Quinolones resistance in Salmonella spp. isolated from broilers and chickens’ carcasses under federal inspection

ABSTRACT: We analyzed 77 Salmonella spp. strains, from which 20 were isolated from broilers (cloacal swabs) and 57 from chickens from slaughterhouses under federal inspection. The following serotypes were identified: Salmonella Saint Paul (29), Salmonella Heidelberg (27), Salmonella Anatum (9), Salmonella Cerro (5), Salmonella Senftenberg (5), Salmonella enterica (O: 4,5) (1) and Salmonella enterica (O: 9.12) (1). Fifteen strains (19.5%) were resistant to enrofloxacin, six (7.8%) to ciprofloxacin, and 26 (33.8%) to nalidixic acid in the Disk Diffusion Test. The fifteen enrofloxacin resistant strains were selected for the PCR to detect the genes gyrA, gyrB, parC, and parE, and genetic sequencing to identify mutations in these genes. Five strains (33.3%) had point mutations in the gyrA gene, and one (6.7%) presented a point mutation in the parC gene. None of the 15 strains had mutations in the gyrB and parE genes, and none had more than one mutation in the gyrA gene or the other genes. The presence of point mutations in the strains studied corroborates with the phenotypic resistance observed to nalidixic acid. However, it did not explain the resistance to fluoroquinolones found in the 15 strains. Other mechanisms may be related to the fluoroquinolones resistance, highlighting the need for additional mutation screening.

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Prevalence of Ciprofloxacin and Nalidixic Acid Resistant Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi in Bangladesh

Bangladesh Journal of Microbiology ◽

10.3329/bjm.v28i1.11802 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 28 (1) ◽

pp. 7-11 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Shirin Afroj ◽

Mohammad Ilias ◽

Maksuda Islam ◽

Samir K Saha

Keyword(s):

Nalidixic Acid ◽

Salmonella Enterica ◽

Tandem Repeats ◽

Point Mutations ◽

Rflp Analysis ◽

Variable Number ◽

Gyra Gene ◽

Salmonella Enterica Serovar Typhi ◽

Resistant Strains ◽

Almost All

A total of 1,059 Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi were isolated from blood samples during January 2006 to October 2007 from urban rural facilities in Dhaka, Bangladesh, of which 980 (92.5%) isolates were nalidixic acid resistant. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of ciprofloxacin (CIP) were determined for 127 nalidixic acid resistant Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (NARST) strains (every fifth) isolated during 2006. Nine isolates were found to be resistant against CIP (3%) with high MIC (12 - >32 ?g/mL). Only four isolates were found to be sensitive (MIC <0.125 ?g/mL), whereas most of the isolates (N=113) showed reduced susceptibility (MIC 0.125 2 ?g/mL) to CIP. All these isolates were subjected to molecular typing by multiplex PCR on VNTR (variable number tandem repeats) loci, which revealed eight different VNTR patterns. Almost all CIP resistant strains had similar genetic organization, identical to the most common VNTR type. Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of the gyrA gene revealed point mutations at Ser-83 and Asp- 87 in all CIP resistant strains. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjm.v28i1.11802 Bangladesh J Microbiol, Volume 28, Number 1, June 2011, pp 7-11

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Molecular evaluation of drug resistance in clinical isolates of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi from Pakistan

The Journal of Infection in Developing Countries ◽

10.3855/jidc.3154 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 7 (12) ◽

pp. 929-940 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Amna Afzal ◽

Yasra Sarwar ◽

Aamir Ali ◽

Abbas Maqbool ◽

Muhammad Salman ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Drug Resistance ◽

Nalidixic Acid ◽

Salmonella Enterica ◽

Single Gene ◽

Mutation Screening ◽

Gene Cassette ◽

Drug Susceptibility ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Fourth Generation ◽

Salmonella Enterica Serovar Typhi

Introduction: This study aimed to determine the drug susceptibility patterns and genetic elements related to drug resistance in isolates of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi) from the Faisalabad region of Pakistan. Methodology: The drug resistance status of 80 isolates were evaluated by determining antimicrobial susceptibility, MICs, drug resistance genes involved, and the presence of integrons. Nalidixic acid resistance and reduced susceptibility to ciprofloxacin were also investigated by mutation screening of the gyrA, gyrB, parC, and parE genes. Results: Forty-seven (58.7%) isolates were multidrug resistant (MDR). Among the different resistance (R) types, the most commonly observed (13/80) was AmChStrTeSxtSmzTmp, which is the most frequent type observed in India and Pakistan. The most common drug resistant genes were blaTEM-1, cat, strA-strB, tetB, sul1, sul2, and dfrA7. Among the detected genes, only dfrA7 was found to be associated in the form of a single gene cassette within the class 1 integrons. Conclusions: MIC determination of currently used drugs revealed fourth-generation gatifloxacin as an effective drug against multidrug-resistant S. Typhi, but its clinical use is controversial. The Ser83→Phe substitution in gyrA was the predominant alteration in nalidixic acid-resistant isolates, exhibiting reduced susceptibility and increased MICs against ciprofloxacin. No mutations in gyrB, parC, or parE were detected in any isolate.

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Molecular Characterization and Antimicrobial Susceptibility of C. jejuni Isolates from Italian Wild Bird Populations

Pathogens ◽

10.3390/pathogens9040304 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (4) ◽

pp. 304 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Francesca Marotta ◽

Anna Janowicz ◽

Lisa Di Marcantonio ◽

Claudia Ercole ◽

Guido Di Donato ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Nalidixic Acid ◽

Point Mutations ◽

Bird Species ◽

Acid Resistance ◽

Wild Birds ◽

23S Rrna ◽

The Novel ◽

Phenotypic Resistance ◽

Bird Populations ◽

Sequence Types

Poultry is considered a major reservoir of human campylobacteriosis. It also been reported that not only poultry, but also wild birds, are capable of carrying C. jejuni, thus demonstrating to be a risk of spreading the bacteria in the environment. To gain insight into the population structure and investigate the antimicrobial resistance genotypes and phenotypes, we analyzed a collection of 135 C. jejuni from 15 species of wild birds in Italy. MLST revealed the presence of 41 sequence types (STs) and 13 clonal complexes (CCs). ST-179 complex and the generalist ST-45 complex were the most prevalent. Core genome MLST revealed that C. jejuni from ST-45 complex clustered according to the bird species, unlike the ST-179 complex which featured 3 different species in the same cluster. Overall we found a moderate prevalence of resistance to tetracycline (12.5%), ciprofloxacin and nalidixic acid (10%). The novel ST isolated from one pigeon showed resistance to all the antibiotics tested. The ST-179 complex (33.3%) was identified with significantly higher nalidixic acid resistance relative to other tested STs. Nine AMR genes (tet(O), cmeA, cmeB, cmeC, cmeR, aad, blaOXA-61, blaOXA-184 and erm(B)) and 23S rRNA and gyrA-associated point mutations were also described, indicating a concordance level between genotypic and phenotypic resistance of 23.3%, 23.4% and of 37.5% for streptomycin, tetracycline and quinolones/fluoroquinolones, respectively. We recommend that particular attention should be given to wild birds as key sentinel animals for the ecosystem contamination surveillance.

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Antibiogram of Salmonella Spp Isolates in Kathmandu, Nepal

Journal of Universal College of Medical Sciences ◽

10.3126/jucms.v5i2.19159 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 5 (2) ◽

pp. 22-25 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Damodar Gajurel ◽

Rabi Prakash Sharma ◽

Krishna Dhungana ◽

Samir Neupane ◽

Kamal Lamsal ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Nalidixic Acid ◽

Salmonella Enterica ◽

Acid Resistance ◽

Asian Countries ◽

Medical Sciences ◽

Salmonella Spp ◽

Salmonella Enterica Serovar Typhi ◽

October 17 ◽

Culture Positive ◽

Nalidixic Acid Resistance

INTRODUCTION: Drug resistant Salmonella spp. is endemic in several Asian countries. Nalidixic acid-resistant Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi and Salmonella enterica serovar Paratyphi A show reduced susceptibility to fluoroquinolones and have resulted in a rise in treatment failures. Over the past few decades, nalidixic acid-resistant Salmonella spp have emerged in Nepal as well.MATERIAL & METHODS: This is a retrospective study that aims to provide a more recent antibiogram of S. Typhi and S. Paratyphi A isolates in Kathmandu. Between Poush, 2071 and Ashwin, 2072 (December 16, 2014 to October 17, 2015), 186 culture positive cases of enteric fever were diagnosed at the Civil Service Hospital. Upon isolation of S. Typhi or S. Paratyphi A, antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed with amoxicillin, azithromycin, ceftriaxone, chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, cotrimoxazole, nalidixic acid, ofloxacin and tetracyciline.RESULTS: This study shows a much higher frequency of nalidixic acid-resistance in Kathmandu than previously reported; 95.7% in Salmonella enterica serovar Paratyphi A and 86.5% in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi.The rates of ciprofloxacinand ofloxacin-resistance were over 50% in both serovar.CONCLUSION: In Nepal, it is necessary to reevaluate the use of fluoroquinolone therapy and introduce feasible alternatives so as to curb treatment failures.Journal of Universal College of Medical Sciences (2017) Vol. 5, No, 2, Page: 22-25

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Increase in Nalidixic Acid Resistance among Non-Typhi Salmonella enterica Isolates in the United States from 1996 to 2003

Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy ◽

10.1128/aac.00222-06 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 51 (1) ◽

pp. 195-197 ◽

Cited By ~ 57

Author(s):

Jennifer E. Stevenson ◽

Kathryn Gay ◽

Timothy J. Barrett ◽

Felicita Medalla ◽

Tom M. Chiller ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

United States ◽

Nalidixic Acid ◽

Salmonella Enterica ◽

Susceptibility Testing ◽

Point Mutations ◽

Acid Resistance ◽

The United States ◽

Control And Prevention ◽

Nalidixic Acid Resistance

ABSTRACT Fluoroquinolones commonly are used to treat adult Salmonella infections. Fluoroquinolone treatment has failed for persons infected with nalidixic acid-resistant Salmonella. From 1996 to 2003, state public health laboratories forwarded 12,252 non-Typhi Salmonella enterica isolates to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention for antimicrobial susceptibility testing; 203 (1.6%) of the isolates were nalidixic acid resistant, and 14 (7%) of those were ciprofloxacin resistant. Resistance to nalidixic acid significantly increased from 0.4% in 1996 to 2.3% in 2003. All ciprofloxacin-resistant isolates had at least one point mutation in the quinolone resistance determining region (QRDR) of gyrA and did not harbor qnr or have point mutations in the QRDR of gyrB, parC, or parE. Continued surveillance of antimicrobial resistance among non-Typhi S. enterica isolates is needed to mitigate the increasing prevalence of nalidixic acid resistance.

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Genotype profiles of Helicobacter pylori from gastric biopsies and strains with antimicrobial-induced resistance

Therapeutic Advances in Gastroenterology ◽

10.1177/1756284820952596 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 ◽

pp. 175628482095259

Author(s):

You-hua Wang ◽

Fang-fei Wang ◽

Xiao-ling Gong ◽

Li-li Yan ◽

Qiao-yun Zhao ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Helicobacter Pylori ◽

Induced Resistance ◽

Antibiotic Susceptibility ◽

Point Mutations ◽

Test Method ◽

23S Rrna ◽

Sequencing Analysis ◽

Gyra Gene ◽

Phenotypic Resistance ◽

Gastric Biopsies

Background and aims: The genotypic method could significantly shorten the time needed to obtain antibiotic susceptibility data for Helicobacter pylori. The aim of this study was to explore the profile of H. pylori from gastric biopsies and strains with antibiotic-induced resistance. Methods: A total of 124 gastric biopsies were used to perform gene sequencing and to perform bacterial culture and susceptibility testing. Seven susceptible strains were selected to develop resistance to clarithromycin, levofloxacin, and metronidazole. Four susceptible strains were selected to transfer candidate mutations. The genotype profiles of these groups were analyzed by sequencing analysis. The antibiotic susceptibility of these strains was detected using the E-test method. Results: Phenotypic resistance to clarithromycin, levofloxacin, and metronidazole was observed in 35.5%, 40.0%, and 79.8% strains, respectively. Point mutations in 23 S rRNA, gyrA, and rdxA genes were observed in 39.5%, 38.7%, and 86.3% of gastric biopsies, respectively. The A2143G mutation in the 23S rRNA occurs in most clarithromycin-resistant samples. The A2142C point mutation showed a higher efficacy than A2142G and A2143G for inducing clarithromycin resistance. The D91N and N87K mutations in gyrA occurs in most levofloxacin-resistant samples, and double point mutations showed a higher efficacy than single mutations for inducing levofloxacin resistance. Phenotypic resistance and mutations in rdxA lacked consistency. Conclusion: Genotype-based gastric biopsy analysis was reliable for determining clarithromycin and levofloxacin resistance. A2143G in 23S rRNA and N87K/D91N in the gyrA gene occurred in most resistant strains. Mutations in the rdxA gene were not good indicators of metronidazole resistance.

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Antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of Salmonella enterica, blood-stream isolates, among febrile children: a prospective study from Nepal

10.21203/rs.2.14544/v1 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Priyatam Khadka ◽

Januka Thapaliya ◽

Shovana Thapa

Keyword(s):

Nalidixic Acid ◽

Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽

Salmonella Enterica ◽

Enteric Fever ◽

Disk Diffusion ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Susceptibility Pattern ◽

First Line ◽

Disk Diffusion Test ◽

Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern

Abstract Background Still, in developing the children are being treated empirically and irrationally with accessible antibiotic without susceptibility testing and minimal lethal dose calculations, defying the probable MDR (multi-drug resistance) isolates. This study was undertaken in the febrile children to determine the antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of Salmonella enterica against commonly prescribed antibiotics. Method All isolates were identified by biotyping and serotyping standard protocols then tested against antibiotics by modified Kirby disk-diffusion method. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of isolates were determined by agar dilution method and compared with disk diffusion results and on nalidixic-acid sensitive/resistant strains. Result Among 1815 enteric-fever-suspects, 90(4.9%) isolates of Salmonella enterica [serovar: 62(68.8%) Salmonella Typhi and 28 (31.1%) Salmonella Paratyphi A] were recovered. The incidence of infection was higher among male, age group 5 to 9, and patient from the out-patient department (OPD). On disk-diffusion test most isolates, were sensitive against first-line drugs, cephalosporins, and macrolides. However, against quinolone, a huge percentile i.e. 93.3%, of isolates were resistant [including 58 Typhi and 26 Paratyphi serovar], and nearly 14% against fluoroquinolones. When MIC breakpoint was adjusted 4µg/ml for azithromycin, ≥1 µg/ml for ciprofloxacin, 2µg/ml for ofloxacin, 8µg/ml for nalidixic acid, 1µg/ml for cefixime, higher sensitivity and specificity achieved while screening decreased susceptibility. Among tested antibiotics, low rate of resistant strain observed on MIC of azithromycin. Also, higher resistance against fluoroquinolones observed on NARS strain. Conclusion Higher susceptibility of Salmonella enterica to first-line drugs (the conventional antityphoidal drugs), third-generation cephalosporins, and azithromycin; advocates for its reconsideration in the implicated therapy. However, lower susceptibility against fluoroquinolones among nalidixic-acid resistant Salmonella (NARS) strain negates its empirical use in children. Keywords Enteric fever, Nepal, children, Salmonella enterica

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Increasing Prevalence of Quinolone Resistance in Human Nontyphoid Salmonella enterica Isolates Obtained in Spain from 1981 to 2003

Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy ◽

10.1128/aac.48.10.3789-3793.2004 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 48 (10) ◽

pp. 3789-3793 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

José M. Marimón ◽

María Gomáriz ◽

Carmen Zigorraga ◽

Gustavo Cilla ◽

Emilio Pérez-Trallero

Keyword(s):

Nalidixic Acid ◽

Point Mutation ◽

Salmonella Enterica ◽

Single Point ◽

Point Mutations ◽

Fluoroquinolone Resistance ◽

Human Consumption ◽

Single Point Mutation ◽

Gene Coding ◽

Serovar Typhimurium

ABSTRACT From January 1981 to December 2003, susceptibility to nalidixic acid was tested in 10,504 nontyphoid Salmonella enterica isolates from patients with acute enteric disease in Gipuzkoa, Spain. The prevalence of nalidixic acid resistance steadily increased from less than 0.5% before 1991 to 38.5% in 2003, mainly due to the increase in resistance among isolates of the most prevalent serovar, S. enterica serovar Enteritidis. For nalidixic acid-resistant isolates, the ciprofloxacin MIC was eightfold higher than that for susceptible isolates, and the nalidixic acid-resistant isolates contained a single point mutation in the gyrA gene (at codons for Ser83 or Asp87). The same mutations were found in a sample of nalidixic acid-resistant nontyphoid Salmonella strains isolated between 1999 and 2003 from retail food for human consumption. In 2003, we identified five S. enterica serovar Typhimurium clinical isolates with high-level fluoroquinolone resistance (ciprofloxacin MIC, 16 μg/ml) with two point mutations in the gyrA gene (coding for Ser83→Phe and Asp87→Asn) and one point mutation in the parC gene (coding for Ser80→Arg). Strict sanitary controls are needed to avoid the spread of ciprofloxacin-resistant serovar Typhimurium isolates, and a more efficient veterinary policy must be adopted to decrease the large burden of Salmonella serovar Enteritidis infections in humans in our region.

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Susceptibility pattern of Salmonella enterica against commonly prescribed antibiotics, to febrile-pediatric cases, in low-income countries

BMC Pediatrics ◽

10.1186/s12887-021-02497-3 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Priyatam Khadka ◽

Januka Thapaliya ◽

Shovana Thapa

Keyword(s):

Nalidixic Acid ◽

Low Income ◽

Salmonella Enterica ◽

Lethal Dose ◽

Disk Diffusion ◽

Epidemiological Surveillance ◽

Low Income Countries ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Dilution Method ◽

Disk Diffusion Test

Abstract Background In most low-income countries, febrile-pediatric-cases are often treated empirically with accessible antibiotics without periodic epidemiological surveillance, susceptibility testing, or minimal lethal dose calculations. With this backdrop, the study was undertaken to evaluate the susceptibility trend of Salmonella enterica against the commonly prescribed antibiotics. Methods All isolates of Salmonella enterica were identified by standard protocols of biotyping and serotyping, then tested against antibiotics by the modified Kirby disk-diffusion method. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of isolates was determined by the agar-dilution method and compared with disk diffusion results and on nalidixic-acid sensitive/resistant strains. Results Among 1815 febrile-pediatric patients, 90(4.9%) isolates of Salmonella enterica [serovar: Salmonella Typhi 62(68.8%) and Salmonella Paratyphi A 28(31.1%)] were recovered. The incidence of infection was higher among males, age groups 5 to 9, and patients enrolling in the out-patient department (OPD). On the disk-diffusion test, most isolates were sensitive against first-line drugs i.e.cephalosporins, and macrolides. However, against quinolones, a huge percentile 93.3%, of isolates were resistant [including 58 Typhiand 26 Paratyphiserovar] while nearly 14% were resistant against fluoroquinolones. When MICs breakpoint were adjusted as follows: 4 μg/ml for azithromycin, ≥1 μg/ml for ciprofloxacin, 2 μg/ml for ofloxacin, 8 μg/ml for nalidixic acid, and 1 μg/ml for cefixime, higher sensitivity and specificity achieved. Compared to other tested antibiotics, a low rate of azithromycin resistance was observed. Nevertheless, higher resistance against fluoroquinolones was observed on NARS strain. Conclusion Higher susceptibility of Salmonella enterica to the conventional anti-typhoidal drugs (amoxicillin, chloramphenicol, cotrimoxazole, cephotaxime) advocates for its reconsideration. Although, the lower susceptibility against fluoroquinolones among nalidixic-acid-resistant Salmonella (NARS) strain negates its empirical use among the study age group.

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ANTIMICROBIAL SUSCEPTIBILITY IN CULTURE POSITIVE ENTERIC FEVER

International Journal of Medical and Biomedical Studies ◽

10.32553/ijmbs.v3i7.357 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 3 (7) ◽

Author(s):

Dr. Manish Kulshrestha ◽

Dr. Anjali Kulshrestha

Keyword(s):

Bone Marrow ◽

Blood Culture ◽

Nalidixic Acid ◽

Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽

Salmonella Enterica ◽

Enteric Fever ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Bone Marrow Culture ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Culture Positive

INTRODUCTION: Enteric fever includes typhoid and paratyphoid fever. Peak incidence is seen in children 5–15 years of age; but in regions where the disease is highly endemic, as in India, children younger than 5 years of age may have the highest infection rates. There are about 22 million new typhoid cases occur each year. Young children in poor, resource limited areas, who make up the majority of the new cases and there is a mortality figures of 215,000 deaths annually. A sharp decline in the rates of complications and mortality due to typhoid fever is observed as a result of introduction of effective antibiotic therapy since 1950s. MDR-ST became endemic in many areas of Asia, including India soon after multidrug-resistant strains of Salmonella enterica serotype typhi (MDR-ST) that were resistant to all the three first-line drugs then in use, namely chloramphenicol, amoxycillin and co-trimoxazole emerged in early 1990s. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Only blood culture or bone marrow culture positive cases were included. The patients with culture isolated enteric fever were included in the study. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was carried out by disk diffusion method using antibiotic discs. The analysis of the antimicrobial susceptibility was carried out as per CLSI interpretative guidelines. RESULTS: A total of 82 culture positive cases were included in the present study. 80 culture isolates were from blood culture and 2 from the bone marrow culture. Salmonella entericasubspecies enterica serovartyphi (S typhi) was isolated from 67 (81.70%) patients while Salmonella enterica subspecies entericaserovarparatyphi (S paratyphi A) was isolated from 13 (15.85%) cases and 2 (2.44%) were Salmonella enterica subspecies entericaserovarschottmuelleri (S paratyphi B). Of the 82 cases 65(79.3%) isolates were resistant to ciprofloxacin, 17 (20.7%) were resistant to nalidixic acid, one (1.2%) case each was resistant to Cefotaxime and ceftriaxone, 2 (2.4%) were resistant to chloramphenicol, 10 (12.2%) were resistant and to cotrimoxazole 3 (3.7%) were resistant. CONCLUSION: In a culture positive cases 65(79.3%) isolates were resistant to ciprofloxacin and 17 (20.7%) were resistant to nalidixic acid. Multidrug resistant isolates were 65(79.3%).

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