scholarly journals Regional Differences of Mechanical Properties in a Biceps Brachii Following Eccentric Exercise

2021 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 327-335
Author(s):  
Choun-sub Kim ◽  
Maeng-kyu Kim
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Muscle Damage ◽  
Eccentric Exercise ◽  
Muscle Function ◽  
Elbow Joint ◽  
Muscle Soreness ◽  
Biceps Brachii ◽  
Dynamic Stiffness ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Regional Muscle

PURPOSE: This study aimed to examine the effects of eccentric exercise (ECC) on the indices of mechanical properties together with markers of exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD) in different sites of the biceps brachii (BB) muscle.METHODS: ECC using an elbow joint was performed in 13 non-trained, college men. Global symptoms of EIMD were identified through changes in muscle soreness and serum creatine kinase (CK) activity, including muscle function following ECC. To evaluate regional EIMD, muscle swelling and tenderness as well as muscular echo intensity were measured at distal (4 cm above the elbow joint) and middle (30% of the distance from the antecubital crease to the acromion) sites within the BB muscle. A handheld myotonometer was used to estimate changes in mechanical properties, that is, oscillation frequency (F), dynamic stiffness (S), and relaxation time (R), of BB muscles after ECC.RESULTS: A significant difference in the major markers of EIMD, such as muscle soreness and serum CK activity, along with parameters of muscle function, was observed after ECC compared to baseline. Although all indirect markers of regional muscle damage demonstrated meaningful differences between before and after ECC, no statistically significant interaction between the distal and middle sites was observed in any of the markers. After ECC, both distal and middle sites showed significant changes in F, S, and R, but no statistical differences in changes in muscle mechanical properties were observed between localized muscle sites within BB muscles.CONCLUSIONS: Changes in mechanical properties, including regional muscle damage, seem to be uniformly influenced by different anatomical locations within the BB muscle, such as elbow flexors, following ECC.

scholarly journals Muscle Damage Indicated by Maximal Voluntary Contraction Strength Changes From Immediately to 1 Day After Eccentric Exercise of the Knee Extensors

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mikio Shoji ◽  
Ryoichi Ema ◽  
Kazunori Nosaka ◽  
Akihiro Kanda ◽  
Kosuke Hirata ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Shear Modulus ◽  
Muscle Damage ◽  
Eccentric Exercise ◽  
Recovery Rate ◽  
Muscle Soreness ◽  
Knee Extensors ◽  
Significant Group ◽  
Post Exercise ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Recovery Group

The present study examined if the magnitude of changes in indirect muscle damage markers could be predicted by maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) torque changes from immediately to 1 day after eccentric exercise. Twenty-eight young men performed 100 maximal isokinetic (60°/s) eccentric contractions of the knee extensors. MVIC torque, potentiated doublet torque, voluntary activation (VA) during MVIC, shear modulus of rectus femoris (RF), vastus medialis and lateralis, and muscle soreness of these muscles were measured before, immediately after, and 1–3 days post-exercise. Based on the recovery rate of the MVIC torque from immediately to 1-day post-exercise, the participants were placed to a recovery group that showed an increase in the MVIC torque (11.3–79.9%, n = 15) or a no-recovery group that showed no recovery (−71.9 to 0%, n = 13). No significant difference in MVIC torque decrease immediately post-exercise was found between the recovery (−33 ± 12%) and no-recovery (−32 ± 9%) groups. At 1–3 days, changes in MVIC torque (−40 to −26% vs. −22 to −12%), potentiated doublet torque (−37 to −22% vs. −20 to −9%), and proximal RF shear modulus (29–34% vs. 8–15%) were greater (p < 0.05) for the no-recovery than recovery group. No significant group differences were found for muscle soreness. The recovery rate of MVIC torque was correlated (p < 0.05) with the change in MVIC torque from baseline to 2 (r = 0.624) or 3 days post-exercise (r = 0.526), or peak change in potentiated doublet torque at 1–3 days post-exercise from baseline (r = 0.691), but not correlated with the changes in other dependent variables. These results suggest that the recovery rate of MVIC torque predicts changes in neuromuscular function but not muscle soreness and stiffness following eccentric exercise of the knee extensors.

Is isometric strength loss immediately after eccentric exercise related to changes in indirect markers of muscle damage?

2006 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 313-319 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kazunori Nosaka ◽  
Dale Chapman ◽  
Mike Newton ◽  
Paul Sacco
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Damage ◽  
Eccentric Exercise ◽  
Elbow Joint ◽  
Muscle Soreness ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Strength Loss ◽  
Isometric Strength ◽  
Joint Angles ◽  
Arm Circumference ◽  
Strong Correlate

This study tested the hypothesis that the magnitude of maximal isometric strength (MVC) loss immediately following eccentric exercise (MVC-post) would relate to changes in other indirect markers of muscle damage following exercise. Eighty-nine men were recruited from the same student population and performed 24 maximal eccentric actions of the elbow flexors. Commonly used markers of muscle damage such as relaxed and flexed elbow joint angles, range of motion (ROM), upper-arm circumference, muscle soreness, and plasma creatine kinase (CK) activity were measured before, immediately after, and 1-4 d after exercise. Pearson's product-moment correlation coefficients (r) between change in MVC-post and other markers of muscle damage, as well as MVC during recovery days, were calculated. Changes in MVC-post ranged from -72.8% to -17.6%, and correlated significantly (p < 0.01) with MVC at 1 (r = 0.59), 2 (0.63), 3 (0.61), and 4 (0.62) d after exercise. Reduction in MVC-post also correlated significantly (p < 0.05) with changes in relaxed (r = 0.50) and flexed elbow joint angles (-0.40), ROM (0.55), arm circumference (-0.45), peak palpation (-0.34) and extension muscle soreness (-0.48), and peak CK activity (-0.59). However, the r values were not necessarily high, and MVC-post poorly reflected the distribution of some measures, such as peak CK activity (124 - 50 440 IU·L-1). These results suggest that MVC-post is not a strong correlate of the changes in markers of muscle damage following eccentric exercise of the elbow flexors.Key words: maximal isometric strength, plasma CK activity, ROM, swelling, muscle soreness.

scholarly journals Effects of Hydrotherapy on Muscle Damage and Recovery Profile After Eccentric Exercise in Arm

2021 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 336-345
Author(s):  
Hyeon-deok Jo ◽  
Choun-sub Kim ◽  
Maeng-kyu Kim
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Damage ◽  
Eccentric Exercise ◽  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Muscle Soreness ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Dynamic Stiffness ◽  
The Other ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Maximum Voluntary Isometric Contraction ◽  
Positive Effects

PURPOSE: This study aimed to examine the effect of hydrotherapy at different temperatures following eccentric exercise on muscle damage and recovery profiles in young men.METHODS: Male college students without any cardiovascular or orthopedic disorders were randomly assigned to three hydrotherapy groups: a 5°C group (cold water, COLD), a 15°C group (cool water, COOL), and a control group (CON). Thirty maximal eccentric exercises were performed using the participants’ nondominant elbow flexor muscles. Each treatment consisted of immersion five times for 1 minute, along with a 1-minute rest between each immersion trial. Each intervention was conducted immediately after the eccentric exercise and every 24 hours. Changes in the level of exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD), circumference, muscle soreness, range of motion (ROM), maximum voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC), muscle dynamic stiffness, and muscular echo intensity (EI) were measured. All parameters were measured at 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours after exercise, as well as immediately before and after exercise.RESULTS: Muscle soreness was significantly higher in the COLD group than in the other groups. Moreover, the muscle circumference tended to increase in the COLD group than in the other groups. However, an increase in the dynamic stiffness and EI, promoting the recovery of MVIC, was observed in the COOL group. In addition, ROM tended to return more rapidly in the COOL group than in the other groups.CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that hydrotherapy at moderately low temperatures compared with that at extremely low temperatures may induce relatively positive effects on EIMD and recovery phases following eccentric exercise in the arms.

scholarly journals The Acute Effect of Foam Rolling on Eccentrically-Induced Muscle Damage

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 75
Author(s):  
Masatoshi Nakamura ◽  
Koki Yasaka ◽  
Ryosuke Kiyono ◽  
Remi Onuma ◽  
Kaoru Yahata ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Damage ◽  
Eccentric Exercise ◽  
Muscle Function ◽  
Muscle Soreness ◽  
Acute Effect ◽  
Quadriceps Muscle ◽  
Knee Extensors ◽  
Foam Rolling ◽  
Function Loss ◽  
Leg Extensors

Previous studies have shown significant improvement in muscle soreness and muscle function loss after 300-s foam rolling intervention two days after intense exercise. However, this duration is assumed to be too long, so investigating the effect of short-term duration foam rolling intervention on an eccentrically-damaged muscle is needed. This study aimed to eccentrically induce muscle damage in the leg extensors, and to detect the acute effect of 90-s foam rolling on muscle soreness and muscle function of the quadriceps muscle. We enrolled 17 healthy and nonathlete male volunteers. They performed a bout of eccentric exercise of the knee extensors with the dominant leg and received 90-s foam rolling intervention of the quadriceps two days after the eccentric exercise. The dependent variables were measured before the eccentric exercise (baseline), and before (preintervention) and after foam rolling intervention (postintervention), two days after the eccentric exercise. The results show that the preintervention muscle soreness and muscle strength values were significantly increased, compared with the baseline values, whereas the postintervention values were significantly decreased, compared with the preintervention values. Furthermore, 90-s of foam rolling intervention could improve muscle soreness and muscle function loss.

Effect of High Dose Vitamin C Supplementation on Muscle Soreness, Damage, Function, and Oxidative Stress to Eccentric Exercise

2006 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 270-280 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.C. Bryer ◽  
A.H. Goldfarb
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Vitamin C ◽  
Eccentric Exercise ◽  
Muscle Function ◽  
Muscle Soreness ◽  
Damage Function ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Vitamin C Supplementation ◽  
Glutathione Oxidation

This study investigated if vitamin C supplementation before and after eccentric exercise could reduce muscle soreness (MS), oxidative stress, and muscle function. Eighteen healthy men randomly assigned to either a placebo (P) or vitamin C (VC) (3 g/d) treatment group took pills for 2 wk prior and 4 d after performing 70 eccentric elbow extensions with their non-dominant arm. MS increased in both groups with significantly reduced MS for the first 24 h with VC. Range of motion was reduced equally in both groups after the exercise (P ≥ 0.05). Muscle force declined equally and was unaffected by treatment. VC attenuated the creatine kinase (CK) increase at 48 h after exercise with similar CK after this time. Gluta-thione ratio (oxidized glutathione/total glutathione) was significantly increased at 4 and 24 h with P but VC prevented this change. These data suggest that vitamin C pretreatment can reduce MS, delay CK increase, and prevent blood glutathione oxidation with little influence on muscle function loss.

Comparison of Carbohydrate and Milk-Based Beverages on Muscle Damage and Glycogen Following Exercise

2001 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 406-419 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janet R. Wojcik ◽  
Janet Walberg-Rankin ◽  
Lucille L. Smith ◽  
F.C. Gwazdauskas
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Damage ◽  
Eccentric Exercise ◽  
Muscle Glycogen ◽  
Muscle Function ◽  
Muscle Protein ◽  
Serum Insulin ◽  
Peak Torque ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Protein Breakdown ◽  
Post Exercise

This study examined effects of carbohydrate (CHO), milk-based carbohydrate-protein (CHO-PRO), or placebo (P) beverages on glycogen resynthesis, muscle damage, inflammation, and muscle function following eccentric resistance exercise. Untrained males performed a cycling exercise to reduce muscle glycogen 12 hours prior to performance of 100 eccentric quadriceps contractions at 120% of 1-RM (day 1) and drank CHO (n = 8), CHO-PRO (n = 9; 5 kcal/kg), or P (n = 9) immediately and 2 hours post-exercise. At 3 hours post-eccentric exercise, serum insulin was four times higher for CHO-PRO and CHO than P (p < .05). Serum creatine kinase (CK) increased for all groups in the 6 hours post-eccentric exercise (p < .01), with the increase tending to be lowest for CHO-PRO (p < .08) during this period. Glycogen was low post-exercise (33 ± 3.7 mmol/kg ww), increased 225% at 24 hours, and tripled by 72 hours, with no group differences. The eccentric exercise increased muscle protein breakdown as indicated by urinary 3-methylhistidine and increased IL-6 with no effect of beverage. Quadriceps isokinetic peak torque was depressed similarly for all groups by 24% 24 hours post-exercise and remained 21 % lower at 72 hours (p < .01). In summary, there were no influences of any post-exercise beverage on muscle glycogen replacement, inflammation, or muscle function.

Etiology of Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage

1999 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 234-248 ◽  
Author(s):  
Priscilla M. Clarkson ◽  
Stephen P. Sayers
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Damage ◽  
Eccentric Exercise ◽  
Muscle Function ◽  
Stress Proteins ◽  
Repair Process ◽  
Cellular Level ◽  
Muscle Stiffness ◽  
Damage Repair ◽  
Exercise Induced ◽  
Shock Proteins

Muscle damage is caused by strenuous and unaccustomed exercise, especially exercise involving eccentric muscle contractions, where muscles lengthen as they exert force. Damage can be observed both directly at the cellular level and indirectly from changes in various indices of muscle function. Several mechanisms have been offered to explain the etiology of the damage/repair process, including mechanical factors such as tension and strain, disturbances in calcium homeostasis. the inflammatory response, and the synthesis of stress proteins (heat shock proteins). Changes in muscle function following eccentric exercise have been observed at the cellular level as an impairment in the amount and action of transport proteins for glucose and lactate/H+, and at the systems level as an increase in muscle stiffness and a prolonged loss in the muscle's ability to generate force. This paper will briefly review factors involved in the damage/repair process and alterations in muscle function following eccentric exercise. Key words: eccentric exercise, inflammation, stress proteins, muscle function

scholarly journals Physiological and Neural Adaptations to Eccentric Exercise: Mechanisms and Considerations for Training

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nosratollah Hedayatpour ◽  
Deborah Falla
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Damage ◽  
Motor Unit ◽  
Muscle Weakness ◽  
Eccentric Exercise ◽  
Muscle Function ◽  
Muscle Hypertrophy ◽  
Eccentric Contractions ◽  
Neural Adaptations ◽  
Neuromuscular Adaptations ◽  
Exercise Induced

Eccentric exercise is characterized by initial unfavorable effects such as subcellular muscle damage, pain, reduced fiber excitability, and initial muscle weakness. However, stretch combined with overload, as in eccentric contractions, is an effective stimulus for inducing physiological and neural adaptations to training. Eccentric exercise-induced adaptations include muscle hypertrophy, increased cortical activity, and changes in motor unit behavior, all of which contribute to improved muscle function. In this brief review, neuromuscular adaptations to different forms of exercise are reviewed, the positive training effects of eccentric exercise are presented, and the implications for training are considered.

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