scholarly journals Edaphic macrofauna in degradation of animal and vegetable residues

2019 ◽  
Vol 79 (4) ◽  
pp. 589-593 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. N. Schubert ◽  
T. B. G. A. Morselli ◽  
S. M. Tonietto ◽  
J. M. O. Henriquez ◽  
R. D. Trecha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Organic Matter ◽  
Experimental Design ◽  
Chemical Analysis ◽  
Animal Origin ◽  
Eisenia Foetida ◽  
Organic Residues ◽  
Volumetric Density ◽  
Decomposition Processes ◽  
Randomized Experimental Design

Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate the ability to degrade organic matter by edaphic macrofauna (worms), carbon/nitrogen (C/N) ratio and hydrogenation potential (pH) during the vermicomposting process in different organic residues. The treatments were constituted by organic residues of animal origin (bovine, ovine and equine manure) and vegetable (herb-checkmate and coffee drag), which were conditioned in plastic pots with a capacity of 10 liters, comprising five treatments in a completely randomized experimental design, with five replications. Were inoculated 150 earthworms of the species Eisenia foetida, into each plot. After 87 days, the evaluation of the multiplication of the earthworms was carried out, through its manual count and its cocoons. At the beginning and at the end of the experiment, the samples were submitted to analysis of humidity at 60 °C, pH, volumetric density, chemical analysis of macronutrients and C/N ratio. There was a dominance of worms and cocoons in the process of vermicomposting in the residues of ovine manure and herb-checkmate. The macronutrients (P, K and Mg) and C/N ratio were higher in the vegetal residues, while for N higher values were found in ovine manure and coffee drag treatments, and for Ca higher value among treatments was observed in the coffee drag treatment at the end and the lowest value at initiation. The results obtained in this study demonstrate the importance of the edaphic macrofauna to the vermicomposting process, since it allows more information about its influence on the continuity of soil organic matter decomposition processes.

Role of phyllosphere fungi of forest trees in the development of decomposer fungal communities and decomposition processes of leaf litter

2006 ◽  
Vol 52 (8) ◽  
pp. 701-716 ◽  
Author(s):  
T Osono
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Organic Matter ◽  
Leaf Litter ◽  
Nutrient Dynamics ◽  
Fungal Communities ◽  
Forest Trees ◽  
Structural Components ◽  
Decomposition Processes ◽  
Phyllosphere Fungi

The ecology of endophytic and epiphytic phyllosphere fungi of forest trees is reviewed with special emphasis on the development of decomposer fungal communities and decomposition processes of leaf litter. A total of 41 genera of phyllosphere fungi have been reported to occur on leaf litter of tree species in 19 genera. The relative proportion of phyllosphere fungi in decomposer fungal communities ranges from 2% to 100%. Phyllosphere fungi generally disappear in the early stages of decomposition, although a few species persist until the late stages. Phyllosphere fungi have the ability to utilize various organic compounds as carbon sources, and the marked decomposing ability is associated with ligninolytic activity. The role of phyllosphere fungi in the decomposition of soluble components during the early stages is relatively small in spite of their frequent occurrence. Recently, the roles of phyllosphere fungi in the decomposition of structural components have been documented with reference to lignin and cellulose decomposition, nutrient dynamics, and accumulation and decomposition of soil organic matter. It is clear from this review that several of the common phyllosphere fungi of forest trees are primarily saprobic, being specifically adapted to colonize and utilize dead host tissue, and that some phyllosphere fungi with marked abilities to decompose litter components play important roles in decomposition of structural components, nutrient dynamics, and soil organic matter accumulation.Key words: carbon cycle, community, endophyte, epiphyte, succession.

scholarly journals Carbon Isotope Measurements to Determine the Turnover of Soil Organic Matter Fractions in a Temperate Forest Soil

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 1944
Author(s):  
Dóra Zacháry ◽  
Tibor Filep ◽  
Gergely Jakab ◽  
Mihály Molnár ◽  
Titanilla Kertész ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Accurate Determination ◽  
Turnover Rates ◽  
Fractionation Process ◽  
Chemical Structures ◽  
Decomposition Processes ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
Organic Matter Fractions

Soil organic matter (SOM) is a combination of materials having different origin and with different stabilization and decomposition processes. To determine the different SOM pools and their turnover rates, a silt loam-textured Luvisol from West Hungary was taken from the 0–20 cm soil depth and incubated for 163 days. Maize residues were added to the soil in order to obtain natural 13C enrichment. Four different SOM fractions—particulate organic matter (POM), sand and stable aggregate (S + A), silt- plus clay-sized (s + c) and chemically resistant soil organic carbon (rSOC) fractions—were separated and analyzed using FT-IR, δ13C, and 14C measurements. The mean residence time (MRT) of the new C and the proportion of maize-derived C in the fractions were calculated. The POM fraction was found to be the most labile C pool, as shown by the easily decomposable chemical structures (e.g., aliphatic, O-alkyl, and polysaccharides), the highest proportion (11.7 ± 2.5%) of maize-derived C, and an MRT of 3.6 years. The results revealed that the most stable fraction was the rSOC fraction which had the smallest proportion of maize-derived C (0.18 ± 2.5%) and the highest MRT (250 years), while it was the only fraction with a negative value of Δ14C (−75.0 ± 2.4‰). Overall, the study confirmed the hypothesis that the SOM associated with finer-sized soil particles decomposes the least, highlighting the significance of the fractionation process for more accurate determination of the decomposition processes of SOM pools.

Carbon and nitrogen molecular composition of soil organic matter fractions resistant to oxidation

Soil Research ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 55 (8) ◽  
pp. 809
Author(s):  
Katherine Heckman ◽  
Dorisel Torres ◽  
Christopher Swanston ◽  
Johannes Lehmann
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Structure ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Organic Matter ◽  
Residence Time ◽  
Mean Residence Time ◽  
Chromic Acid ◽  
Soil Morphology ◽  
Fuel Type ◽  
Organic Residues ◽  
Photo Oxidation

The methods used to isolate and characterise pyrogenic organic carbon (PyC) from soils vary widely, and there is little agreement in the literature as to which method truly isolates the most chemically recalcitrant (inferred from oxidative resistance) and persistent (inferred from radiocarbon abundance) fraction of soil organic matter. In addition, the roles of fire, fuel type and soil morphology in the preservation of PyC are not yet defined. In an attempt to elucidate the importance of oxidative recalcitrance, fuel type and soil morphology to the persistence of soil organic matter, we examined two strongly contrasting soils using a variety of PyC isolation techniques coupled with quantifications of the molecular structure and mean residence time of the isolated organic materials. Surface and subsurface soil samples were examined from a Red Chromosol soil and a Black Vertosol soil. The δ13C values suggest that PyC in the Red Chromosol was sourced from eucalyptus, whereas PyC in the Black Vertosol was formed from grass. Soils were sieved at 53µm, treated with hydrofluoric acid to remove organics associated with mineral surfaces, then subjected to three common ‘PyC isolation’ treatments: chromic acid, photo-oxidation and chromic acid followed by photo-oxidation. Molecular structure of the organic residues remaining after each treatment was quantified by solid-state 13C cross polarisation magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance and near edge X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy, and the mean residence time of the organic residues was estimated based on radiocarbon abundance. In all cases, treatment with chromic acid followed by photo-oxidation isolated the smallest proportion of organic matter (5–10% of <53µm C) which also had the longest mean residence time (estimated 600–3460 years). Additionally, molecular structure measurements indicated that this fraction was not composed solely of aromatic compounds, suggesting a non-homogenous source for the most oxidative-resistant fraction of soil organic matter.

scholarly journals Association Between Fomesafen and Surfactants for the Pre-emergence Control of Euphorbia heterophylla L.

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 435
Author(s):  
Matheus Viecelli ◽  
Michelangelo Muzzel Trezzi ◽  
Fortunato De Bortolli Pagnoncelli Jr ◽  
Bruna Mandryk Cavalheiro ◽  
Renata Caroline Rossoni Gobetti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Experimental Design ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Weed Control ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Randomized Experimental Design ◽  
Different Characteristics

This work was conducted with the objective to determine Euphorbia heterophylla control with fomesafen in association with surfactants applied in pre-emergence, in substrates and soils with different characteristics. Three studies were carried out in pots, conducted in greenhouse, in a completely randomized experimental design. The first two studies consisted of investigating the efficacy of pre-emergence combinations of fomesafen and surfactant in the control of E. heterophylla, applied on different substrates (Study 1) and soils (Study 2) with different textural classes. Study 3 was carried out to evaluate the effect of fomesafen, applied in pre-emergence and in combination with adjuvants with different HLB's (hydrophilic-lipophilic balances). The herbicide efficacy on E. heterophylla and plant shoot dry mass were evaluated. The association of adjuvant to fomesafen, in pre-emergence, reduced plant growth in the different substrates and soils. The fomesafen response was influenced by the addition of surfactants with different HLB's. The increase in organic matter content in substrates or soil was related to the decrease of the effect of the surfactants on the control of E. heterophylla with fomesafen, or the effect was only manifested in higher herbicide dosages. Fomesafen associated with surfactant with HLB of 8.6 provided the highest levels of weed control.

scholarly journals Control of Black Cutworm With Merit Used Preventatively and Pyrethroids Used Curatively, 1995

1996 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 326-326
Author(s):  
Stanley R. Swier ◽  
Alan Rollins
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Soil Organic Matter ◽  
Experimental Design ◽  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Soil Texture ◽  
Mixed Population ◽  
Black Cutworm ◽  
Plot Size

Abstract The experimental design was an RCB, replicated 4X, plot size was 7 X 7 ft. All treatments were applied with a CO2 boom sprayer, 8004 nozzles, at 40 PSI, in 2 gal water per 10002. All plots were lightly preirrigated. Merit was applied 3 Jul and irrigated (0.1 in). The remaining treatments were applied 31 Jul to a mixed population of 3-6 instar larvae and were not immediately watered. Plots were rated 7 Aug using a soap flush and counting live larvae. Conditions at the time of treatment on 3 Jul were: air temperature, 86.4°F; wind, calm; sky, clear; soil temperature, 90.6°F; thatch depth, 0.25 inch; slope, 0%; soil texture, loamy sand, sand 80%, silt 13%, clay 7%; soil organic matter, 1.7%; soil moisture 8%; post treatment precipitation, light irrigation daily; mowing height 0.125 inch.

scholarly journals Granulometric and oxidizable carbon fractions of soil organic matter in crop-livestock integration systems

2017 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 607
Author(s):  
Wanderlei Bieluczyk ◽  
Marcos Gervasio Pereira ◽  
Roni Fernandes Guareschi ◽  
João Andrade Bonetti ◽  
Vanessa Aparecida Freó ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Organic Matter ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Carbon Accumulation ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Particulate Carbon ◽  
Randomized Experimental Design ◽  
Tillage System

The identification of the labile and recalcitrant forms of soil organic matter (SOM) allows to rapidly define, or even predict if the management used favors increments or losses of carbon in the soil. Thus, the objective of this work was to assess the effects of different grazing intensities and soybean crops on the oxidizable and granulometric fractions of the SOM in a crop-livestock integration combined with no-tillage system (CLI-NTS), established in 2009 in the Goiás Federal University. The treatments consisted of three different pasture heights (0.25 m P25; 0.35 m P35; 0.45 m P45), and areas without grazing (AWG), and a native vegetation area of the Cerrado biome (NCA), adjacent to the experimental area, was evaluated as references and compared with the cultivated areas. Soil samples (Oxisol - USDA; typic distroferric Red Latosol - SiBCS) were collected in the layers 0.00-0.05; 0.05-0.10 0.10-0.20 and 0.20-0.40 m of each area, and arranged in a completely randomized experimental design with six replications. The soil total carbon was quantified (TC) by dry combustion. The SOM granulometry and oxidizable SOM were fractionated into particulate carbon (OCp), carbon bond with minerals (OCm) and four oxidizable fractions with increasing degrees of recalcitrance (F1 < F2 < F3 < F4). These soil attributes were evaluated at two different times, representing the post-pasture cycle (PP) and post-soybean crop (PC) periods. The lower contents of total soil carbon (TC) were found in the F1 and F3 fractions of the area without grazing, suggesting that the crop-livestock integration increases the organic matter content in the soil surface layer regardless of the pasture height. The areas without grazing and with different pasture heights in CLI had similar contents of OCp and OCm due to the experiment short time of implementation (3 years). The fractionation of the oxidizable SOM was more sensitive in differentiating the treatments, showing that the higher intensity of grazing used (P25) provided a better balance of carbon accumulation between the SOM labile and recalcitrant fractions.

scholarly journals PENGARUH PEMBERIAN DOSIS KOMPOS DAN ARANG BAMBU TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN Neolamarckia cadamba (Roxb.) Bosser PADA LAHAN MARJINAL

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 40-52
Author(s):  
Faradila Mei Jayani ◽  
Arief Juniarto
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Organic Matter ◽  
Experimental Design ◽  
Factorial Design ◽  
Low Ph ◽  
Limiting Factors ◽  
Marginal Land ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Number Of Leaves ◽  
Soil Ameliorant

Marginal land is a land that has several limiting factors for a particular purpose so that it takes an effort to increase its productivity. Marginal land intended for planting activities has several limiting factors such as low soil organic matter and low pH. Efforts to increase the productivity of the marginal land can be done with the addition of fertilizer and soil ameliorant. This research aims to analyze combinations of compost and bamboo biochar, having the ability to the optimal increase growth of Neolamarckia cadamba (Roxb.) Bosser in marjinal land. The experimental design used in this research was Completely Randomized Factorial Design with two factors (compost and bamboo biochar). The addition of compost and bamboo biochar increased the height, the diameter, and number of leaves of N. cadamba. The addition of 3 kg compost and 100 g bamboo biochar (K1A1) was the best treatment to increased the height, the diameter, and number of leaves of N. cadamba.

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