scholarly journals Determination of the frequency, species distribution and antimicrobial resistance of staphylococci isolated from dogs and their owners in Trinidad

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (7) ◽  
pp. e0254048
Author(s):  
Sharianne Suepaul ◽  
Karla Georges ◽  
Chandrashekhar Unakal ◽  
Filip Boyen ◽  
Jamie Sookhoo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multidrug Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Species Distribution ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Methicillin Resistance ◽  
Close Contact ◽  
Common Species ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Coagulase Negative Staphylococci ◽  
Methicillin Resistant

The close contact between humans and their dogs can lead to the commingling of staphylococci and the exchange of mobile genetic elements encoding antimicrobial resistance. The objectives of this study were to determine the species distribution and antimicrobial resistance patterns of staphylococci colonizing canine pets and their owners in Trinidad. Staphylococci were isolated from canine pets and their owners and identified using MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Antimicrobial susceptibilities were determined using the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method against seven classes of antimicrobial agents. A total of 440 staphylococci were isolated from 112 canine pets and their owners, 53.4% were from canine pets and 46.6% were from owners. Twenty-four species were detected, of which, most isolates (32.5%) belonged to the Staphylococcus intermedius group (SIG). S. sciuri was the most common species of coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) comprising 22.3% of all isolates. Antimicrobial resistance was highest against commonly used antimicrobials, such as penicillin (51.4%), tetracycline (26.1%) and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (18.6%). These antimicrobials also comprised the most common multidrug resistance (MDR) combination. Overall, 19.1% of isolates displayed multidrug resistance. No methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolates were detected. However, methicillin resistance was detected in 13.3% and 15.1% of coagulase-positive staphylococci (CoPS) and the CoNS+CoVS (combined CoNS and coagulase-variable staphylococci) group respectively. The presence of methicillin-resistant staphylococci is worrisome because there is the potential for the transfer of these strains between dogs and humans. These strains may act as a reservoir of resistance genes.

scholarly journals Methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci in healthy dogs

2017 ◽  
Vol 62 (No. 9) ◽  
pp. 479-487 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Siugzdaite ◽  
A. Gabinaitiene
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Methicillin Resistance ◽  
Meca Gene ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Coagulase Negative Staphylococcus ◽  
Coagulase Negative Staphylococci ◽  
Phenotypic Properties ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Healthy Dogs ◽  
Resistance Rates

The objective of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of coagulase-negative staphylococci in healthy dogs and to determine whether methicillin-resistant staphylococci expressed the mecA gene. Nasal and rectal swab samples were taken from 50 clinically healthy dogs. The prevalence of coagulase-negative staphylococci was evaluated according to phenotypic properties. The agar diffusion method was applied to evaluate antimicrobial resistance and the prevalence of methicillin resistance was determined using PCR analysing the mecA gene. A total of 59 coagulase-negative staphylococcus strains were isolated from the nostrils and rectums of 37 (74%) clinically healthy dogs. The prevalence of coagulase-negative staphylococci in female dogs was significantly higher compared with male dogs (P < 0.05). The results of antimicrobial susceptibility testing showed that 6.7% of the strains were resistant to oxacillin, 23.7% were resistant to penicillin, 22% to ampicillin and 16.9% to erythromycin. The mecA PCR revealed one oxacillin-sensitive and four oxacillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci strains to be mecA carriers. Staphylococcus sciuri (60%) and Staphylococcus warneri (20%) were the most prevalent species among methicillin-resistant coagulase negative staphylococci. High antimicrobial resistance rates for these bacteria were observed against penicillin (100%), ampicillin (100%), oxacillin (80%), erythromycin (80%) and gentamicin (60%). All strains were susceptible to vancomycin and enrofloxacin. It is assumed that methicillin-resistance genes evolved in coagulase-negative staphylococcus and were then horizontally transferred among staphylococci.

scholarly journals Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bloodstream infection: risk factors and clinical outcome in non-intensive-care units

2012 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 189-193 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karinne Spirandelli Carvalho Naves ◽  
Natália Vaz da Trindade ◽  
Paulo Pinto Gontijo Filho
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Bloodstream Infection ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Methicillin Resistance ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Staphylococcus Aureus Bloodstream Infection

INTRODUCTION: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is spread out in hospitals across different regions of the world and is regarded as the major agent of nosocomial infections, causing infections such as skin and soft tissue pneumonia and sepsis. The aim of this study was to identify risk factors for methicillin-resistance in Staphylococcus aureus bloodstream infection (BSI) and the predictive factors for death. METHODS: A retrospective cohort of fifty-one patients presenting bacteraemia due to S. aureus between September 2006 and September 2008 was analysed. Staphylococcu aureus samples were obtained from blood cultures performed by clinical hospital microbiology laboratory from the Uberlândia Federal University. Methicillinresistance was determined by growth on oxacillin screen agar and antimicrobial susceptibility by means of the disk diffusion method. RESULTS: We found similar numbers of MRSA (56.8%) and methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) (43.2%) infections, and the overall hospital mortality ratio was 47%, predominantly in MRSA group (70.8% vs. 29.2%) (p=0.05). Age (p=0.02) was significantly higher in MRSA patients as also was the use of central venous catheter (p=0.02). The use of two or more antimicrobial agents (p=0.03) and the length of hospital stay prior to bacteraemia superior to seven days (p=0.006) were associated with mortality. High odds ratio value was observed in cardiopathy as comorbidity. CONCLUSIONS: Despite several risk factors associated with MRSA and MSSA infection, the use of two or more antimicrobial agents was the unique independent variable associated with mortality.

scholarly journals A study of inducible clindamycin resistance in erythromycin resistant clinical isolates of Staphylococcus species

2015 ◽  
Vol 6 (6) ◽  
pp. 48-52
Author(s):  
Fatima Khan ◽  
Sana Ali ◽  
Asfia Sultan ◽  
Meher Rizvi ◽  
Abida Khatoon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Methicillin Resistance ◽  
Clinical Isolates ◽  
Disk Diffusion ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Clinical Failure ◽  
Coagulase Negative Staphylococci ◽  
Sensitivity Testing ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Inducible Clindamycin Resistance

Introduction: Erythromycin resistant Staphylococcus isolates with inducible resistance appear sensitive to clindamycin in in?vitro sensitivity testing. If clindamycin is used for treatment of such isolates, selection for constitutive mutants may lead to clinical failure. Current study was conducted to detect the presence of inducible clindamycin resistance in erythromycin resistant Staphylococcus isolates by disk diffusion method (D test). To correlate clindamycin resistance phenotypes with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of clindamycin, erythromycin, oxacillin and vancomycin among the isolates. To correlate various resistance phenotypes with methicillin resistance. Material and Methods: 150 non duplicate isolates of Staphylococcus species were identified and antibiotic susceptibility testing was done using Kirby Bauer’s disc diffusion method. MICs were determined using E?test for oxacillin, vancomycin, clindamycin and erythromycin using E?test strips (Himedia) Results: Among 150 staphylococcus clinical isolates, 96 were of S. aureus and 54 were coagulase negative Staphylococci (CONS). About 81.2% of the S.aureus isolates and 72.2% of the CONS were found to be methicillin resistant. Inducible clindamycin resistance was found in 39.3% of the isolates, constitutive resistance phenotype in 48% while 12.7% demonstrated MS phenotype. 18% and 11.3% of all the isolates had MICs for clindamycin between 0.01?0.06 μg/ml and 0.06?0.1 respectively. 12.5% had MIC ranging from 4?8 μg/ml while 58% had MIC > 8 μg/ml. Constitutive resistant phenotype (cMLS) was the predominant phenotype in methicillin resistant isolates. MS phenotype was the predominant among MSSA (methicillin sensitive S. aureus) while MSCNS (methicillin sensitive CONS) cMLS (46.7%) predominated. MIC of all erythromycin resistant isolates were ≥ 240 μg/ml. Nearly 16.7% of the cMLS and 57.9% of MS isolates were found to be oxacillin sensitive and 83% of iMLS and 83.3% of MS phenotype isolates were oxacillin resistant on MIC testing. 47.2% of cMLS and 73.6% of MS isolates had MIC ≤ 2 μg/ml for vancomycin and 52.7% of cMLS and 26.3% of MS isolates had MICs in intermediate range for vancomycin. Conclusions: D?testing might help clinicians to decide whether to use clindamycin in Staphylococcal infections when erythromycin resistance is present. Determination of MICs help to identify exact sensitivity profile of isolates in cases where clinical failure occurs due to misleading disk diffusion tests.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ajms.v6i6.11811 Asian Journal of Medical Sciences Vol.6(6) 2015 48-52

scholarly journals Antibiotic Resistance Trends Among Ocular Pathogens in the US—Cumulative Results from the Antibiotic Resistance Monitoring in Ocular Microorganisms (ARMOR) Surveillance Study

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (01) ◽  
pp. 35 ◽  
Author(s):  
Penny A Asbell ◽  
Christine M Sanfilippo ◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Multidrug Resistance ◽  
Methicillin Resistance ◽  
Surveillance Study ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Antibacterial Drug ◽  
Coagulase Negative Staphylococci ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Resistance Monitoring ◽  
Ongoing Surveillance

Antibiotic resistance among ocular pathogens is a public health concern. The multicenter, prospective Antibiotic Resistance Monitoring in Ocular micRoorganisms (ARMOR) study is an ongoing surveillance study designed to report on antibiotic resistance rates and trends among Staphylococcus aureus, coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS; includes Staphylococcus epidermidis), Streptococcus pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Haemophilus influenzae isolates from ocular infections. Results for more than 4,000 isolates collected from 2009 –2015, representing 7 years of ARMOR, were recently presented. More than a third of S. aureus and almost half of all CoNS isolates were found to be resistant to methicillin. Staphylococcal isolates also showed high levels of multidrug resistance (resistance to ≥3 antibacterial drug classes) with 76.4% and 73.7% of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and methicillin-resistant CoNS (MRCoNS) isolates, respectively, demonstrating multidrug resistance. Resistance among S. pneumoniae was notable for azithromycin (36.8%) and for penicillin (34.0%), whereas P. aeruginosa and H. influenzae were generally susceptible to the antibiotic classes tested. Longitudinal analyses demonstrated a small decrease in methicillin resistance among S. aureus over the 7-year study period, which may be a result of improved antibiotic stewardship. Continued surveillance of antibiotic resistance among ocular pathogens is warranted.

scholarly journals Antibiotic Susceptibility, Biofilm Production, and Detection of mecA Gene among Staphylococcus aureus Isolates from Different Clinical Specimens

Diseases ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 80
Author(s):  
Upama Gaire ◽  
Upendra Thapa Shrestha ◽  
Sanjib Adhikari ◽  
Nabaraj Adhikari ◽  
Anup Bastola ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multidrug Resistance ◽  
Antibiotic Susceptibility ◽  
Methicillin Resistance ◽  
Meca Gene ◽  
Conventional Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Clinical Specimens ◽  
Antibiotic Susceptibility Test

The increasing incidence of methicillin-resistant and biofilm-forming S. aureus isolates in hospital settings is a gruesome concern today. The main objectives of this study were to determine the burden of S. aureus in clinical samples, assess their antibiotic susceptibility pattern and detect biofilm formation and mecA gene in them. A total of 1968 different clinical specimens were processed to isolate S. aureus following standard microbiological procedures. Antibiotic susceptibility test of the isolates was performed by Kirby–Bauer disc-diffusion method following CLSI guidelines. Biofilm was detected through tissue culture plate method. Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) isolates were screened using cefoxitin (30 µg) discs and mecA gene was amplified by conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Of 177 bacterial growth, the prevalence of S. aureus was 15.3% (n = 27). MRSA were 55.6% (15/27) and 44% (12/27) exhibited multidrug resistance (MDR). There was no significant association between methicillin resistance and MDR (p > 0.05). Both MRSA and MSSA were least sensitive to penicillin (100%, 75%) followed by erythromycin (86.6%, 66.6%). Most of the MRSA (93.4%) were susceptible to tetracycline. All S. aureus isolates were biofilm producers—19 (70%) were weak and only one (4%) was a strong biofilm producer. The strong biofilm-producing MSSA was resistant to most of the antibiotics except cefoxitin and clindamycin. None of the MSSA possessed mecA gene while 8 (53.3%) MRSA had it. More than half of S. aureus isolated were MRSA. High incidence of multidrug resistance along with capacity to form biofilm among clinical isolates of S. aureus is a matter of apprehension and prompt adoption of biosafety measures is suggested to curb their dissemination in the hospital environments.

scholarly journals METHICILLIN-RESISTANT STAPHYLOCOCCI PREVALENCE IN CANCER PATIENTS AT A TERTIARY CARE CANCER CENTRE – A RETROSPECTIVE STUDY

2021 ◽  
pp. 82-85
Author(s):  
SARAVANAN MURUGESAN ◽  
SUJINA TK ◽  
SAJANI SAMUEL ◽  
SARATH KE ◽  
PARTHIBAN RUDRAPATHY
Keyword(s):  
Retrospective Study ◽  
Cancer Patients ◽  
Methicillin Resistance ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Common Species ◽  
Study Data ◽  
Coagulase Negative Staphylococci ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Cancer Centre ◽  
Multiple Drugs

Objective: The objective of this study was to investigate the prevalence of Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and MR-coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS), as well as their antimicrobial resistance, in various samples from cancer patients in North Kerala. Methods: The retrospective study was conducted at a tertiary care cancer centre in North Kerala over a 4-year period from January 2016 to December 2019. During the study, data on all cultures from cancer patients was analyzed. This study was approved by Institutional Review Board (IRB). Non-duplicate isolates of staphylococci were included in the study obtained from various clinical specimens. Species identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing was done using automated methods. Results: During the period of 4 years (2016–2019), a total of 1176 isolates of staphylococci were analyzed, out of which 784 were S. aureus isolates (68%) and 392 (32%) isolates were CoNS. Among CoNS species, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus haemolyticus were the most common species of CoNS, representing 39% and 28% of the total CoNS identified. Overall prevalence of methicillin resistance in S. aureus and CoNS was found to be 50.7% and 55.6%, respectively. Methicillin-resistant staphylococci isolates showed higher resistance to multiple drugs than methicillin-sensitive staphylococci isolates. Conclusion: This study demonstrates that MRS could also be a haul in cancer patients at North Kerala. A higher percentage of MR-CoNS isolates are multidrug resistant than MRSA isolates. Glycopeptides and linezolid still stay the mainstay for treatment for MRS infections.

Antimicrobial Resistance among Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci Isolated from the First Bethune Hospital

2011 ◽  
Vol 268-270 ◽  
pp. 1948-1950
Author(s):  
Jian Cheng Xu ◽  
Man Zhang ◽  
Ran Liang ◽  
Qi Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Clinical Microbiology ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Coagulase Negative Staphylococci ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Hospital Acquired ◽  
Multiple Antibiotics

Coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) are among the most frequently isolated bacterial species in clinical microbiology, and most CNS-related infections are hospital acquired. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the antibiotic resistance profiles of CNSisolated in the First Bethune Hospital. Disk diffusion method was used to study the antimicrobial resistance. The data were analyzed by WHONET 5 software according to Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). The majority of 2484 strains of CNSwere collected from blood (925, 37.2%), secretions (652, 26.2%) , urine (323, 13.0%) and pus (250, 10.1%). The percentage of methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative Staphylococci (MRCNS) was 80.5％. All the CNS isolates were sensitive to vancomycin and teicoplanin. MRCNS strains were frequently resistant to multiple antibiotics. Antimicrobial resistance of MRCNS was more serious than that of methicillin-sensitive coagulase-negative Staphylococci (MSCNS). These results suggest that surveillance of antimicrobial resistance among CNS is necessary.

scholarly journals Multidrug-Resistant Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci Isolated from Bloodstream in the uMgungundlovu District of KwaZulu-Natal Province in South Africa: Emerging Pathogens

Antibiotics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 198
Author(s):  
Jonathan Asante ◽  
Bakoena A. Hetsa ◽  
Daniel G. Amoako ◽  
Akebe Luther King Abia ◽  
Linda A. Bester ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Multidrug Resistance ◽  
Methicillin Resistance ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Emerging Pathogens ◽  
Coagulase Negative Staphylococci ◽  
Kwazulu Natal ◽  
Mar Index ◽  
Vitek 2

Coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) are increasingly associated with nosocomial infections, especially among the immunocompromised and those with invasive medical devices, posing a significant concern. We report on clinical multidrug-resistant CoNS from the uMgungundlovu District, KwaZulu-Natal Province, South Africa, as emerging pathogens. One hundred and thirty presumptive CoNS were obtained from blood cultures. Culture, biochemical tests, and the Staphaurex™ Latex Agglutination Test were used for the initial identification of CoNS isolates; confirmation and speciation were undertaken by the VITEK 2 system. Susceptibilities of isolates against a panel of 20 antibiotics were determined using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method, and the multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) indices of the isolates were determined. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to amplify the mecA gene to confirm methicillin resistance. Overall, 89/130 presumptive CoNS isolates were confirmed as CoNS by the VITEK 2 system. Of these, 68 (76.4%) isolates were putatively methicillin-resistant by the phenotypic cefoxitin screen test and 63 (92.6%) were mecA positive. Staphylococcus epidermidis (19.1%), S. hominis ssp. hominis (15.7%), and S. haemolyticus (16.9%) were the most common CoNS species. Isolates showed high percentage resistance against penicillin (100.0%), erythromycin (74.2%), and azithromycin (74.2%) while displaying high susceptibilities to linezolid (95.5%), gentamicin (95.5%), and tigecycline (94.4%). Multidrug resistance (MDR) was observed in 76.4% of isolates. MAR index calculation revealed 71.9% of isolates with MAR index >0.2 and 20.2% >0.5. Isolates with the highest MAR indices (0.7 and 0.8) were recovered from the neonatal intensive care unit. Fifty-one MDR antibiograms were observed. The high prevalence of methicillin resistance and multidrug resistance in several species of CoNS necessitates surveillance of this emerging pathogen, currently considered a contaminant of microbial cultures.

scholarly journals Antibiotic Resistance inStaphylococcus aureusand Coagulase Negative Staphylococci Isolated from Goats with Subclinical Mastitis

2010 ◽  
Vol 2010 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Salvatore Virdis ◽  
Christian Scarano ◽  
Francesca Cossu ◽  
Vincenzo Spanu ◽  
Carlo Spanu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Staphylococcus Epidermidis ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Methicillin Resistance ◽  
Subclinical Mastitis ◽  
Resistance Rate ◽  
Coagulase Negative Staphylococci ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Gene Coding ◽  
Resistance Patterns

Antimicrobial resistance patterns and gene coding for methicillin resistance (mecA) were determined in 25S. aureusand 75 Coagulase Negative Staphylococci (CNS) strains isolates from half-udder milk samples collected from goats with subclinical mastitis. Fourteen (56.0%)S. aureusand thirty-one (41.3%) CNS isolates were resistant to one or more antimicrobial agents.S. aureusshowed the highest resistance rate against kanamycin (28.0%), oxytetracycline (16.0%), and ampicillin (12.0%). The CNS tested were more frequently resistant to ampicillin (36.0%) and kanamycin (6.7%). Multiple antimicrobial resistance was observed in eight isolates, and oneStaphylococcus epidermidiswas found to be resistant to six antibiotics. ThemecAgene was not found in any of the tested isolates. Single resistance againstβ-lactamics or aminoglicosides is the most common trait observed while multiresistance is less frequent.

scholarly journals Isolation and Detection of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococci in Healthy Broilers in Nsukka Southeast, Nigeria

2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 20-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ifeoma Chinyere UGWU ◽  
Madubuike Umunna ANYANWU ◽  
Chidozie Clifford UGWU ◽  
Jude Chukwuemeka OKORO
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Methicillin Resistance ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Coagulase Negative Staphylococcus ◽  
Penicillin Binding Protein ◽  
Isolation And Identification ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Phenotypic Resistance ◽  
Oxacillin Resistance

This study was conducted to isolate and detect methicillin-resistant staphylococci (MRS) in healthy broilers in Nsukka Southeast, Nigeria and determine the antibiogram of the isolates. Cloacal and skin swabs were collected from each of 101 randomly sampled broilers meant for slaughter. The samples were processed for isolation and identification of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus species, following standard methods. Confirmation of methicillin-resistance by the isolates was done using penicillin binding protein 2a (PBP2a) kit. Phenotypic resistance of the isolates to antimicrobial agents was determined using disc diffusion method. Out of 202 samples processed, 200 (99.01%) yielded positive growth of staphylococci on oxacillin-supplemented oxacillin-resistance staphylococcal agar base (ORSAB). A total of 200 methicillin-resistant staphylococcal isolates were obtained. Of these, 91 (45.5%) were identified as methicillin-resistant coagulase-positive Staphylococcus (MRCoPS), while 109 (54.5%) were identified as methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative Staphylococcus species (MRCoNS). Out of the 91 MRCoPS, 53 (58.2%) were identified as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Resistance of the isolates was 99.5% to erythromycin and chloramphenicol, 100% to oxacillin, 76.5% to gentamicin, 96.5% to clindamycin, 92.5% to ciprofloxacin, 99% to sulphamethoxazole/trimethoprim and tetracycline, and 98.5% to streptomycin and cefoxitin. All the isolates were multidrug resistant. This study has shown that healthy broilers reared and slaughtered in Nsukka Southeast, Nigeria harbour multidrug-resistant MRS and thus serve as their reservoirs.

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