Relationships between Skeletal Muscle Characteristics of the Gluteus Medius and Gait Parameters in a Patient after Surgery for Osteoarthritis of Hip with Limp Remaining at 9 Months after Rotational Acetabular Osteotomy

Thirteen horses with histories of exertional rhabdomyolysis were exercised for 20 minutes to induce clinical signs of lameness, elevated serum creatine kinase (CK), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activities and skeletal muscle morphologic lesions. The clinical signs exhibited by affected horses included trembling, sweating, increased rate of respiration, and restricted limb movement. Serum CK reached maximal activity between 4 and 8 hours after the exercise period and serum AST activity peaked between 24 and 48 hours. Histologically, the skeletal muscle lesions in muscle biopsies 24 hours after the exercise period consisted of segmental muscle fiber degeneration. Damaged muscle fibers were repaired by myoblastic regeneration. Horses with moderate (>1,500 U/liter) to severe (>5,000 U/liter) elevations of serum CK activity accompanied by clinical signs of muscle soreness induced by exercise, had visible muscle fiber degeneration microscopically. Frozen sections of biopsies of the gluteus medius muscle from affected ( n = 13) and control ( n = 11) groups of horses were processed to demonstrate myofibrillar ATPase activity. These sections were then used to determine fiber types, area percentages, and mean cross sectional fiber sizes. The mean type I, type II, and intermediate fiber sizes were significantly larger in the affected group than in the control group. In the gluteus medius muscles of the affected group, there was a significantly greater percentage of intermediate fibers and a significantly greater percentage of area occupied by intermediate fibers than in the control group. In the muscle samples with acute lesions of exertional rhabdomyolysis, type II fibers were selectively but not exclusively affected. In one horse which was subsequently necropsied 24 hours after the exercise period, lesions were present in several postural muscles, the masseter muscle and the heart. We conclude that the gluteus medius muscle fibers of affected horses are larger in cross sectional area than those of control horses and that there is preferential degeneration of type II fibers in acute lesions of exertional rhabdomyolysis.

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LncRNAs and CircRNAs Control Myofiber-Specific Expression Profiles by Acting as CeRNAs in Mongolian Horses

10.21203/rs.3.rs-633069/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Tugeqin Bao ◽

Haige Han ◽

Ruoyang Zhao ◽

Togtokh Mongke ◽

Xima La ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Skeletal Muscle ◽

Muscle Fiber ◽

Enzyme Activities ◽

Muscle Fibers ◽

Noncoding Rnas ◽

Gluteus Medius ◽

Differentially Expressed ◽

Metabolic Enzyme ◽

Gluteus Medius Muscle ◽

Fiber Composition

Abstract Background: The heterogeneity and plasticity of muscle fibers are essential for the athletic performance of horses, mainly at the adaption of exercises and the effect on muscle diseases. Skeletal muscle fibers can be generally distinguished by their characteristics of contraction as slow and fast type myofibers. The diversity of contractile properties and metabolism enable skeletal muscles to respond to the variable functional requirements. We investigated the muscle fiber composition and metabolic enzyme activities of splenius muscle and gluteus medius muscle from Mongolian horses. The deep RNA-seq analysis of detecting differentially expressed mRNAs, lncRNAs, circRNAs and their correlation analysis from two muscles were performed.Results: Splenius muscle and gluteus medius muscle from Mongolian horses showed a high divergence of myofiber compositions and metabolic enzyme activities. Corresponding to their phenotypic characteristics, 94 differentially expressed long noncoding RNAs and 91 differentially expressed circle RNAs were found between two muscles. The analysis results indicate multiple binding sites were detected in lncRNAs and circRNAs with myofiber-specific expressed miRNAs. Among which we found significant correlations between the above noncoding RNAs, miRNAs, their target genes, myofiber-specific developmental transcript factors, and sarcomere genes. Conclusions: We suggest that the ceRNA mechanism of myofiber-specific expressed noncoding RNAs by acting as miRNA sponges could be fine tuners in regulating skeletal muscle fiber composition and transition in horses, which will operate new protective measures of muscle disease and locomotor adaption for racehorses.

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The Blood and Muscle Expression Pattern of the Equine TCAP Gene during the Race Track Training of Arabian Horses

Animals ◽

10.3390/ani9080574 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (8) ◽

pp. 574 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Monika Stefaniuk-Szmukier ◽

Tomasz Szmatoła ◽

Joanna Łątka ◽

Bogusława Długosz ◽

Katarzyna Ropka-Molik

Keyword(s):

Skeletal Muscle ◽

Whole Blood ◽

Gluteus Medius ◽

Transcript Abundance ◽

Second Phase ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Physical Effort ◽

Muscle Plasticity ◽

Race Track ◽

Contractile Forces

Horse musculature has been shaped through evolution by environmental and human factors, which has resulted in several extraordinary adaptations to physical effort. Skeletal muscle plasticity results from the response to mechanical stimulation causing hypertrophy, where sarcomeres increase the muscle’s cross-sectional area under the influence of contractile forces. The aim of the present study was the evaluation of transcript abundance of the telethonin (TCAP) gene, which is a part of the sarcomere macromolecular mechanosensory complex in the gluteus medius muscle, and the whole blood of Arabian horses during flat race training. The analysis, performed by quantitative PCR, showed an increase of TCAP transcripts in skeletal muscle. However, in whole blood, the transcript abundance decreased after the first stage of training and further increased after the second phase. The obtained results indicate a lack of similarity of TCAP gene expression in both tissues.

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RAPID COMMUNICATION: Differential skeletal muscle mitochondrial characteristics of weanling racing-bred horses1

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skz203 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 97 (8) ◽

pp. 3193-3198 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Christine M Latham ◽

Clara K Fenger ◽

Sarah H White

Keyword(s):

Skeletal Muscle ◽

Electron Transport ◽

Transport System ◽

Complex I ◽

Management Practices ◽

Citrate Synthase ◽

Fiber Type ◽

Gluteus Medius ◽

Electron Transport System ◽

Mitochondrial Density

Abstract Responses of equine skeletal muscle characteristics to growth and training have been shown to differ between breeds. These differential responses may arise in part because muscle fiber type and mitochondrial density differ between breeds, even in untrained racing-bred horses. However, it is not known when these breed-specific differences manifest. To test the hypothesis that weanling Standardbreds (SB) and Thoroughbreds (TB) would have higher mitochondrial measures than Quarter Horses (QH), gluteus medius samples were collected from SB (mean ± SD; 6.2 ± 1.0 mo; n = 10), TB (6.1 ± 0.5 mo; n = 12), and QH (7.4 ± 0.6 mo; n = 10). Citrate synthase (CS) and cytochrome c oxidase (CCO) activities were assessed as markers of mitochondrial density and function, respectively. Mitochondrial oxidative (P) and electron transport system (E) capacities were assessed by high-resolution respirometry (HRR). Data for CCO and HRR are expressed as integrated (per mg protein and per mg tissue wet weight, respectively) and intrinsic (per unit CS). Data were analyzed using PROC MIXED in SAS v 9.4 with breed as a fixed effect. Mitochondrial density (CS) was higher for SB and TB than QH (P ≤ 0.0007). Mitochondrial function (integrated and intrinsic CCO) was higher in TB and QH than SB (P ≤ 0.01). Integrated CCO was also higher in TB than QH (P < 0.0001). However, SB had higher integrated maximum P (PCI+II) and E (ECI+II) than QH (P ≤ 0.02) and greater integrated and intrinsic complex II-supported E (ECII) than both QH and TB (P ≤ 0.02), whereas TB exhibited higher integrated P with complex I substrates (PCI) than SB and QH (P ≤ 0.003) and higher integrated PCI+II and ECI+II than QH (P ≤ 0.02). In agreement, TB and QH had higher contribution of complex I (CI) to max E than SB (P ≤ 0.001), whereas SB had higher contribution of CII than QH and TB (P ≤ 0.002). Despite having higher mitochondrial density than QH and TB, SB showed lower CCO activity and differences in contribution of complexes to oxidative and electron transport system capacities. Breed differences in mitochondrial parameters are present early in life and should be considered when developing feeding, training, medication, and management practices.

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Variation of skeletal muscle ultrasound imaging intensity in horses after treadmill exercise: a proof of concept for glycogen content estimation

BMC Veterinary Research ◽

10.1186/s12917-021-02818-9 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 17 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Sarah A. Tabozzi ◽

Giovanni Stancari ◽

Enrica Zucca ◽

Michela Tajoli ◽

Luca Stucchi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Skeletal Muscle ◽

Muscle Glycogen ◽

Sports Medicine ◽

Glycogen Content ◽

Gluteus Medius ◽

Small Sample ◽

Endurance Capacity ◽

High Frequency Ultrasound ◽

Aerobic Activity ◽

Before And After

AbstractBackgroundGlycogen in skeletal muscle is a major source of energy during exercise and an important determinant of endurance capacity, so that its measurement may provide a meaningful marker of athletes’ preparation and a possible predictor of performance, both in humans and in equines. Gold standard of glycogen concentration measurement is the histochemical and biochemical analysis of biopsy-derived muscle tissue, an invasive and potentially injuring procedure. Recently, high-frequency ultrasound (US) technology is being exploited in human sports medicine to estimate muscle glycogen content. Therefore, aim of the present study is to evaluate the feasibility of US assessment of muscle glycogen in equines.ResultsUS images ofgluteus medius(GL) andsemitendinosus(ST) muscles were obtained on eight healthy horses (3–10 years) before and after a steady-state exercise on treadmill (velocity: 4.0–12.5 m/s; duration: 2–20 min; heart rate: 137–218 b/min). Average image greyscale intensity was significantly different between GL and ST, both before and after exercise (p < 0.001). Comparing baseline and post-exercise US images, significant increase in greyscale intensity has been observed in ST (p < 0.001), but not in GL (p = 0.129). The volume of the exercise was significantly correlated with exercise-dependent change in image intensity (R2 = 0.891), consistent with a reduction of glycogen muscle stores resulting from aerobic activity.ConclusionsUS technique evidences also in horses muscle changes possibly associated to glycogen utilisation during exercise. Present results on a small sample need to be further confirmed and provide preliminary data warranting future validation by direct glycogen measurement through biopsy technique.

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Gait Analysis of Patients Subjected to the Atrophic Mandible Augmentation with Iliac Bone Graft

Applied Bionics and Biomechanics ◽

10.1155/2019/8203597 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 2019 ◽

pp. 1-9 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Erol Cansiz ◽

Derya Karabulut ◽

Suzan Cansel Dogru ◽

Nazif Ekin Akalan ◽

Yener Temelli ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gluteus Maximus ◽

Gluteus Medius ◽

Complete Recovery ◽

Muscle Forces ◽

Early Recovery ◽

Gait Patterns ◽

Gait Characteristics ◽

Gait Parameters ◽

Iliac Bone Graft ◽

Do So

In this study, we aimed to quantitatively monitor and describe the gait functions of patients, who underwent iliac crest bone grafting in atrophic jaw augmentation operation, by taking into account the alterations of gait parameters and muscle forces in the early recovery course. To do so, temporospatial and kinematic gait parameters of ten patients during pre- and postoperative periods were recorded, and forces of the gluteus medius, gluteus maximus, and iliacus muscles were calculated. Three postoperative periods were specified as one week (post-op1), two weeks (post-op2), and three weeks (post-op3) after the surgery. Restoring process of the gait patterns was comparatively evaluated by analyzing the gait parameters and muscle forces for pre- and postoperative periods. Temporospatial and kinematic parameters of post-op3 were closer to those obtained in pre-op than those in post-op1 and post-op2 (p<0.05). Muscle forces calculated in post-op3 showed the best agreement with those in pre-op among the postoperative periods in terms of both magnitude and correlation (p<0.05). In conclusion, the patients began to regain their preoperative gait characteristics from the second week after surgery, but complete recovery in gait was observed three weeks after the surgery.

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108 President Oral Presentation Pick: Select skeletal muscle mitochondrial measures in Thoroughbred weanlings are related to race earnings and sire

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skaa278.155 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 98 (Supplement_4) ◽

pp. 85-85

Author(s):

Chloey P Guy ◽

Christine M Latham ◽

Randi N Owen ◽

Ashley L Fowler ◽

Sarah H White-Springer

Keyword(s):

Skeletal Muscle ◽

Complex I ◽

Fixed Effects ◽

Linear Models ◽

Citrate Synthase ◽

Pearson Correlation ◽

Gluteus Medius ◽

Volume Density ◽

Complex Ii ◽

And Training

Abstract Quantifiable, cellular differences of individuals are not widely used in breeding and training decisions in the equine industry. Our objective was to determine if mitochondrial parameters in weanling Thoroughbreds were related to sire or lifetime race earnings. We hypothesized that weanling skeletal muscle mitochondrial capacity would be positively correlated with race earnings. Gluteus medius muscle samples were collected from racing-bred Thoroughbred weanlings (n = 139; mean ± SD; 6.0 ± 0.4 mo) from 40 different sires over 3 years at 5 different farms and evaluated for mitochondrial volume density (citrate synthase activity; CS) and function (cytochrome c oxidase activity) by colorimetry, and oxidative (P) and electron transport system (E) capacities by high resolution respirometry; two- and three-year-old race earnings were available for a subset of 13 horses. Data were analyzed using mixed linear models with sire, sex, year of collection, and farm as fixed effects. Correlations between lifetime race earnings and mitochondrial measures were determined using Pearson Correlation Statistics. A main effect of sire was observed for weanling intrinsic (relative to CS activity) P with complex I substrates (P = 0.04) and the contribution of mitochondrial leak to O2 consumption (FCRL; P = 0.04). A trend was observed for the effect of sire on intrinsic mitochondrial leak (P = 0.09). Race earnings were positively correlated with integrated (relative to mg protein) leak (r = 0.7684, P = 0.009) and FCRL (r = 0.7035; P = 0.02). A trend for a negative correlation between E with complex II substrates and race earnings was also observed (r = -0.4775, P = 0.09), No other measures were influenced by sire, nor were correlated with race earnings. Our previous work has indicated a preferential use of complex I in breeds bred for short-duration racing (Thoroughbreds) compared to distance racing breeds (Standardbreds) that relied more heavily on complex II. Mitochondrial measures in weanlings may be utilized to inform future breeding and training decisions in horses.

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Placental-expanded, mesenchymal cells improve muscle function following hip arthroplasty

10.1101/297739 ◽

2018 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Tobias Winkler ◽

Carsten Perka ◽

Philipp von Roth ◽

Alison N. Agres ◽

Henning Plage ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Skeletal Muscle ◽

Hip Arthroplasty ◽

Low Dose ◽

Gluteus Medius ◽

High Dose ◽

Immune Reactivity ◽

Surgical Trauma ◽

Muscle Injuries ◽

Dose Treatment ◽

Link Type

AbstractBackgroundNo regenerative approach has thus far been shown to be effective in skeletal muscle injuries, despite high frequency and associated functional deficits. We sought to address surgical trauma related muscle injuries using local intraoperative application of allogeneic placenta-derived, mesenchymal-like adherent cells (PLX-PAD), using hip arthroplasty as a standardized injury model, because of the high regenerative and immunomodulatory potency of this cell type.MethodsOur pilot phase I/IIa study was prospective, randomized, double blind and placebo-controlled. Twenty patients undergoing hip arthroplasty via a direct lateral approach were injected with 3.0×108or 1.5×108PLX-PAD or a placebo into the gluteus medius muscle.ResultsWe did not observe any relevant PLX-PAD-related adverse events at the 2-year follow-up. Improved gluteus medius strength was noted as early as week 6 in the treatment-groups. Surprisingly, until week 26 the low-dose outperformed the high-dose group and reached significantly improved strength compared to placebo, mirrored by an increase in muscle volume. Histology indicated accelerated healing after cell therapy. Biomarker studies revealed that low-dose treatment reduced the surgery-related immunological stress reaction more than high-dose. Signs of late-onset immune reactivity after high-dose treatment corresponded to reduced functional improvement.ConclusionAllogeneic PLX-PAD therapy improved strength and volume of injured skeletal muscle with a reasonable safety profile. Outcomes could be positively correlated with the modulation of early postoperative stress-related immunological reactions.Trial RegistrationClinicalTrials.gov(numberNCT01525667) and EudraCT (number 2011-003934-16)FundingThe study was funded by the Sponsor, Pluristem Therapeutics, the Israeli innovation authority and the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research.Conflict of interestT. Winkler, C. Perka and G.N. Duda are members of a clinical advisory board of Pluristem Ltd for future indications. T. Winkler, C. Perka, G.N. Duda, P. von Roth filed a patent together with Pluristem Ltd. E. Lukasiewicz Hagai, R. Ofir, L. Pinzur and E. Eyal are current or former employees of Pluristem Ltd. T. Winkler, P. Reinke and H.-D. Volk received in the past consulting fees from Pluristem Ltd. but not for this project.

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Dietary conjugated linoleic acid supplementation alters skeletal muscle mitochondria and antioxidant status in young horses

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skab037 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 99 (2) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Daria Mrugala ◽

Jessica L Leatherwood ◽

Elizabeth F Morris ◽

Emily C Dickson ◽

Christine M Latham ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Stress ◽

Skeletal Muscle ◽

Linoleic Acid ◽

Conjugated Linoleic Acid ◽

Repeated Measures ◽

Antioxidant Status ◽

Citrate Synthase ◽

Gluteus Medius ◽

Creatine Kinase Activity ◽

Triceps Brachii

Abstract Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) improves oxidative stress and mitochondrial biogenesis in various species but has not been thoroughly investigated in horses. We collected blood and muscle samples from lightly exercising horses before and 6 and 12 wk after receiving either soybean oil (CON; n = 5) or CLA (CLA; n = 5) supplementation. Samples were analyzed for markers of mitochondrial characteristics, antioxidant status, oxidative stress, and muscle damage. Data were analyzed using a linear model with repeated measures. In the triceps brachii (TB), citrate synthase (CS) activity was higher in CON than CLA horses (P = 0.003) but was unaffected by diet in the gluteus medius (GM). Integrative (relative to mg protein) cytochrome c oxidase (CCO) activity was higher in TB than the GM (P < 0.0001), while intrinsic (relative to CS) CCO was lower in the TB than the GM (P = 0.02) and tended to be lower in CON than CLA horses (P = 0.06). Neither CS nor integrative CCO activities were affected by time. In the GM, superoxide dismutase activity tended to increase in CON through week 12 (P = 0.10). Over both muscle groups, glutathione peroxidase activity tended to be higher in CON compared with CLA at week 12 (P = 0.06). Malondialdehyde was higher in the TB than the GM (P = 0.0004) but was unaffected by diet, while serum creatine kinase activity tended to be lower in CLA than CON horses (P = 0.07). These results suggest that CLA supplementation may lead to mitochondrial adaptations and prevent myofiber perturbation in skeletal muscle of young, lightly exercised horses.

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107 Skeletal muscle mitochondrial parameters correlate with sales price in weanling racing-bred Thoroughbred horses

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skaa278.157 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 98 (Supplement_4) ◽

pp. 86-86

Author(s):

Chloey P Guy ◽

Christine M Latham ◽

Randi N Owen ◽

Ashley L Fowler ◽

Sarah H White-Springer

Keyword(s):

Skeletal Muscle ◽

Complex I ◽

Citrate Synthase ◽

Pearson Correlation ◽

Coupling Efficiency ◽

Gluteus Medius ◽

Volume Density ◽

Sales Price ◽

Correlation Statistics ◽

Race Performance

Abstract Thoroughbred horse sales prices rely heavily on animal conformation and ancestral race performance, as well as the current economic landscape. However, little information exists on the relationship between physiological parameters and sales price. We aimed to test the hypothesis that weanling sales price would positively correlate with skeletal muscle mitochondrial parameters in racing-bred Thoroughbreds. Gluteus medius muscle samples were collected from racing-bred Thoroughbred weanlings (n = 19; mean ± SD; 5.7 ± 0.3 mo) and evaluated for mitochondrial volume density (citrate synthase activity; CS) and function (cytochrome c oxidase activity; COX) by colorimetry, and oxidative and electron transport system capacities by high resolution respirometry. Horses were sold at the 2018 and 2019 Keeneland November Breeding Stock Sales at 8.5 ± 0.7 mo of age. Data were analyzed using Pearson Correlation Statistics in SAS (v9.4). Weanling sales price was positively correlated with intrinsic mitochondrial function (COX activity per unit CS; r = 0.6269, P = 0.004) and coupling efficiency with substrates for complex I+II (r = 0.4424, P = 0.05). A trend for a negative correlation was observed between weanling sales price and CS activity (r = -0.4179, P = 0.07), while a trend for a positive correlation between sales price and intrinsic oxidative phosphorylation capacity with complex I substrates (r = 0.3974, P = 0.09) was observed. In this cohort of weanling Thoroughbreds, mitochondrial parameters measured at 6 mo of age correlated with sales price at 8 mo of age. Implications of these relationships as they relate to race performance should be further investigated.

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