scholarly journals Impact of Deficit Irrigation on Shallow Saline Groundwater Contribution and Sunflower Productivity in the Imperial Valley, California

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 571
Author(s):  
Mohamed Galal Eltarabily ◽  
John M. Burke ◽  
Khaled M. Bali
Keyword(s):  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Deficit Irrigation ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Crop Evapotranspiration ◽  
Imperial Valley ◽  
Saline Groundwater ◽  
Irrigation Treatments ◽  
Groundwater Contribution

Yield and production functions of sunflower (Helianthus annuus) were evaluated under full and deficit irrigation practices with the presence of shallow saline groundwater in a semi-arid region in the Imperial Valley of southern California, USA. A growing degree day (GDD) model was utilized to estimate the various growth stages and schedule irrigation events throughout the growing season. The crop was germinated and established using overhead irrigation prior to the use of a subsurface drip irrigation (SDI) system for the remainder of the growing season. Four irrigation treatments were implemented: full irrigation (100% full sunflower crop evapotranspiration, ETC), two reduced irrigation scenarios (95% ETC and 80% ETC), and a deficit irrigation scenario (65% ETC). The salinity of the irrigation water (EC) (Colorado River water) was nearly constant at 1.13 dS·m−1 during the growing season. The depth to groundwater and groundwater salinity (ECGW) were continuously monitored in five 3 m deep observation wells. Depth to groundwater fluctuated slightly under the full and reduced irrigation treatments, but drastically increased under deficit irrigation, particularly toward the end of the growing season. Estimates of ECGW ranged from 7.34 to 12.62 dS·m−1. The distribution of soil electrical conductivity (ECS) and soil matric potential were monitored within the active root zone (120 cm) at selected locations in each of the four treatments. By the end of the experiment, soil salinity (ECS) across soil depths ranged from 1.80 to 6.18 dS·m−1. The estimated groundwater contribution to crop evapotranspiration was 9.03 cm or approximately 16.3% of the ETC of the fully irrigated crop. The relative yields were 91.8%, 82.4%, and 83.5% for the reduced (95% and 80% ETC) and deficit (65% ETC) treatments, respectively, while the production function using applied irrigation water (IW) was: yield = 0.0188 × (IW)2 − 15.504 × IW + 4856.8. Yield reduction in response to water stress was attributed to a significant reduction in both seed weight and the number of seed produced resulting in overall average yields of 2048.9, 1879.9, 1688.1, and 1710.3 kg·ha−1 for the full, both reduced, and deficit treatments, respectively. The yield response factor, ky, was 0.63 with R2 = 0.745 and the irrigation water use efficiencies (IWUE) were 3.70, 3.57, 3.81, and 4.75 kg·ha−1·mm−1 for the full, reduced, and deficit treatments, respectively. Our results indicate that sunflowers can sustain the implemented 35% deficit irrigation with root water uptake from shallow groundwater in arid regions with a less than 20% reduction in yield.

scholarly journals Effects of Different Deficit Irrigation Strategies on Yield, Fruit Quality and Some Parameters: ‘Braeburn’ Apple Cultivar

2013 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 510 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cenk KÜÇÜKYUMUK ◽  
Emel KAÇAL ◽  
Halit YILDIZ
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Quality ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Deficit Irrigation ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Apple Cultivar ◽  
Full Bloom ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Marketable Yield ◽  
Vegetative Development ◽  
Irrigation Treatments

This study was conducted to determine the effects of deficit irrigation applied in different periods to dwarf rootstock apple trees (cv. ‘Braeburn’)on vegetative development, yield, fruit quality and marketable yield for three years (2010-2012). There were six different treatments (none deficit irrigation, T1; continuous deficit irrigation, T2; deficit irrigation between the 40th and 70th days after full bloom, DAFB, T3; deficit irrigation between the 70th and 100th DAFB, T4; deficit irrigation between the 100th and 130th DAFB, T5; deficit irrigation between the 130th and 160th DAFB, T6). It was determined that short-term (30 days) deficit irrigation treatments during growing season resulted in decrease for vegetative development and yield. The apples that have both the highest marketable yield and the highest red colour density were obtained from T3 in deficit irrigation treatments. T3 treatments saved irrigation water according to T1 treatment in study years (12.4%, 14.4% and 15.2 respectively). For more efficient use of water resources in case of limited irrigation water, T3 treatment was found to be recommendable for apple growers because it not only saves water but also affects yield and fruit quality least.

Analysis on Coupling Degree among Crop Evapotranspiration, Effective Precipitation and Water Requirement of Corn on Southern Kerqin Sandy Land in China

2013 ◽  
Vol 742 ◽  
pp. 331-336
Author(s):  
Ning Yang ◽  
Zhan Xiang Sun ◽  
Jia Ming Zheng ◽  
Dao Cai Chi
Keyword(s):  
Crop Coefficient ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Water Requirement ◽  
Weather Data ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Sandy Land ◽  
Crop Evapotranspiration ◽  
Irrigation Frequency ◽  
Agricultural Water Management ◽  
Kerqin Sandy Land

Historical characteristics of crop evapotranspiration and irrigation requirement were the bases for determining the irrigation quota in local areas. Based on the trials of two years, crop evapotranspiration and crop coefficient of corn at monthly growth stages were determined and tested by soil water balance method in Fuxin of the southern kerqin sandy land. Using the weather data in Fuxin and Chaoyang from 1953 to 2009, estimated the coupling degree between crop water requirement of λ and apply irrigation water (ETaw) in growing season under three hydrologic years (P=25%,50%and75%).Under the humid year (25%),λ (0.756) in Fuxin was more suitable than Chaoyang (0.694),ETaw(95.5mm) in Fuxin was lower than Chaoyang (148.7mm);under the normal year (50%),λ(0.622) in Fuxin was close to Chaoyang (0.647),ETaw(180.4mm) in Fuxin was higher than Chaoyang (154mm); under droughty year (75%), λ (0.574) in Fuxin was also more suitable than Chaoyang (0.523),ETaw (204.8mm) in Fuxin was also lower than Chaoyang (245mm). The monthly change of λ and ETaw were sharping and influenced irrigation frequency in the growing season of humid and droughty year. The method and results can be further applied to agricultural water management study and guide irrigation in other same regions.

scholarly journals Effects of Deficit Irrigation on Yield and Quality of Onion Crop

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 112 ◽  
Author(s):  
David K. Rop ◽  
Emmanuel C. Kipkorir ◽  
John K. Taragon
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Deficit Irrigation ◽  
Water Productivity ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Irrigation Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Irrigation Water Use ◽  
Use Efficiency

<p>The broad objective of this study was to test Deficit Irrigation (DI) as an appropriate irrigation management strategy to improve crop water productivity and give optimum onion crop yield. A field trial was conducted with drip irrigation system of six irrigation treatments replicated three times in a randomized complete block design. The crop was subjected to six water stress levels 100% ETc (T100), 90% ETc (T90), 80% ETc (T80), 70% ETc (T70), 60% ETc (T60) and 50% ETc (T50) at vegetative and late season growth stages. The onion yield and quality based on physical characteristics and irrigation water use efficiency were determined. The results indicated that the variation in yield ranged from 34.4 ton/ha to 18.9 ton/ha and the bulb size ranged from 64 mm to 35 mm in diameter for T100 and T50 respectively. Irrigation water use efficiency values decreased with increasing water application level with the highest of 16.2 kg/ha/mm at T50, and the lowest being13.1 kg/ha/mm at T100. It was concluded that DI at vegetative and late growth stages influence yields in a positive linear trend with increasing quantity of irrigation water and decreasing water stress reaching optimum yield of 32.0 ton/ha at 20% water stress (T80) thereby saving 10.7% irrigation water. Onion bulb production at this level optimizes water productivity without significantly affecting yields. DI influenced the size and size distribution of fresh onion bulbs, with low size variation of the fresh bulbs at T80.</p>

scholarly journals Feasibility of Moderate Deficit Irrigation as a Water Conservation Tool in California’s Low Desert Alfalfa

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 1640
Author(s):  
Ali Montazar ◽  
Oli Bachie ◽  
Dennis Corwin ◽  
Daniel Putnam
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Water Conservation ◽  
Deficit Irrigation ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Dry Matter Yield ◽  
Water Deficits ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Irrigation Practices

Irrigation management practices that reduce water use with acceptable impacts on yield are important strategies to cope with diminished water supplies and generate new sources of water to transfer for other agricultural uses, and urban and environmental demands. This study was intended to assess the effects of moderate water deficits, with the goal of maintaining robust alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) yields, while conserving on-farm water. Data collection and analysis were conducted at four commercial fields over an 18-month period in the Palo Verde Valley, California, from 2018–2020. A range of deficit irrigation strategies, applying 12.5–33% less irrigation water than farmers’ normal irrigation practices was evaluated, by eliminating one to three irrigation events during selected summer periods. The cumulative actual evapotranspiration measured using the residual of energy balance method across the experimental sites, ranged between 2,031 mm and 2.202 mm, over a 517-day period. An average of 1.7 and 1.0 Mg ha−1 dry matter yield reduction was observed under 33% and 22% less applied water, respectively, when compared to the farmers’ normal irrigation practice in silty loam soils. The mean dry matter yield decline varied from 0.4 to 0.9 Mg ha−1 in a clay soil and from 0.3 to 1.0 Mg ha−1 in a sandy loam soil, when irrigation water supply was reduced to 12.5% and 25% of normal irrigation levels, respectively. A wide range of conserved water (83 to 314 mm) was achieved following the deficit irrigation strategies. Salinity assessment indicated that salt buildup could be managed with subsequent normal irrigation practices, following deficit irrigations. Continuous soil moisture sensing verified that soil moisture was moderately depleted under deficit irrigation regimes, suggesting that farmers might confidently refill the soil profile following normal practices. Stand density was not affected by these moderate water deficits. The proposed deficit irrigation strategies could provide a reliable amount of water and sustain the economic viability of alfalfa production. However, data from multiple seasons are required to fully understand the effectiveness as a water conservation tool and the long-term impacts on the resilience of agricultural systems.

Cotton Injury and Yield as Affected by Simulated Drift of 2,4-D and Dicamba

2008 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 609-614 ◽  
Author(s):  
Molly E. Marple ◽  
Kassim Al-Khatib ◽  
Dallas E. Peterson
Keyword(s):  
Correlation Coefficient ◽  
Good Predictor ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Separate Study ◽  
Leaf Stage ◽  
Stages Of Growth ◽  
Fiber Yield

Experiments were conducted at Manhattan, KS in 2005 and 2006 to evaluate cotton response to simulated 2,4-D and dicamba drift rates at different stages of growth and multiple applications of 2,4-D. Cotton was treated with 2,4-D and dicamba at 0, 1/200, and 1/400 of the use rate (561 g ae/ha) when plants were at the three- to four-leaf, 8-, 14-, or 18-node growth stages. Injury symptoms after 2,4-D and dicamba application were more severe at the three- to four-leaf stage compared with other stages with greatest injury from 2,4-D. In general, plants partially recovered from 2,4-D and dicamba injury symptoms, and only 2,4-D applied at the 1/200 rate reduced fiber yield. In a separate study, cotton was treated with 2,4-D at 0, 1/400, 1/800, and 1/1,200 of the use rate for one, two, or three applications. Yield reduction increased as herbicide rate increased from 1/1,200 to 1/400 and the number of applications increased from one to three. In both studies, plants partially or fully recovered from injury symptoms and recovery was greater with dicamba than 2,4-D. Correlation coefficient analysis showed that visual injury ratings later in the growing season are a good predictor of yield reduction (R2= 0.58).

scholarly journals Response of Spring Wheat (Triticum aestivum) to Deficit Irrigation Management under the Semi-Arid Environment of Egypt: Field and Modeling Study

Agriculture ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 90
Author(s):  
Samiha Ouda ◽  
Tahany Noreldin ◽  
Juan José Alarcón ◽  
Ragab Ragab ◽  
Gianluca Caruso ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Deficit Irrigation ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Irrigation Management ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Arid Environment ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Phenological Stage ◽  
Water Shortages ◽  
Irrigation Treatments

In many areas of the world, water shortages prevail and threaten food production. Deficit irrigation was commonly investigated in dry areas as a precious and sustainable production approach. Using the CropSyst model to simulate the effects of different deficit irrigation treatments could help draw conclusions and save time, effort, and money. Therefore, the aims of this research were (i) to calibrate and validate the CropSyst model for wheat under different sustained and phenological stage-based deficit irrigation treatments, (ii) to simulate the impacts of the latter treatments on limiting wheat yield reduction. Two field experiments were conducted in Nubaria (Egypt), representing an arid environment. They included seven irrigation treatments: (1) 100%, (2) 75%, or (3) 50% of crop evapotranspiration (ETc) during the whole crop cycle; (4) 50% ETc at tillering only, or (5) at booting only, or (6) at grain filling only, or (7) at both tillering and grain filling, with the replenishment of 100% ETc to the treatments (4) to (7) in the remaining phenological stages. The results revealed that phenological stage-based deficit irrigation of wheat resulted in lower yield reduction compared to sustained deficit irrigation treatments, with a 6% yield reduction when 50% ETc was applied at the booting stage. Wheat yield loss was reduced to 4 or 6% when 95 or 90% of ETc were applied, respectively. The CropSyst model accurately simulated wheat grain and total dry matter under deficit irrigation with low RMSE value. In conclusion, the CropSyst model can be reliably used for evaluating the strategy of planned deficit irrigation management in terms of wheat production under the arid environment.

scholarly journals Enhancing Water use Efficiency of Maize under Deficit Irrigation: the Case of Moisture Deficit Areas of Tigray, Ethiopia

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Kiflom Degef Kahsay ◽  
Kidane Welde Reda
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Deficit Irrigation ◽  
Growth Stage ◽  
Biomass Yield ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Late Growth

Maize (Zea Mays L.) is one of the most important food crops worldwide. In Ethiopia, it is one of the leading food grains selected to assume a national commodity crop to support the food self-sufficiency program of the country. Maize is fairly sensitive to water stress and excessive moisture stress. This is due to variation in sensitivity of different growth stages to water stress. The study was conducted to determine the water use efficiency of maize under deficit irrigation practice without significant reduction in yield and to identify crop growth stages which can withstand water stress. The experiment was conducted at the Alamata Agricultural Research center experimental site Kara Adishabo Kebele, Raya Azebo district. The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications and six levels of irrigation water applications as possible treatments. Analysis was done to yield and water use efficiency of maize using R statistical software and the mean difference was estimated using the least significant difference (LSD) comparison. The highest grain (33.72qt/ha) and biomass yield (148.4qt/ha) was obtained from the 50% deficit irrigation at late growth. The maximum irrigation water use efficiency was obtained from both 50% deficit at all the four growth stages (0.5418 kg/ha) and at 50% deficit at late growth stage (0.446 kg/m3). And by comparing the grain yield obtained at the 50% deficit at late growth stage (33.72 qt/ha) and grain yield obtained at 50% deficit at all growth stages (23.34 qt/ha), the 50% deficit at late growth stage shows better result. The 50% deficit of crop water requirement did not affect the yield components (plant height & number of cobs per plant) of maze. Therefore applying irrigation water by reducing the crop water requirement by 50% at the late growth stage has a significant contribution for sustainable and efficient irrigation water utilization at moisture deficient areas without a significant loss on grain and biomass yield.

scholarly journals Modeling the Relationship of Tomato Yield Parameters with Deficit Irrigation at Different Growth Stages

HortScience ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 54 (9) ◽  
pp. 1492-1500 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xuelian Jiang ◽  
Yueling Zhao ◽  
Rui Wang ◽  
Sheng Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Water Deficit ◽  
Fruit Development ◽  
Deficit Irrigation ◽  
Water Yield ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Full Irrigation ◽  
Tomato Yield ◽  
Yield Parameters ◽  
Irrigation Treatments ◽  
Different Growth Stages

Greenhouse experiments were conducted in 2017 and 2018 to investigate quantitative relationships between tomato yield parameters and deficit irrigation at different growth stages. Tomato plants received one of three irrigation treatments (full irrigation, 2/3, and 1/3 full irrigation) at flowering and fruit development (stage 2) and at fruit maturation (stage 3); no deficit irrigation treatments were applied at stage 1 during either season. We used linear regression to investigate how well the yield parameters such as whole-plant yield (Y), single-fruit weight (y), fruit diameter (D), and length (L) were correlated with seasonal evapotranspiration (ET) under different deficit irrigation treatments. Six water–yield models (Blank, Jensen, Singh, Stewart, Minhas, and Rao models) were used to predict the tomato yield parameters with deficit irrigation at different growth stages. The results showed that deficit irrigation at each growth stage significantly decreased ET, Y, y, L, and D, but not T1 (2/3 full irrigation at flowering and fruit development). T1 produced higher water use efficiency (WUE) with no significant decrease in yield parameters, indicating that an acceptable balance between high WUE and yield can be obtained with an appropriate water deficit at stage 2. Relative Y, y, D, and L increased linearly as relative seasonal ET increased. Water deficit sensitivity indexes calculated by the six different water–yield models showed that Y, y, D, and L were more sensitive to water deficit at stage 2 than at stage 3. The values of Y calculated by the Minhas and Singh models were similar to the observed values. The Minhas model provided good estimates of L and D, and the Blank model is recommended for calculating y when there is a water deficit at different growth stages. The water–yield models can be used to optimize irrigation water management and provide a sound basis for efficient tomato production.

scholarly journals Assessing the Climate Change Impacts on Grain Sorghum Yield and Irrigation Water Use under Full and Deficit Irrigation Strategies

2020 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kritika Kothari ◽  
Srinivasulu Ale ◽  
James P. Bordovsky ◽  
Clyde L. Munster
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Deficit Irrigation ◽  
Climate Change Impacts ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Grain Sorghum ◽  
Full Irrigation ◽  
Irrigation Water Use

HighlightsIrrigated grain sorghum yield and irrigation water use decreased under climate change.Increase in growing season temperature beyond 26°C resulted in a sharp decline in grain sorghum yield.Irrigating during early reproductive stages resulted in the most efficient use of limited water.Irrigating to replenish soil water to 80% of field capacity was found suitable for both current and future climates. Groundwater overdraft from the Ogallala Aquifer for irrigation use and anticipated climate change impacts pose major threats to the sustainability of agriculture in the Texas High Plains (THP) region. In this study, the DSSAT-CSM-CERES-Sorghum model was used to simulate climate change impacts on grain sorghum production under full and deficit irrigation strategies and suggest optimal deficit irrigation strategies. Two irrigation strategies were designed based on (1) crop growth stage and (2) soil water deficit. For the first strategy, seven deficit irrigation scenarios and one full irrigation scenario were simulated: three scenarios with a single 100 mm irrigation scheduled between panicle initiation and boot (T1), between boot and early grain filling (T2), and between early and late grain filling (T3) growth stages; three 200 mm irrigation treatments with combinations of T1 and T2 (T4), T1 and T3 (T5), and T2 and T3 (T6); one 300 mm irrigation scenario (T7) that was a combination of T1, T2, and T3; and a full irrigation scenario (T8) in which irrigation was applied throughout the growing season to maintain at least 50% of plant-available water in the top 30 cm soil profile. For the second strategy, the irrigation schedule obtained from auto-irrigation (T8) was mimicked to create a full irrigation scenario (I100) and six deficit irrigation scenarios. In the deficit irrigation scenarios, water was applied on the same dates as scenario I100; however, the irrigation amounts of scenario I100 were reduced by 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, and 60% to create deficit irrigation scenarios I90, I80, I70, I60, I50, and I40, respectively. Projected climate forcings were drawn from nine global climate models (GCMs) and two representative concentration pathways (RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5). Climate change analysis indicated that grain sorghum yield under full irrigation was expected to be reduced by 5% by mid-century (2036 to 2065) and by 15% by late-century (2066 to 2095) under RCP 8.5 compared to the baseline period (1976 to 2005). Simulated future irrigation water demand of grain sorghum was reduced due to the shorter growing season and improved dry matter- and yield-transpiration productivity, likely due to CO2 fertilization. Based on the simulated grain sorghum yield and irrigation water use efficiency, the most efficient use of limited irrigation was achieved by applying irrigation during the early reproductive stages of grain sorghum (panicle initiation through early grain filling). A 20% deficit irrigation scenario was found to be optimal for current and future conditions because it was more water use efficient than full irrigation with a minor yield reduction of &lt;11%. In summary, these results indicated that strategic planning of when and how much to irrigate could help in getting the most out of limited irrigation. Keywords: CERES-Sorghum, Critical growth stages, Crop yield, Global climate model, Irrigation demand, Soil water depletion.

scholarly journals Regulated Deficit Irrigation as a Water-Saving Strategy for Onion Cultivation in Mediterranean Conditions

Agronomy ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 521 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdelsattar Abdelkhalik ◽  
Bernardo Pascual ◽  
Inmaculada Nájera ◽  
Carlos Baixauli ◽  
Nuria Pascual-Seva
Keyword(s):  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Deficit Irrigation ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Water Shortage ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Full Irrigation ◽  
Regulated Deficit Irrigation ◽  
Ripening Stages ◽  
Mediterranean Conditions ◽  
Bulb Yield

Field experiments were performed for two growing seasons in Spain under Mediterranean conditions to evaluate the response of onion growth, plant water status, bulb yield, irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE), and gross revenue to regulated deficit irrigation strategies (RDI). Seven irrigation treatments were utilized, including the application of 100% irrigation water requirements (IWR) during the entire growing season and the application of 75% or 50% of the IWR during one of the following growth stages: the vegetative growth, bulbing, and bulb ripening stages. The deficit irrigation strategies tested decreased marketable yields to greater or lesser extents; therefore, if water is readily available, full irrigation would be recommended. The RDI with 50% of the IWR during the bulb ripening stage led to important water savings (22%) and to slight decreases in yield (9%), improving IWUE (20%) compared with full irrigation, and this strategy can be recommended under a severe water shortage. A satisfactory bulb yield was obtained with RDI with 75% of the IWR during the bulb ripening stages, resulting in a lower reduction in yield (4%) and in an increased IWUE (9%); this strategy is an advisable strategy for onion production under a mild water shortage in Mediterranean conditions.

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