals (WS3). A total of 1276 mm of water was applied to C treatment, and the seasonal water use of eggplant ranged from 905 to 1373 mm. The C treatment had the highest yield as well as the largest and the heaviest fruit. WS1 did not significantly affect fruit yield or fruit size but fruits were slightly lighter; plant height, stem diameter, and shoot and root dry weights, LAI, leaf relative water content, nutrient concentrations, and chlorophyll concentrations in leaves were the same as in C; SDM was higher than C. The WS2 and WS3 treatments caused reductions in most parameters, except water-soluble dry matter (SDM) concentrations in fruits, compared with the unstressed (C) treatment. WS2 and WS3 treatments enhanced fruit quality (in terms of SDM) and increased electrolyte leakage compared with C. WS2 and WS3 reduced marketable yield by 12% and 28.6%, respectively, compared with C. The highest total water use efficiency and irrigation water use efficiency were in WS2, resulting in a 20.4% water saving compared with C. The results revealed that the optimal irrigation strategy for eggplant could depend on balancing the situational requirements in terms of irrigation water, yields, and fruit size and quality.

scholarly journals Effects of Deficit Irrigation Scheduling on Water Use, Gas Exchange, Yield, and Fruit Quality of Date Palm

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 2256
Author(s):  
Maged Mohammed ◽  
Abdelkader Sallam ◽  
Muhammad Munir ◽  
Hassan Ali-Dinar
Keyword(s):  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Fruit Quality ◽  
Deficit Irrigation ◽  
Date Palm ◽  
Irrigation Scheduling ◽  
Irrigation Systems ◽  
Irrigation Treatments ◽  
And Control

Water scarcity is very common in the arid region due to the low yearly rainfall. The cost of water for agricultural usage is extremely high in dry locations. Date palm is a high water-demanding tree throughout the year in arid regions. Therefore, the application of deficit irrigation strategies for date palm cultivation may significantly contribute to conserving irrigation water. The present study aimed to assess the effects of controlled deficit irrigation using two modern micro-irrigation systems on water use efficiency (WUE), gas exchange, fruit yield, and quality of date palm (Khalas cv.). The irrigation systems included drip irrigation (DI) and subsurface irrigation (SI) systems. The study was conducted during the 2020 and 2021 seasons at the Date Palm Research Center of Excellence, King Faisal University, Saudi Arabia. The meteorological variables of the study area were real-time monitored using cloud-based IoT (Internet of Things) to calculate the evapotranspiration reference (ETo) and control the irrigation scheduling. Three irrigation treatments (50, 75, and 100% ETc) were applied using DI and SI systems compared with the traditional surface bubbler irrigation (Control). The actual applied water at the deficit irrigation treatments of 50, 75, and 100% ETc were 27.28 ± 0.06, 44.14 ± 1.07, and 55.55 ± 0.37 m3 palm−1, respectively. At all deficit irrigation treatments, the leaf chlorophyll and gas exchange were significantly higher in the SI compared to the DI system. The yield of date palms did not differ significantly between the control and SI systems at both the level of 100 and 75% ETc. The WUE under the SI (1.09 kg m−3) was significantly higher than the DI system (0.52 kg m−3) at the 50% level. There was no significant difference regarding the fruit quality parameters between SI at 50% ETc and control at 100% ETc. Therefore, adopting deficit irrigation strategies using the SI system at 50% ETc level throughout the year could be suggested for date palm irrigation to save water, improve WUE, and maintain fruit quality.

scholarly journals Assessing the Climate Change Impacts on Grain Sorghum Yield and Irrigation Water Use under Full and Deficit Irrigation Strategies

2020 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kritika Kothari ◽  
Srinivasulu Ale ◽  
James P. Bordovsky ◽  
Clyde L. Munster
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Deficit Irrigation ◽  
Climate Change Impacts ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Grain Sorghum ◽  
Full Irrigation ◽  
Irrigation Water Use

HighlightsIrrigated grain sorghum yield and irrigation water use decreased under climate change.Increase in growing season temperature beyond 26°C resulted in a sharp decline in grain sorghum yield.Irrigating during early reproductive stages resulted in the most efficient use of limited water.Irrigating to replenish soil water to 80% of field capacity was found suitable for both current and future climates. Groundwater overdraft from the Ogallala Aquifer for irrigation use and anticipated climate change impacts pose major threats to the sustainability of agriculture in the Texas High Plains (THP) region. In this study, the DSSAT-CSM-CERES-Sorghum model was used to simulate climate change impacts on grain sorghum production under full and deficit irrigation strategies and suggest optimal deficit irrigation strategies. Two irrigation strategies were designed based on (1) crop growth stage and (2) soil water deficit. For the first strategy, seven deficit irrigation scenarios and one full irrigation scenario were simulated: three scenarios with a single 100 mm irrigation scheduled between panicle initiation and boot (T1), between boot and early grain filling (T2), and between early and late grain filling (T3) growth stages; three 200 mm irrigation treatments with combinations of T1 and T2 (T4), T1 and T3 (T5), and T2 and T3 (T6); one 300 mm irrigation scenario (T7) that was a combination of T1, T2, and T3; and a full irrigation scenario (T8) in which irrigation was applied throughout the growing season to maintain at least 50% of plant-available water in the top 30 cm soil profile. For the second strategy, the irrigation schedule obtained from auto-irrigation (T8) was mimicked to create a full irrigation scenario (I100) and six deficit irrigation scenarios. In the deficit irrigation scenarios, water was applied on the same dates as scenario I100; however, the irrigation amounts of scenario I100 were reduced by 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, and 60% to create deficit irrigation scenarios I90, I80, I70, I60, I50, and I40, respectively. Projected climate forcings were drawn from nine global climate models (GCMs) and two representative concentration pathways (RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5). Climate change analysis indicated that grain sorghum yield under full irrigation was expected to be reduced by 5% by mid-century (2036 to 2065) and by 15% by late-century (2066 to 2095) under RCP 8.5 compared to the baseline period (1976 to 2005). Simulated future irrigation water demand of grain sorghum was reduced due to the shorter growing season and improved dry matter- and yield-transpiration productivity, likely due to CO2 fertilization. Based on the simulated grain sorghum yield and irrigation water use efficiency, the most efficient use of limited irrigation was achieved by applying irrigation during the early reproductive stages of grain sorghum (panicle initiation through early grain filling). A 20% deficit irrigation scenario was found to be optimal for current and future conditions because it was more water use efficient than full irrigation with a minor yield reduction of <11%. In summary, these results indicated that strategic planning of when and how much to irrigate could help in getting the most out of limited irrigation. Keywords: CERES-Sorghum, Critical growth stages, Crop yield, Global climate model, Irrigation demand, Soil water depletion.

Glyphosate and Paraquat for Interrow Weeding of Strawberries (Fragaria × ananassa)

Weed Science ◽  
1979 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 385-388
Author(s):  
J. R. Frank ◽  
J. A. King
Keyword(s):  
Crop Yield ◽  
Fruit Quality ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Separate Experiment ◽  
Fragaria Ananassa ◽  
Control Effect ◽  
Plastic Mulch ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Black Plastic

Strawberries (Fragaria X ananassa Duch. ‘Midway’) were grown in the field with and without the use of black plastic mulch. One to three postplant applications of glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)-glycine] at 2.2, 4.5, and 5.6 kg/ha or paraquat (1,1′-dimethyl-4,4′-bipyridinium ion) at 0.6, 1.1, and 2.2 kg/ha were made as directed sprays between the rows in 1976 and 1977. Glyphosate was generally more effective than paraquat for controlling weeds during the entire growing season, although both gave adequate short-term control. When late-season applications were made during 1976, a residual weed control effect was observed from both herbicides during early 1977. Crop yield, fruit size, and fruit quality were not affected by either herbicide. Similar results were obtained in a separate experiment in which strawberries were grown utilizing plastic mulch.

scholarly journals Deficit Irrigation Affects Growth, Yield, Vitamin C Content, and Irrigation Water Use Efficiency of Hot Pepper Grown in Soilless Culture

HortScience ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 49 (6) ◽  
pp. 722-728 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adel F. Ahmed ◽  
Hongjun Yu ◽  
Xueyong Yang ◽  
Weijie Jiang
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin C ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Deficit Irrigation ◽  
Water Holding Capacity ◽  
Hot Pepper ◽  
Irrigation Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Irrigation Water Use ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Irrigation Treatments ◽  
Water Holding

Hot pepper (Capsicum annuum cv. Battle) was grown in a 1:1 v/v sand-to-cotton stalk compost and subjected to four irrigation treatments: 100% of water-holding capacity (control) and 85%, 70%, and 55% of water-holding capacity, which were considered deficit irrigation treatments. All treatments were given to the plants at the first day of transplanting and continued during the whole growing season. Our results demonstrated that deficit irrigation had a negative effect on plant growth and yield. Increasing irrigation deficiency exhibited a reduction in vegetative growth, fruit parameters, and yield and a nonsignificant increase in irrigation water use efficiency and a corresponding reduction in the amount of irrigation water. Vitamin C content in fruit was significantly decreased by deficit irrigation treatments at various ripening stages. Water-holding capacity of 100% and 85%, respectively, resulted in the highest content of vitamin C obtained at the ripening stage. We concluded that ‘Battle’ hot pepper is sensitive to deficit irrigation. Supplying this cultivar with water at 85% of water-holding capacity could be a practical irrigation technique for high value of vitamin C production as well as saving a large amount of water, which outweighs the decrease in total fresh yield of fruit, especially in areas suffering from water shortage.

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