scholarly journals Isolation and antimicrobial resistance of coagulase-negative staphylococci recovered from healthy tortoises in Minas Gerais, Brazil

2022 ◽  
Vol 52 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jordana Almeida Santana ◽  
Brendhal Almeida Silva ◽  
Nathalia Abreu Borges Trevizani ◽  
Angélica Maria Araújo e Souza ◽  
Grécia Mikhaela Nunes de Lima ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Methicillin Resistance ◽  
Meca Gene ◽  
Companion Animals ◽  
Minas Gerais ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Coagulase Negative Staphylococci ◽  
Mannitol Salt Agar ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance Genes

ABSTRACT: In the last few decades, there has been a global increase in the adoption of reptiles as companion animals, mainly turtles and tortoises. Considering the popularity of reptiles as pets in Brazil, and a notable lack of data about potentially pathogenic staphylococci in these animals, this study isolated and evaluate the antimicrobial susceptibility of staphylococcal species from healthy tortoises (Chelonoidis carbonaria) in Brazil. During a 12-month period (February 2019 to February 2020), cloacal swabs from 66 healthy tortoises were collected at the Wild Animals Screening Center in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil. The swabs were plated onto mannitol salt agar for staphylococci isolation, and species identification was performed using MALDI-TOF MS. Antimicrobial susceptibility was investigated using the disk diffusion method, and the presence of the mecA gene was investigated by PCR to detect methicillin resistance. Of the tested animals, 72.7% were positive for staphylococcal isolation. All isolates were coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS), and Staphylococcus sciuri (81.3%), and S. xylosus (12.5%) were the most frequently isolated species. The majority of the isolates (56%) were resistant to at least one antimicrobial agent. A high frequency of resistance was observed for penicillin (35.5%) and tetracycline (29.1 %). All strains were susceptible to cefoxitin, chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, erythromycin, and gentamicin. All isolates were negative for the mecA gene. The present work suggests that healthy tortoises are mainly colonized by CoNS, especially S. sciuri. Half of the isolates were resistant to at least one antimicrobial, raising questions regarding the possible role of these animals as reservoirs of antimicrobial resistance genes.

Staphylococci among Wild European Rabbits from the Azores: A Potential Zoonotic Issue?

2020 ◽  
Vol 83 (7) ◽  
pp. 1110-1114 ◽  
Author(s):  
MARGARIDA SOUSA ◽  
VANESSA SILVA ◽  
ADRIANA SILVA ◽  
NUNO SILVA ◽  
JESSICA RIBEIRO ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Meca Gene ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Coagulase Negative Staphylococci ◽  
Spa Typing ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Genetic Lineages ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance Genes ◽  
European Rabbits

ABSTRACT The prevalence and diversity of Staphylococcus species from wild European rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) in the Azores were investigated, and the antibiotic resistance phenotype and genotype of the isolates were determined. Nasal samples from 77 wild European rabbits from São Jorge and São Miguel islands in Azores were examined. Antibiotic susceptibility of the isolates was determined using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method, and the presence of antimicrobial resistance genes and virulence factors was determined by PCR. The genetic lineages of S. aureus isolates were characterized by spa typing and multilocus sequence typing. A total of 49 staphylococci were obtained from 35 of the 77 wild rabbits. Both coagulase-positive (8.2%) and coagulase-negative (91.8%) staphylococci were detected: 4 S. aureus, 17 S. fleurettii, 13 S. sciuri, 7 S. xylosus, 4 S. epidermidis, and 1 each of S. simulans, S. saprophyticus, S. succinus, and S. equorum. The four S. aureus isolates showed methicillin susceptibility and were characterized as spa type t272/CC121, Panton-Valentine leukocidin negative, and hlB positive. Most of the coagulase-negative staphylococci showed resistance to fusidic acid and beta-lactams, and multidrug resistance was identified especially among S. epidermidis isolates. The mecA gene was detected in 20 isolates of the species S. fleurettii and S. epidermidis, associated with the blaZ gene in one S. epidermidis isolate. Five antimicrobial resistance genes were detected in one S. epidermidis isolate (mecA,dfrA,dfrG,aac6′-aph2′′, and ant4). Our results highlight that wild rabbits are reservoirs or “temporary hosts” of Staphylococcus species with zoonotic potential, some of them carrying relevant antimicrobial resistances. HIGHLIGHTS

scholarly journals Frequency and Characterization of Antimicrobial Resistance and Virulence Genes of Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci from Wild Birds in Spain. Detection of tst-Carrying S. sciuri Isolates

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
pp. 1317
Author(s):  
Laura Ruiz-Ripa ◽  
Paula Gómez ◽  
Carla Andrea Alonso ◽  
María Cruz Camacho ◽  
Yolanda Ramiro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Virulence Genes ◽  
Meca Gene ◽  
Virulence Gene ◽  
Wild Birds ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Coagulase Negative Staphylococci ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Resistance Phenotype ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance Genes

The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence and diversity of coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) species from wild birds in Spain, as well as to analyze the antimicrobial resistance phenotype/genotype and the virulence gene content. During 2015–2016, tracheal samples of 242 wild birds were collected in different regions of Spain for staphylococci recovery. The species identification was performed using MALDI-TOF. The antimicrobial resistance phenotype and genotype was investigated by the disk diffusion method and by PCR, respectively. The presence of the virulence genes lukF/S-PV, tst, eta, etb, etd and scn was investigated by PCR. Moreover, CoNS carrying the mecA gene were subjected to SCCmec typing. Of the tested animals, 60% were CoNS-carriers, and 173 CoNS isolates were recovered from the 146 positive animals, which belonged to 11 species, with predominance of S. sciuri (n = 118) and S. lentus (n = 25). A total of 34% of CoNS isolates showed a multidrug resistance phenotype, and 42 mecA-positive methicillin-resistant CoNS (MRCoNS) were detected. The isolates showed resistance to the following antimicrobials (percentage of resistant isolates/antimicrobial resistance genes detected): penicillin (49/ blaZ, mecA), cefoxitin (24/ mecA), erythromycin and/or clindamycin (92/ erm(B), erm(C), erm(43), msr(A), mph(C), lnu(A), lsa(B), vga(A) and sal(A)), gentamicin and/or tobramycin (5/ aac(6′)-Ie-aph(2″)-Ia, ant(4′)-Ia), streptomycin (12/str), tetracycline (17/ tet(K), tet(L), tet(M)), ciprofloxacin (4), chloramphenicol (1/ fexA), fusidic acid (86/ fusB, fusD) and trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole (1/ dfrK). None of the isolates harbored the lukF/S-PV, eta, etb, etd and scn genes, but two S. sciuri isolates (1%) carried the tst gene. Wild birds are frequently colonized by CoNS species, especially S. sciuri. We identified scavenging on intensively produced livestock and feeding on landfills as risk factors for CoNS carriage. High proportions of MRCoNS and multidrug resistant CoNS were detected, which coupled with the presence of important virulence genes is of concern.

scholarly journals Methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci in healthy dogs

2017 ◽  
Vol 62 (No. 9) ◽  
pp. 479-487 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Siugzdaite ◽  
A. Gabinaitiene
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Methicillin Resistance ◽  
Meca Gene ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Coagulase Negative Staphylococcus ◽  
Coagulase Negative Staphylococci ◽  
Phenotypic Properties ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Healthy Dogs ◽  
Resistance Rates

The objective of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of coagulase-negative staphylococci in healthy dogs and to determine whether methicillin-resistant staphylococci expressed the mecA gene. Nasal and rectal swab samples were taken from 50 clinically healthy dogs. The prevalence of coagulase-negative staphylococci was evaluated according to phenotypic properties. The agar diffusion method was applied to evaluate antimicrobial resistance and the prevalence of methicillin resistance was determined using PCR analysing the mecA gene. A total of 59 coagulase-negative staphylococcus strains were isolated from the nostrils and rectums of 37 (74%) clinically healthy dogs. The prevalence of coagulase-negative staphylococci in female dogs was significantly higher compared with male dogs (P < 0.05). The results of antimicrobial susceptibility testing showed that 6.7% of the strains were resistant to oxacillin, 23.7% were resistant to penicillin, 22% to ampicillin and 16.9% to erythromycin. The mecA PCR revealed one oxacillin-sensitive and four oxacillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci strains to be mecA carriers. Staphylococcus sciuri (60%) and Staphylococcus warneri (20%) were the most prevalent species among methicillin-resistant coagulase negative staphylococci. High antimicrobial resistance rates for these bacteria were observed against penicillin (100%), ampicillin (100%), oxacillin (80%), erythromycin (80%) and gentamicin (60%). All strains were susceptible to vancomycin and enrofloxacin. It is assumed that methicillin-resistance genes evolved in coagulase-negative staphylococcus and were then horizontally transferred among staphylococci.

scholarly journals Determination of the frequency, species distribution and antimicrobial resistance of staphylococci isolated from dogs and their owners in Trinidad

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (7) ◽  
pp. e0254048
Author(s):  
Sharianne Suepaul ◽  
Karla Georges ◽  
Chandrashekhar Unakal ◽  
Filip Boyen ◽  
Jamie Sookhoo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multidrug Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Species Distribution ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Methicillin Resistance ◽  
Close Contact ◽  
Common Species ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Coagulase Negative Staphylococci ◽  
Methicillin Resistant

The close contact between humans and their dogs can lead to the commingling of staphylococci and the exchange of mobile genetic elements encoding antimicrobial resistance. The objectives of this study were to determine the species distribution and antimicrobial resistance patterns of staphylococci colonizing canine pets and their owners in Trinidad. Staphylococci were isolated from canine pets and their owners and identified using MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Antimicrobial susceptibilities were determined using the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method against seven classes of antimicrobial agents. A total of 440 staphylococci were isolated from 112 canine pets and their owners, 53.4% were from canine pets and 46.6% were from owners. Twenty-four species were detected, of which, most isolates (32.5%) belonged to the Staphylococcus intermedius group (SIG). S. sciuri was the most common species of coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) comprising 22.3% of all isolates. Antimicrobial resistance was highest against commonly used antimicrobials, such as penicillin (51.4%), tetracycline (26.1%) and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (18.6%). These antimicrobials also comprised the most common multidrug resistance (MDR) combination. Overall, 19.1% of isolates displayed multidrug resistance. No methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolates were detected. However, methicillin resistance was detected in 13.3% and 15.1% of coagulase-positive staphylococci (CoPS) and the CoNS+CoVS (combined CoNS and coagulase-variable staphylococci) group respectively. The presence of methicillin-resistant staphylococci is worrisome because there is the potential for the transfer of these strains between dogs and humans. These strains may act as a reservoir of resistance genes.

scholarly journals Mannitol Fermenting Methicillin-Resistant Coagulase Negative Staphylococci Isolated From Diabetic Foot Infections

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 6095-6101
Author(s):  
Samira Fattah Hamid ◽  
Aza Bahadeen Taha
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Diabetic Foot ◽  
Methicillin Resistance ◽  
Meca Gene ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Human Pathogens ◽  
Coagulase Negative Staphylococci ◽  
Mannitol Salt Agar ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Diabetic Foot Infections

Detection of mannitol fermenting coagulase-negative staphylococci is frequently unnoticed when Staphylococcus aureus is screening in the laboratory. On the other hand, the emergence of coagulase-negative staphylococci as critical human pathogens need dependable methods for the identification of clinically significant coagulase-negative staphylococci to understand the epidemiology of infections caused by these bacteria. The study aimed to identify mannitol fermenting coagulase-negative staphylococci that assumed to be Staphylococcus aureus as they formed yellow colonies on Mannitol Salt agar plates. Samples were taken from eighty-four patients with diabetic foot infections. The specimen was cultured on Blood agar and Mannitol Salt agar. Mannitol fermenting coagulase-negative staphylococci isolates diagnosed through Vitek2 system then confirmed by detecting 16S rRNA gene and absence of the nuc gene. Antibiotic sensitivity and methicillin resistance were detected by Vitek2 system, then methicillin resistance was confirmed by Oxacillin Salt Agar Screen test and detection of the mecA gene. Out of 81 Staphylococcus isolated from foot and nose of diabetic foot patients, twenty isolates were mannitol fermenting coagulase-negative staphylococci, they related to following species; Staphylococcus haemolyticus, staphylococcus lentus, Staphylococcus xylosus, Staphylococcus lugdunensis, Staphylococcus hominis, Staphylococcus galinarum and Staphylococcus saprophyticus). The majority of them (85%) were phenotypically methicillin-resistant and genotypically harbouring mecA gene. 80% were resistant to Erythromycin, 70% to Clindamycin, 35% to Trimethoprim-Sulphamethoxazole, 30% to Gentamicin and Rifampicin, 15% to Levofloxacin and Teicoplanin. 30% expressed inducible clindamycin resistance.

scholarly journals Methicillin-Resistant Coagulase Negative Staphylococci and Their Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern from Healthy Dogs and Their Owners from Kathmandu Valley

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 194
Author(s):  
Muna Khanal ◽  
Prabhu Raj Joshi ◽  
Saroj Paudel ◽  
Mahesh Acharya ◽  
Komal Raj Rijal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Susceptibility ◽  
Sccmec Type ◽  
Meca Gene ◽  
Companion Animals ◽  
Biochemical Tests ◽  
Coagulase Negative Staphylococci ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Mannitol Salt Agar ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Dog Owners

This cross-sectional study was designed to identify information on the frequency, antimicrobial resistance and species diversity of methicillin-resistant coagulase negative staphylococci (MRCoNS) among pet dogs and humans within households. Fifty five nasal swabs each from dogs and their owners were collected. MRCoNS were identified based on gram staining, culture on mannitol salt agar, biochemical tests, and mecA gene amplification. The antibiotic susceptibility of the isolates was assessed by a disc diffusion test. Uniplex and multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were employed for the species identification of MRCoNS and SCCmec typing, respectively. Species were further confirmed by MALDI-TOF-MS. The prevalence of MRCoNS was 29% in dog owners and 23.6% in dogs. Four different species of MRCoNS, Staphylococci saprophyticus (48.3%), S. haemolyticus (24.1%), S. warneri (17.2%), and S. epidermidis (10.3%), were detected. Two isolates each from dog owners and dogs showed a constitutive resistance to macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin B (cMLSB) resistance, eight isolates each from dogs and their owners showed a macrolide-streptogramin B (MSB) resistance, and only two isolates from dog owners revealed an inducible resistance to macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin B (iMLSB) resistance. SCCmec types were SCCmec type IV (55.2%), SCCmec type V (24.1%), SCCmec III (10.3%), SCCmec II (3.4%); two isolates were non-typable. MRCoNS are prevalent and genetically diverse in companion animals and humans. Different species of MRCoNS were found in dogs and their owners.

scholarly journals Antimicrobial Resistance and Genetic Lineages of Staphylococcus aureus from Wild Rodents: First Report of mecC-Positive Methicillin-Resistant S. aureus (MRSA) in Portugal

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1537
Author(s):  
Vanessa Silva ◽  
Sofia I. Gabriel ◽  
Sofia B. Borrego ◽  
Maria Teresa Tejedor-Junco ◽  
Vera Manageiro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Meca Gene ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Wild Rodents ◽  
Mannitol Salt Agar ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
First Report ◽  
Genetic Lineages ◽  
Spa Types

The frequent carriage of Staphylococcus aureus, including methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), by wild animals along with its zoonotic potential poses a public health problem. Furthermore, the repeated detection of the mecA gene homologue, mecC, in wildlife raises the question whether these animals may be a reservoir for mecC-MRSA. Thus, we aimed to isolate S. aureus and MRSA from wild rodents living in port areas and to characterize their antimicrobial resistance and genetic lineages. Mouth and rectal swab samples were recovered from 204 wild rodents. The samples were incubated in BHI broth with 6.5% of NaCl and after 24 h at 37 °C the inoculum was seeded onto Baird-Parker agar, Mannitol Salt agar and ORSAB (supplemented with 2 mg/L of oxacillin) plates. Species identification was confirmed by MALDI-TOF MS. The antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed by the Kirby–Bauer disc diffusion method against 14 antibiotics. The presence of virulence and resistance genes was performed by PCR. The immune evasion cluster (IEC) system was investigated in all S. aureus. All isolates were characterized by MLST, spa- and agr typing. From 204 samples, 38 S. aureus were isolated of which six MRSA were detected. Among the six MRSA isolates, three harbored the mecC gene and the other three, the mecA gene. All mecC-MRSA isolates were ascribed to sequence type (ST) 1945 (which belongs to CC130) and spa-type t1535 whereas the mecA isolates belonged to ST22 and ST36 and spa-types t747 and t018. Twenty-five S. aureus were susceptible to all antibiotics tested. S. aureus isolates were ascribed to 11 MLST and 12 spa-types. S. aureus presents a great diversity of genetic lineages in wild rodents. This is the first report of mecC-MRSA in Portugal.

scholarly journals Detection of antibiotic resistance and classical enterotoxin genes in coagulase -negative staphylococci isolated from poultry in Poland

2019 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 183-190 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ewelina Pyzik ◽  
Agnieszka Marek ◽  
Dagmara Stępień-Pyśniak ◽  
Renata Urban-Chmiel ◽  
Łukasz S. Jarosz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Multiplex Pcr ◽  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Methicillin Resistance ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance Genes ◽  
Coagulase Negative Staphylococci ◽  
Enterotoxin Genes ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance Genes

AbstractIntroduction:The study sought to characterise antimicrobial resistance among coagulase-negativeStaphylococcus(CNS) species recovered from broiler chickens and turkeys in Poland including the presence of 12 antimicrobial resistance genes and five classical genes of staphylococcal enterotoxins.Material and Methods:A panel of 11 antimicrobial disks evaluated the phenotypic sensitivity of the tested strains to antibiotics. Five multiplex PCR assays were performed using primer pairs for specific detection of antibiotic resistance genes and staphylococcal enterotoxin A to E genes.Results:Selected antimicrobial agent susceptibility testing revealed 100% of such inin vitroconditions to cefoxitin among strains ofStaphylococcus sciuriandS. chromogenes. TheblaZ (for ß-lactam) andmecA (for methicillin resistance) genes were in 58.3% and 27.5% of strains, respectively. Among genes resistant to tetracyclines,tetK was most frequent. Fewer (CNS) strains showed genes resistant to macrolides, lincosamides, and florfenicol/chloramphenicol. Multiplex PCR for classical enterotoxins (A-E) detected theseegene in twoS. hominisstrains, while thesebgene producing enterotoxin B was found in one strain ofS. epidermidis.Conclusion:CNS strains ofStaphylococcusisolated from poultry were either phenotypically or genotypically multidrug resistant. Testing for the presence of the five classical enterotoxin genes showed that CNS strains, as in the case ofS. aureusstrains, can be a source of food intoxications.

scholarly journals Occurrence and characteristics of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci in raw milk manufacturing

2012 ◽  
Vol 29 (Special Issue) ◽  
pp. S11-S16 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Vyletělová ◽  
H. Vlková ◽  
I. Manga
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Methicillin Resistance ◽  
Meca Gene ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Biochemical Tests ◽  
Coagulase Negative Staphylococci ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Staphylococcal Cassette Chromosome

For monitoring the occurrence of MRSA (methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus) and MR-CNS (methicillin resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci), cow’s, goat’s, and sheep’s milks (bulk milks and individual samples) were investigated. Human nasal and throat swabs of the farm staff and nasal swabs of animals were also investigated as well. In total 1729 samples were examined and 634 strains were isolated by means of the cultivation method and used in this study. Generic identification of the staphylococci isolates was done performed by biochemical tests and all S. aureus and CNS isolates were checked by the PCR method for the presence of mecA gene which is responsible for methicillin resistance. The presence of the staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec), Panton-Valentine leukocidin (pvl) and genes encoding toxic shock syndrome toxin (tst) was detected in all strains confirmed as MRSA. The species were also examined for antimicrobial susceptibility by using disk diffusion method with antibiotic disks. S. aureus was the most frequently identified species from the samples tested (n = 557; 32.2%), followed by S. haemolyticus (n = 32; 1.9%), S. chromogenes (n = 24; 1.4%), S. epidermidis (n = 20; 1.2%), and S. caprae (n = 1; 0.16%). Among the resistant staphylococci (n = 49), S. aureus (n = 25; 51%) was found the most frequently, followed by S. epidermidis (n = 17; 34.7%), S. chromogenes (n = 6; 12.2%), and S. haemolyticus (n = 1; 2%). The resistant Staphyloccocus sp. occurred mainly in cow’s milk (MRSA, S. epidermidis, S. chromogenes, S. haemolyticus) and in animal’s swabs (S. epidermidis). One MRSA was also found in goat’s milk and one was isolated from human swab. No resistant strains were found in sheep’s milk. The negative results of the analysed genes presence (pvl, tst) were identical with all MRSA tested. The staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) was classified as type IV or V.

Microarray Technology for the Detection of Antimicrobial Resistance Genes Present in Hospital and Community Acquired Methicillin Resistant S.aureus Strains

2017 ◽  
Vol 68 (11) ◽  
pp. 2546-2550
Author(s):  
Monica Licker ◽  
Andrei Anghel ◽  
Roxana Moldovan ◽  
Elena Hogea ◽  
Delia Muntean ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Dna Microarray ◽  
Bacterial Resistance ◽  
Meca Gene ◽  
Modern Medicine ◽  
Microarray Technology ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Antimicrobial Sensitivity ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance Genes ◽  
Mrsa Strains

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) represents a real burden for the modern medicine. One of the most frecvently isolated hospital acquired (HA) pathogens wordlwide, is Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Recently not only HA, but also community-acquired MRSA (CA-MRSA) infections have been reported. A prospective study was performed between February 2009 and October 2010, with the aim to investigate bacterial resistance of CA-MRSA and HA-MRSA. DNA microarray technology has been used for the detection of 4 AMR genes for the studied MRSA strains. A number of 218 HA- S.aureus strains have been isolated, from which 89 (40. 82%) were MRSA. In the community, 1.553 S.aureus strains were isolated, out of which, 356 (22. 92%) were MRSA. From these, a number of 17 HA and 12 CA �MRSA strains have been analyzed by DNA microarray technology. From 100% phenotypically described HA- MRSA, we identified mecA gene in 10 strains (58. 83%). Other 6 strains (35. 29%) have been erm(A) positive and 4 (23. 53%) - tet(O) positive. 83. 33% (10 strains) from the CA strains had mecA gene, only one (8. 33%) was erm(A) positive and 4 (33. 33%) were erm(C) positive. DNA microarray is a method allowing the concomitant scan of multiple genes and can be done within a few hours. That type of rapid and reliable methods for antimicrobial sensitivity tests are important to start an appropriate therapy.

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