scholarly journals Fish Immunology. The modification and manipulation of the innate immune system: Brazilian studies

2014 ◽  
Vol 86 (3) ◽  
pp. 1484-1506 ◽  
Author(s):  
JAQUELINE D. BILLER-TAKAHASHI ◽  
ELISABETH C. URBINATI
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Innate Immune System ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Disease Outbreaks ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
System Structure ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Massive Growth ◽  
And Function ◽  
Brazilian Studies

The understanding of fish immune system structure and function is essential for the development of new technologies and products to improve productivity. This is the first review on immune system of fish with Brazilian studies. Aquaculture in Brazil has shown massive growth in recent years due to methods of culture intensification. However, these procedures led to disease outbreaks, as well as the chemotherapy and the misuse of antibiotics. A viable alternative to avoid the use of chemicals and prevent economic losses is the administration of immunostimulants and prebiotcs, which act by increasing the innate immune system. In Brazil there is a lack of studies on fish immune system, except by some groups that have studied the effects of the immunostimulants administration in various species.

scholarly journals A Novel Regulatory Player in the Innate Immune System: Long Non-Coding RNAs

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (17) ◽  
pp. 9535
Author(s):  
Yuhuai Xie ◽  
Yuanyuan Wei
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Innate Immune System ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Innate Immune Cells ◽  
Immune Mediated ◽  
Development And Differentiation ◽  
Non Coding Rnas ◽  
And Function

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) represent crucial transcriptional and post-transcriptional gene regulators during antimicrobial responses in the host innate immune system. Studies have shown that lncRNAs are expressed in a highly tissue- and cell-specific- manner and are involved in the differentiation and function of innate immune cells, as well as inflammatory and antiviral processes, through versatile molecular mechanisms. These lncRNAs function via the interactions with DNA, RNA, or protein in either cis or trans pattern, relying on their specific sequences or their transcriptions and processing. The dysregulation of lncRNA function is associated with various human non-infectious diseases, such as inflammatory bowel disease, cardiovascular diseases, and diabetes mellitus. Here, we provide an overview of the regulation and mechanisms of lncRNA function in the development and differentiation of innate immune cells, and during the activation or repression of innate immune responses. These elucidations might be beneficial for the development of therapeutic strategies targeting inflammatory and innate immune-mediated diseases.

Neutrophil abnormalities

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Malini Bhole
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Practice ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Innate Immune System ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Bacterial Invasion ◽  
Systemic Diseases ◽  
First Line ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
And Function

Neutrophils are an important component of the innate immune system, forming the first line of defence against bacterial invasion. Abnormalities in either neutrophil numbers or function lead to immunodeficiency disorders affecting the innate immune system, with a predisposition towards developing serious and often life-threatening infections. Alterations in neutrophil numbers and function may also be noted secondary to systemic diseases, where they may act as markers for ongoing disease processes. Most of the primary neutrophil disorders discussed in this chapter will present in childhood. In adults, acquired neutropenia is the commonest neutrophil abnormality encountered in clinical practice, although, rarely, some primary neutrophil defects may present.

scholarly journals Toll-Like Receptors, Tissue Injury, and Tumourigenesis

2010 ◽  
Vol 2010 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Savvas Ioannou ◽  
Michael Voulgarelis
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Innate Immune System ◽  
Tissue Injury ◽  
Healing Process ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Tumour Microenvironment ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Wound Healing Process ◽  
Toll Like Receptors ◽  
And Function

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) belong to a class of molecules known as pattern recognition receptors, and they are part of the innate immune system, although they modulate mechanisms that impact the development of adaptive immune responses. Several studies have shown that TLRs, and their intracellular signalling components, constitute an important cellular pathway mediating the inflammatory process. Moreover, their critical role in the regulation of tissue injury and wound healing process as well as in the regulation of apoptosis is well established. However, interest in the role of these receptors in cancer development and progression has been increasing over the last years. TLRs are likely candidates to mediate effects of the innate immune system within the tumour microenvironment. A rapidly expanding area of research regarding the expression and function of TLRs in cancer cells and its association with chemoresistance and tumourigenesis, and TLR-based therapy as potential immunotherapy in cancer treatment is taking place over the last years.

scholarly journals Lipid Transfer Proteins As Components of the Plant Innate Immune System: Structure, Functions, and Applications

Acta Naturae ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 47-61 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. I. Finkina ◽  
D. N. Melnikova ◽  
I. V. Bogdanov ◽  
T. V. Ovchinnikova
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Innate Immune System ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
System Structure ◽  
Lipid Transfer ◽  
Lipid Transfer Proteins ◽  
Defense Proteins ◽  
Small Proteins

Among a variety of molecular factors of the plant innate immune system, small proteins that transfer lipids and exhibit a broad spectrum of biological activities are of particular interest. These are lipid transfer proteins (LTPs). LTPs are interesting to researchers for three main features. The first feature is the ability of plant LTPs to bind and transfer lipids, whereby these proteins got their name and were combined into one class. The second feature is that LTPs are defense proteins that are components of plant innate immunity. The third feature is that LTPs constitute one of the most clinically important classes of plant allergens. In this review, we summarize the available data on the plant LTP structure, biological properties, diversity of functions, mechanisms of action, and practical applications, emphasizing their role in plant physiology and their significance in human life.

scholarly journals Neutrophils and Bacterial Immune Evasion

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 432-441 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott D. Kobayashi ◽  
Natalia Malachowa ◽  
Frank R. DeLeo
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Bacterial Infection ◽  
Immune Evasion ◽  
Bactericidal Activity ◽  
Innate Immune System ◽  
Bacterial Pathogens ◽  
Neutrophil Recruitment ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Front Line ◽  
And Function

Neutrophils are an important component of the innate immune system and provide a front line of defense against bacterial infection. Although most bacteria are killed readily by neutrophils, some bacterial pathogens have the capacity to circumvent destruction by these host leukocytes. The ability of bacterial pathogens to avoid killing by neutrophils often involves multiple attributes or characteristics, including the production of virulence molecules. These molecules are diverse in composition and function, and collectively have the potential to alter or inhibit neutrophil recruitment, phagocytosis, bactericidal activity, and/or apoptosis. Here, we review the ability of bacteria to target these processes.

scholarly journals The Interplay between Salmonella and Intestinal Innate Immune Cells in Chickens

Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 1512
Author(s):  
Adil Ijaz ◽  
Edwin J. A. Veldhuizen ◽  
Femke Broere ◽  
Victor P. M. G. Rutten ◽  
Christine A. Jansen
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Innate Immune System ◽  
Immune Modulation ◽  
Feed Additives ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Innate Immune Cells ◽  
Zoonotic Infections ◽  
Salmonella Infections

Salmonellosis is a common infection in poultry, which results in huge economic losses in the poultry industry. At the same time, Salmonella infections are a threat to public health, since contaminated poultry products can lead to zoonotic infections. Antibiotics as feed additives have proven to be an effective prophylactic option to control Salmonella infections, but due to resistance issues in humans and animals, the use of antimicrobials in food animals has been banned in Europe. Hence, there is an urgent need to look for alternative strategies that can protect poultry against Salmonella infections. One such alternative could be to strengthen the innate immune system in young chickens in order to prevent early life infections. This can be achieved by administration of immune modulating molecules that target innate immune cells, for example via feed, or by in-ovo applications. We aimed to review the innate immune system in the chicken intestine; the main site of Salmonella entrance, and its responsiveness to Salmonella infection. Identifying the most important players in the innate immune response in the intestine is a first step in designing targeted approaches for immune modulation.

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