Seasonal differences in the capacity of perennial ryegrass to respond to gibberellin explained

2012 ◽  
pp. 183-187
Author(s):  
C.C. Ball ◽  
A.J. Parsons ◽  
S. Rasmussen ◽  
C. Shaw ◽  
J.S. Rowarth
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Developmental State ◽  
Major Effect ◽  
Growth Strategy ◽  
N Availability ◽  
Environmental Signals ◽  
Developmental States ◽  
Lock In

Perennial ryegrass plants (Lolium perenne) were taken from an established field at two different stages in the season (mid-winter and again at mid-summer). They were then grown in a controlled environment to both "lock in" their contrasting developmental states and to look at the role of nitrogen supply, temperature, and developmental state separately to evaluate the potential of plants to respond to exogenous application of gibberellin. Responses to exogenous gibberellin (gibberellic acid, GA) were significant but were far smaller in summer-derived than winter-derived plants. The major difference in response to GA (compared with controls) between winter-derived and summerderived plants suggests that seasonal changes in plant developmental state have a major effect in the field on the capacity for the plants to respond to exogenous GA application. This effect is greater than that of temperature and N availability. This raises new prospects for making sustained increases in plant growth, but only if the fundamental mechanisms by which plants control their responses to environmental signals (e.g., temperature and soil N status) can be understood. The role of gibberellins (endogenous as well as externally applied) in changes in plant growth strategy presents a new challenge for forage plant science.

scholarly journals The fundamental role of DELLA protein and regulatory mechanism during plant growth and development

2021 ◽  
Vol 49 (4) ◽  
pp. 12561
Author(s):  
Ali ANWAR ◽  
Qianyu ZHAO ◽  
Huimin ZHANG ◽  
Shu ZHANG ◽  
Lilong HE ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Signal Transduction Pathway ◽  
Plant Growth And Development ◽  
Environmental Signals ◽  
Della Proteins ◽  
Core Elements ◽  
Development Processes ◽  
Basic Characteristics

Gibberellins (GAs) play a major role in a variety of key plant development processes, especially in promoting seed germination, stem and root growth, and fruit development. DELLA proteins are the core elements in GA signal transduction pathway, which exist in the plant nucleus and belong to the GRAS protein family. DELLA proteins negatively regulate the GA signaling pathway and biosynthesis, inhibiting plant growth. DELLA proteins can also interact with F-box, PIFS, ROS, SCLl3 and other proteins to enhance plant response to various adverse environmental influences such as drought, low and high temperature, heavy metal stresses. In addition, DELLA proteins can also partially regulate plant growth and development through interacting plant hormones such as ABA (abscisic acid), CK (cytokinin), ET (ethylene), BR (brassinosteroid) and JA (jasmine). This review summarized the basic characteristics of DELLA proteins, the transduction of hormone and environmental signals, as well as the regulation of plant growth and developments. DELLA proteins have broad application prospects in modern agricultural production in the future, but the molecular mechanism of DELLA proteins regulating plant growth and development are still unclear, and needs further study.

Phosphorus regulates ecosystem carbon dynamics after permafrost thaw

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuanhe Yang ◽  
Guibiao Yang ◽  
Yunfeng Peng ◽  
Benjamin W. Abbott ◽  
Christina Biasi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
N Availability ◽  
P Availability ◽  
Fertilization Experiment ◽  
Soil P ◽  
Soil P Availability ◽  
Permafrost Thaw ◽  
Ecosystem Carbon ◽  
C Cycle

<p>The ecosystem carbon (C) dynamics after permafrost thaw depends on more than just climate change since soil nutrient status may also impact ecosystem C balance. It has been advocated that the potential nitrogen (N) release upon permafrost thaw could promote plant growth and thus offset soil C loss. However, compared with the widely accepted C-N interactions, little is known about the potential role of soil phosphorus (P) availability. Here we combined two-year field observations along a permafrost thaw sequence (constituted by four thaw stages, <em>i</em>.<em>e</em>., non-collapse and 5, 14, and 22 years since collapse) with an in-situ fertilization experiment (included N and P additions at the level of 10 g N m<sup>-2</sup> yr<sup>-1</sup> and 10 g P m<sup>-2</sup> yr<sup>-1</sup>, respectively) in a Tibetan swamp meadow to evaluate ecosystem C-nutrient interactions upon permafrost thaw. Our results showed that changes in soil P availability rather than N availability played an important role in regulating the increases in gross primary productivity and the decreases in net ecosystem exchange along the thaw sequence. The fertilization experiment further confirmed that P addition had stronger effects on plant growth than N addition in this permafrost ecosystem. These two lines of evidence highlight the crucial role of soil P availability in altering the trajectory of permafrost C cycle under climate warming.</p>

The Role of Rural Institutions and State Campaigns in Development

2020 ◽  
pp. 14-48
Author(s):  
Kristen E. Looney
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Rural Development ◽  
Land Reform ◽  
East Asian ◽  
Developmental State ◽  
Economic Management ◽  
Reform Era ◽  
Developmental States ◽  
Rural Institutions

This chapter discusses the role of rural institutions and state campaigns in development. Most accounts of rural development in East Asia privilege the role of land reform and the emergence of developmental states. However, this narrative is incomplete. A thorough examination of rural sector change in the region reveals the transformative effects of rural modernization campaigns, which can be defined as policies demanding high levels of bureaucratic and popular mobilization to overhaul traditional ways of life in the countryside. East Asian governments' use of campaigns runs counter to standard portrayals of the developmental state as wholly technocratic and demonstrates that rural development was not the inevitable result of industrialization. Rather, it was an intentional policy goal accomplished with techniques that aligned more with Maoism or Leninism than with market principles or careful economic management. The chapter begins by assessing common explanations for East Asian rural development in the post-World War II period. It then turns to the case of China and explores some of the reasons for rural policy failures in the Mao era (1949–1976) and successes in the reform era (1978–present). Finally, the chapter revisits the case of Japan and concludes with a few points about why existing theories of state-led development need to be reexamined.

scholarly journals The developmental state in Brazil: comparative and historical perspectives

2015 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 114-132 ◽  
Author(s):  
BEN ROSS SCHNEIDER
Keyword(s):  
East Asia ◽  
Manufacturing Industry ◽  
Developmental State ◽  
State Intervention ◽  
State Governments ◽  
Historical Perspectives ◽  
Developmental States ◽  
Aircraft Manufacturing ◽  
State Enterprises

The record of successful developmental states in East Asia and the partial successes of developmental states in Latin America suggest several common preconditions for effective state intervention including a Weberian bureaucracy, monitoring of implementation, reciprocity (subsidies in exchange for performance), and collaborative relations between government and business. Although Brazil failed to develop the high technology manufacturing industry and exports that have fueled sustained growth in East Asia, its developmental state had a number of important, and often neglected, successes, especially in steel, automobiles, mining, ethanol, and aircraft manufacturing. Where Brazil's developmental state was less successful was in promoting sectors like information technology and nuclear energy, as well as overall social and regional equality. In addition, some isolated initiatives by state governments were also effective in promoting particular local segments of industry and agriculture. Comparisons with East Asia, highlight the central role of state enterprises in Brazil that in effect internalized monitoring and reciprocity and bypassed collaboration between business and government (that was overall rarer in Brazil).

scholarly journals A Comparative Study of State-Led Development in Myanmar (1988–2010) and Suharto's Indonesia: An Approach from the Developmental State Theory

2011 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sai Khaing Myo Tun
Keyword(s):  
Political Development ◽  
East Asian ◽  
Developmental State ◽  
State Theory ◽  
Military Government ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
Developmental States ◽  
Successful Case ◽  
The Military

This article explores the institutionalization of state-led development in Myanmar after 1988 in comparison with Suharto's Indonesia. The analysis centres on the characteristics and theory of developmental states that emerged from the studies of East Asian countries like Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan. In Southeast Asia, Suharto's Indonesia was perceived as a successful case and was studied by scholars in line with the characteristics of the developmental state. The Tatmadaw (military) government in Myanmar was believed to follow the model of state-led development in Indonesia under Suharto where the military took the role of establishing economic and political development. However, Myanmar has yet to achieve its goal of building a successful state-led development. Therefore, this paper argues that implementing an efficient and effective institutionalization is essential for a successful state-led development (developmental state) in Myanmar.

scholarly journals Consolidating South Africa’s Emerging Democratic Developmental State from Below

2020 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Local Government ◽  
Developing Economies ◽  
National Development ◽  
Active Role ◽  
Developmental State ◽  
Development Theory ◽  
Democratic Development ◽  
Developmental States ◽  
Subnational Governments

The South African National Development Plan envisions a capable democratic developmental state as the only response to the country’s deteriorating triple challenges of unemployment, poverty and inequality. A developmental state denotes a development theory that advocates for a state-led development model to accelerate economic growth and rapid industrialisation. However, most successful developmental states were led by authoritarian regimes. The rise of democracy within emerging and developing economies invokes a different kind of developmental state model, based on democratic development and the active role of subnational governments. Despite subnational governments playing a key role in democratic development, there is limited literature on the role of subnational institutions in building and consolidating democratic developmental states. This article analyses the role and contribution of subnational institutions in strengthening South Africa’s emerging democratic developmental state through developmental local government. It argues that developmental local government is underpinned by the structural and developmental ideology of a (democratic) developmental state. The article further illustrates how critical features such as maximising social and economic development; promoting democratic development; integrating and coordinating development; and building social capital are used to consolidate South Africa’s emerging democratic developmental states from below.

scholarly journals Developmental Post-Conflict Reconstruction in Postindependence Nigeria: Lessons From Asian Developmental States

2020 ◽  
pp. 154231662096966
Author(s):  
Eka Ikpe
Keyword(s):  
Industrial Development ◽  
Developmental State ◽  
The State ◽  
Developmental States ◽  
Post Conflict ◽  
Military Regimes ◽  
Role Of The State ◽  
State And Market ◽  
Nigerian Civil War

Post-conflict reconstruction (PCR) has come away from a dynamic reading of the role of the state within contemporary reflections on peacebuilding. This article introduces the framework of developmental PCR that draws on the developmental state paradigm to offer a lens for understanding the role of the state and its complex interlinkages with other milieus such as the market in PCR. Developmental PCR is premised on three tenets: interdependence between economic development and security; the importance of state–market interdependencies within industrial development, as reconstruction; and how characterisations of statehood interact with reconstruction. The deployment of developmental PCR in the case study of the Nigerian Civil War illuminates certain realities such as the significance of economic nationalism to security, complex interdependencies across the state and market that underpinned key elements of industrial policy during reconstruction, and the nuances in the characterisation of the Nigerian state as strong on account of military regimes.

scholarly journals The Future of Developmental State

1989 ◽  
Vol 4 (0) ◽  
pp. 129-146
Author(s):  
Peter B. Evans
Keyword(s):  
Third World ◽  
Developmental State ◽  
Economic Role ◽  
Developmental States ◽  
State Involvement ◽  
Role Of The State ◽  
Successful Case ◽  
The Third World ◽  
Model Market

While state involvement is blamed for stagnation and economic disarray in most regions of the Third World, it has become fashionable in the last ten years to give the East Asian state credit for playing a positive economic role. Amsden (1979) argued that Taiwan was not the model market economy portrayed by its American advisors nor the exemplar of dependence portrayed by its detractors, but a successful case of etatisme. Even observers with a neoclassical bent(e.g. Jones and Sakong, 1980) recognized the central role of the state in Korea's rapid industrialization. Increasingly, these states were labeled "developmental states" and held up as models to be emulated by other aspiring Third World nations.

scholarly journals Hypoxia and Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Pregnancy Complications

Antioxidants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 405 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiang-Qun Hu ◽  
Lubo Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Pregnancy Complications ◽  
Intrauterine Growth Restriction ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Major Effect ◽  
Causative Role ◽  
Therapeutic Approaches ◽  
Maternal Complications ◽  
Mitochondrial Ros ◽  
Subsequent Risk

Hypoxia is a common and severe stress to an organism’s homeostatic mechanisms, and hypoxia during gestation is associated with significantly increased incidence of maternal complications of preeclampsia, adversely impacting on the fetal development and subsequent risk for cardiovascular and metabolic disease. Human and animal studies have revealed a causative role of increased uterine vascular resistance and placental hypoxia in preeclampsia and fetal/intrauterine growth restriction (FGR/IUGR) associated with gestational hypoxia. Gestational hypoxia has a major effect on mitochondria of uteroplacental cells to overproduce reactive oxygen species (ROS), leading to oxidative stress. Excess mitochondrial ROS in turn cause uteroplacental dysfunction by damaging cellular macromolecules, which underlies the pathogenesis of preeclampsia and FGR. In this article, we review the current understanding of hypoxia-induced mitochondrial ROS and their role in placental dysfunction and the pathogenesis of pregnancy complications. In addition, therapeutic approaches selectively targeting mitochondrial ROS in the placental cells are discussed.

scholarly journals The role of endophytic bacteria and mycorrhizae fungus as plant growth inducer of white turmeric

2021 ◽  
Vol 759 (1) ◽  
pp. 012025
Author(s):  
R Simarmata ◽  
Nuriyanah ◽  
L Nurjanah ◽  
J R L Sylvia ◽  
T Widowati
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Endophytic Bacteria
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