scholarly journals The developmental state in Brazil: comparative and historical perspectives

2015 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 114-132 ◽  
Author(s):  
BEN ROSS SCHNEIDER
Keyword(s):  
East Asia ◽  
Manufacturing Industry ◽  
Developmental State ◽  
State Intervention ◽  
State Governments ◽  
Historical Perspectives ◽  
Developmental States ◽  
Aircraft Manufacturing ◽  
State Enterprises

The record of successful developmental states in East Asia and the partial successes of developmental states in Latin America suggest several common preconditions for effective state intervention including a Weberian bureaucracy, monitoring of implementation, reciprocity (subsidies in exchange for performance), and collaborative relations between government and business. Although Brazil failed to develop the high technology manufacturing industry and exports that have fueled sustained growth in East Asia, its developmental state had a number of important, and often neglected, successes, especially in steel, automobiles, mining, ethanol, and aircraft manufacturing. Where Brazil's developmental state was less successful was in promoting sectors like information technology and nuclear energy, as well as overall social and regional equality. In addition, some isolated initiatives by state governments were also effective in promoting particular local segments of industry and agriculture. Comparisons with East Asia, highlight the central role of state enterprises in Brazil that in effect internalized monitoring and reciprocity and bypassed collaboration between business and government (that was overall rarer in Brazil).

scholarly journals How Does Germany Do It?

2013 ◽  
Vol 135 (11) ◽  
pp. 42-47
Author(s):  
Charles W. Wessner
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Manufacturing Industry ◽  
Applied Research ◽  
Medium Size ◽  
State Governments ◽  
Governmental Organization ◽  
Contract Research ◽  
Basic Technology ◽  
Ongoing Support

This article focuses on the economic share of manufacturing industry in Germany and the role of Fraunhofer–Gesellschaft in maintaining the same. A principal factor in the manufacturing success of German small- and medium-size enterprises (SMEs) is the Fraunhofer–Gesellschaft (Fraunhofer Society), an independent non-governmental organization that provides high-quality, short-term, affordable applied research that small- and medium-sized firms could not otherwise afford. Fraunhofer's model is a classic government–industry partnership. The federal and state governments, private contract research, and publicly funded contract research each provide roughly one-third of its funding. Germany's government has long supported the application of technology to manufacturing. Its ongoing support for large-scale practical industrial research for small and large companies has helped keep factories and jobs in Germany. There is a need to focus more resources on applied research to harvest the benefits of the investments the nation already makes in basic technology.

The Role of Rural Institutions and State Campaigns in Development

2020 ◽  
pp. 14-48
Author(s):  
Kristen E. Looney
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Rural Development ◽  
Land Reform ◽  
East Asian ◽  
Developmental State ◽  
Economic Management ◽  
Reform Era ◽  
Developmental States ◽  
Rural Institutions

This chapter discusses the role of rural institutions and state campaigns in development. Most accounts of rural development in East Asia privilege the role of land reform and the emergence of developmental states. However, this narrative is incomplete. A thorough examination of rural sector change in the region reveals the transformative effects of rural modernization campaigns, which can be defined as policies demanding high levels of bureaucratic and popular mobilization to overhaul traditional ways of life in the countryside. East Asian governments' use of campaigns runs counter to standard portrayals of the developmental state as wholly technocratic and demonstrates that rural development was not the inevitable result of industrialization. Rather, it was an intentional policy goal accomplished with techniques that aligned more with Maoism or Leninism than with market principles or careful economic management. The chapter begins by assessing common explanations for East Asian rural development in the post-World War II period. It then turns to the case of China and explores some of the reasons for rural policy failures in the Mao era (1949–1976) and successes in the reform era (1978–present). Finally, the chapter revisits the case of Japan and concludes with a few points about why existing theories of state-led development need to be reexamined.

scholarly journals A Comparative Study of State-Led Development in Myanmar (1988–2010) and Suharto's Indonesia: An Approach from the Developmental State Theory

2011 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sai Khaing Myo Tun
Keyword(s):  
Political Development ◽  
East Asian ◽  
Developmental State ◽  
State Theory ◽  
Military Government ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
Developmental States ◽  
Successful Case ◽  
The Military

This article explores the institutionalization of state-led development in Myanmar after 1988 in comparison with Suharto's Indonesia. The analysis centres on the characteristics and theory of developmental states that emerged from the studies of East Asian countries like Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan. In Southeast Asia, Suharto's Indonesia was perceived as a successful case and was studied by scholars in line with the characteristics of the developmental state. The Tatmadaw (military) government in Myanmar was believed to follow the model of state-led development in Indonesia under Suharto where the military took the role of establishing economic and political development. However, Myanmar has yet to achieve its goal of building a successful state-led development. Therefore, this paper argues that implementing an efficient and effective institutionalization is essential for a successful state-led development (developmental state) in Myanmar.

scholarly journals Consolidating South Africa’s Emerging Democratic Developmental State from Below

2020 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Local Government ◽  
Developing Economies ◽  
National Development ◽  
Active Role ◽  
Developmental State ◽  
Development Theory ◽  
Democratic Development ◽  
Developmental States ◽  
Subnational Governments

The South African National Development Plan envisions a capable democratic developmental state as the only response to the country’s deteriorating triple challenges of unemployment, poverty and inequality. A developmental state denotes a development theory that advocates for a state-led development model to accelerate economic growth and rapid industrialisation. However, most successful developmental states were led by authoritarian regimes. The rise of democracy within emerging and developing economies invokes a different kind of developmental state model, based on democratic development and the active role of subnational governments. Despite subnational governments playing a key role in democratic development, there is limited literature on the role of subnational institutions in building and consolidating democratic developmental states. This article analyses the role and contribution of subnational institutions in strengthening South Africa’s emerging democratic developmental state through developmental local government. It argues that developmental local government is underpinned by the structural and developmental ideology of a (democratic) developmental state. The article further illustrates how critical features such as maximising social and economic development; promoting democratic development; integrating and coordinating development; and building social capital are used to consolidate South Africa’s emerging democratic developmental states from below.

Planning for Growth and Development

2021 ◽  
pp. 15-53
Author(s):  
K. L. Datta
Keyword(s):  
Economic Reform ◽  
State Intervention ◽  
The State ◽  
Market Mechanism ◽  
State Governments ◽  
State Control ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
The People ◽  
Role Of The State

This chapter spells out the process of Plan formulation in India since Independence, with its turns and twists, to maximize the rate of economic growth, ensure its sustainability, and improve the standard of living of the people. It delineates the change in form and content of planning from state control on economic activities to neo-liberal economic reform measures, which placed reliance on market mechanism. Describing the roles of central and state governments in the formulation of Five Year Plans, it outlines the proactive role of the state in the pre-reform period. It shows how under economic reform, the space of production and trade relinquished by the state was filled by the private sector, and the major responsibility of growth was transferred to it. It summarizes the role of planning in a market economy and indicates certain issues, which make state intervention in markets a justifiable necessity.

scholarly journals Developmental Post-Conflict Reconstruction in Postindependence Nigeria: Lessons From Asian Developmental States

2020 ◽  
pp. 154231662096966
Author(s):  
Eka Ikpe
Keyword(s):  
Industrial Development ◽  
Developmental State ◽  
The State ◽  
Developmental States ◽  
Post Conflict ◽  
Military Regimes ◽  
Role Of The State ◽  
State And Market ◽  
Nigerian Civil War

Post-conflict reconstruction (PCR) has come away from a dynamic reading of the role of the state within contemporary reflections on peacebuilding. This article introduces the framework of developmental PCR that draws on the developmental state paradigm to offer a lens for understanding the role of the state and its complex interlinkages with other milieus such as the market in PCR. Developmental PCR is premised on three tenets: interdependence between economic development and security; the importance of state–market interdependencies within industrial development, as reconstruction; and how characterisations of statehood interact with reconstruction. The deployment of developmental PCR in the case study of the Nigerian Civil War illuminates certain realities such as the significance of economic nationalism to security, complex interdependencies across the state and market that underpinned key elements of industrial policy during reconstruction, and the nuances in the characterisation of the Nigerian state as strong on account of military regimes.

scholarly journals THE UTILIZATION OF BAMBOO WASTE AS A NEW ALTERNATIVE MATERIAL IN THE AIRCRAFT FUSELAGE INTERIOR PANEL STRUCTURE

Vortex ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 30
Author(s):  
Lado Rislya Prakasa
Keyword(s):  
Composite Material ◽  
Manufacturing Industry ◽  
Mechanical Test ◽  
Fiber Type ◽  
Fiber Composite ◽  
Glass Fibers ◽  
Stress And Strain ◽  
Aircraft Manufacturing ◽  
Bamboo Fibers

In the aircraft manufacturing industry, the strength and weight of the material is one of the important considerations in structural design. Composite material is a material composed of two or more forming materials, each of which has different mechanical properties. Aircraft structure in this era are 50 - 80% composed of glass or carbon fiber composite materials as reinforcement. Unfortunately, these fibers when recycled produce harmful CO gas, difficult to degrade naturally and cause itching when in contact with human skin. For this reason, environmentally friendly and strong fibers are needed to replace the role of glass or carbon fibers. Is a bamboo plant, which is abundant in Indonesia which is considered suitable as a substitute material. In this study, a mechanical test and descriptive analysis were carried out on the strength of the composite material with variations in the types of bamboo fibers apus, wulung, tutul and petung. These fibers are arranged with epoxy resin and hardener as a binding material (matrix). And each fiber will be arranged in  0 ° pattern to the matrix. Then each material with a different fiber type will be tested for tensile and bending to obtain the value of stress and strain that occurs at its maximum loading. And the result is the average tensile stress value (Mpa) composite material of apus bamboo is 75.95, wulung bamboo 49.92, petung bamboo 112.73, tutul bamboo 83.85. Then the average bending stress (Mpa) composite material of apus bamboo was 239.073, wulung bamboo 214.236, petung bamboo 249.67, tutul bamboo 272.79. With this result, bamboo fiber composites are considered to be able to replace the role of carbon or glass fibers, as an alternative composite material in some parts of the interior fuselage of aircraft panels. Keyword: Composites material, Matrix, Bamboo Fibers, Carbon and Glass Fibers, Stress and Strain.

Seasonal differences in the capacity of perennial ryegrass to respond to gibberellin explained

2012 ◽  
pp. 183-187
Author(s):  
C.C. Ball ◽  
A.J. Parsons ◽  
S. Rasmussen ◽  
C. Shaw ◽  
J.S. Rowarth
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Developmental State ◽  
Major Effect ◽  
Growth Strategy ◽  
N Availability ◽  
Environmental Signals ◽  
Developmental States ◽  
Lock In

Perennial ryegrass plants (Lolium perenne) were taken from an established field at two different stages in the season (mid-winter and again at mid-summer). They were then grown in a controlled environment to both "lock in" their contrasting developmental states and to look at the role of nitrogen supply, temperature, and developmental state separately to evaluate the potential of plants to respond to exogenous application of gibberellin. Responses to exogenous gibberellin (gibberellic acid, GA) were significant but were far smaller in summer-derived than winter-derived plants. The major difference in response to GA (compared with controls) between winter-derived and summerderived plants suggests that seasonal changes in plant developmental state have a major effect in the field on the capacity for the plants to respond to exogenous GA application. This effect is greater than that of temperature and N availability. This raises new prospects for making sustained increases in plant growth, but only if the fundamental mechanisms by which plants control their responses to environmental signals (e.g., temperature and soil N status) can be understood. The role of gibberellins (endogenous as well as externally applied) in changes in plant growth strategy presents a new challenge for forage plant science.

scholarly journals The Future of Developmental State

1989 ◽  
Vol 4 (0) ◽  
pp. 129-146
Author(s):  
Peter B. Evans
Keyword(s):  
Third World ◽  
Developmental State ◽  
Economic Role ◽  
Developmental States ◽  
State Involvement ◽  
Role Of The State ◽  
Successful Case ◽  
The Third World ◽  
Model Market

While state involvement is blamed for stagnation and economic disarray in most regions of the Third World, it has become fashionable in the last ten years to give the East Asian state credit for playing a positive economic role. Amsden (1979) argued that Taiwan was not the model market economy portrayed by its American advisors nor the exemplar of dependence portrayed by its detractors, but a successful case of etatisme. Even observers with a neoclassical bent(e.g. Jones and Sakong, 1980) recognized the central role of the state in Korea's rapid industrialization. Increasingly, these states were labeled "developmental states" and held up as models to be emulated by other aspiring Third World nations.

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