scholarly journals ESTIMATES OF MASS AND ENERGY OF DIFFERENT GENETIC MATERIAL EUCALYPTUS

2017 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mateus Alves de Magalhães ◽  
Angélica de Cássia Oliveira Carneiro ◽  
Benedito Rocha Vital ◽  
Carlos Miguel Simões da Silva ◽  
Marina Moura de Souza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Forest Biomass ◽  
Genetic Material ◽  
Energy Matrix ◽  
Charcoal Production ◽  
Energy Potential ◽  
Annual Increment ◽  
Production Sector ◽  
Estimated Parameters ◽  
Eucalyptus Cloeziana ◽  
Physical And Chemical

ABSTRACT The use of forest biomass or its derived charcoal as firewood can generate environmental and economic advantages for the Brazilian energy matrix. In this context, the main objective was to evaluate the energy potential of certain eucalyptus genetic materials, which are used by the charcoal production sector. We have evaluated six materials of Eucalyptus ssp. at the age of seven years from commercial plantations, spaced 3 x 3m, grown in the Alto Vale do Jequitinhonha, in Minas Gerais. Based on the production data, the average annual increment and the physical and chemical analyzes of the wood and the charcoal produced with it, we have estimated parameters to compare the potential of each genetic material, such as mass and energy of wood and charcoal per hectare, as well as the energy density. The results show that a material of Eucalyptus urophylla has greater energetic potential in relation to the others because it presents higher energy/ hectare estimated for its wood and consequently for charcoal produced with it. However, a material of Eucalyptus cloeziana presented a higher energetic density of the wood and its charcoal, showing advantages mainly in the transport.

scholarly journals The Impacts of the Energy Potential of Forest Biomass on the Local Market: An Example of South-Eastern Poland

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (18) ◽  
pp. 4985
Author(s):  
Tomasz Dudek
Keyword(s):  
Forest Cover ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
Forest Biomass ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Heat Consumption ◽  
Local Market ◽  
Energy Potential ◽  
Fuel Wood ◽  
Annual Increment ◽  
South Eastern

Forest biomass is and will remain a primary source of renewable energy in many EU countries in the coming years. The aim of this study was to determine the energy potential of forest biomass on a regional scale with regard to the needs of its inhabitants in terms of electricity and heat consumption. The study was carried out in south-eastern Poland. Energy potential was calculated based on the determined wood mass and calorific value of wood. The current level of forest biomass acquisition satisfies 4.2% of the needs of the local market in terms of electricity and heat consumption. Taking into account high forest cover of the region (40%), the 60% annual increment of total harvesting, and obtaining biomass at the level of 30% of the total harvesting, waste wood from the forest can meet 58.1% of the needs of the local market in terms of electricity consumption and 14.4% of the need for thermal energy consumption. There is a certain niche in the fuel wood market that is currently unused, presenting the opportunity to develop this sector and generate additional jobs in local markets. However, the increase in obtained forest biomass must be in accordance with the principles of sustainable development.

Allophane and imogolite: role in soil biogeochemical processes

Clay Minerals ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 135-155 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. L. Parfitt
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Plant Material ◽  
Volcanic Ash ◽  
Forest Biomass ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Young Forests ◽  
Labile P ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
By Products ◽  
And Chemical Properties

AbstractThe literature on the formation, structure and properties of allophane and imogolite is reviewed, with particular emphasis on the seminal contributions by Colin Farmer. Allophane and imogolite occur not only in volcanic-ash soils but also in other environments. The conditions required for the precipitation of allophane and imogolite are discussed. These include pH, availability of Al and Si, rainfall, leaching regime, and reactions with organic matter. Because of their excellent water storage and physical properties, allophanic soils can accumulate large amounts of biomass. In areas of high rainfall, these soils often occur under rain forest, and the soil organic matter derived from the forest biomass is stabilized by allophane and aluminium ions. Thus the turnover of soil organicmatter in allophanicsoils is slower than that in non-allophanicsoils. The organic matter appears to be derived from the microbial by-products of the plant material rather than from the plant material itself. The growth of young forests may be limited by nitrogen supply but growth of older forests tends to be P limited. Phosphorus is recycled through both inorganic and organic pathways, but it is also strongly sorbed by Al compounds including allophane. When crops are grown in allophanic soils, large amounts of labile P are required and, accordingly, these soils have to be managed to counteract the large P sorption capacity of allophane and other Al compounds, and to ensure an adequate supply of labile P. Because of their physical and chemical properties, allophanic soils are excellent filters of heavy metals and pathogens.

Modeling of Forest Biomass Energy Potential in Pennsylvania

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel E Ciolkosz ◽  
Charles D Ray ◽  
Li Ma
Keyword(s):  
Forest Biomass ◽  
Biomass Energy ◽  
Energy Potential

scholarly journals Realizing the energy potential of forest biomass in Sweden – How much is environmentally sustainable?

2017 ◽  
Vol 383 ◽  
pp. 3-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johnny de Jong ◽  
Cecilia Akselsson ◽  
Gustaf Egnell ◽  
Stefan Löfgren ◽  
Bengt A. Olsson
Keyword(s):  
Forest Biomass ◽  
Energy Potential ◽  
Environmentally Sustainable

Tree population changes in treated rain forest at Omo Forest Reserve, south-western Nigeria

1987 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 291-313 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. U. U. Okali ◽  
B. A. Ola-Adams
Keyword(s):  
Rain Forest ◽  
Forest Biomass ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Walsh System ◽  
Relative Distribution ◽  
Annual Increment ◽  
Forest Reserve ◽  
Number Of Species ◽  
Canopy Opening ◽  
Number Of Stems

ABSTRACTA review of previous evaluations of long-term changes in treated Nigerian rain forest is presented, to show that these studies have concentrated on economic species with little consideration of other species, or of forest biomass and structure.We examine regeneration and successional patterns in Omo Forest Reserve by comparing enumeration data taken before (1952) and after (1981) treatment of the forest by selective canopy opening and climber-cutting (Plot A), or clear-felling and burning (Walsh system) (Plot C).Before treatment, about 50 species in 25 families were found of stems ≥10 cm dbh, in 4.05 ha of the forest, the Euphorbiaceae contributing the greatest number of species while the medium-sized trees Diospyros alboflavescens (Ebenaceae) and Strombosia pustulata (Olacaceae) contributed more than 40% of the stems.Twenty-eight years after treatment (1981) the number of species and families remained similar to those in 1952, although smaller areas (0.75 ha) were enumerated; the treated plots were, however, dominated by early succession species such as Macaranga barteri, Musanga cecropioides, Cleistopholis patens, Funtumia elastica and Fagara macrophylla, and lacked an abundance of the ‘economic’ species that treatment had been expected to induce; the medium-sized trees that were dominant in 1952 were still abundant in Plot A but not in Plot C.For stems ≥ 30 cm dbh tree diversity (reciprocal of Simpson's index) was highest (15.7) in a 1952 plot and least (4.8) in the clear-felled plot enumerated in 1981; diversity of the 1952 plots, however, fell markedly to values lower than those for the 1981 plots when computation was based on all stems ≥10 cm dbh, presumably because of increase in abundance of small-stemmed species like Diospyros spp., Strombosia sp. and Rinorea sp., each represented by a large number of stems.Basal area was greatest (29.6 m2 ha−1) in the 1952 plots and least (12.7 m2 ha−1) in the clear-felled plots enumerated in 1981, but the relative distribution of basal area and number of stems in size-classes was similar in all the plots.Mean annual increment, computed by dividing the mean diameter (7.50 cm) of the stems in the clear-felled plots by the number of years (28) over which they had grown, was 0.27 cm.Nauclea diderrichii dominated the seedling regeneration from the first year after clear-felling and burning (1954) till the sixth year (1960), when seedlings of the Meliaceae entered the regeneration list and overall seedling density was 395 per hectare.Among the plots assessed in 1981, the standing crop was greatest in an untreated Control plot (229.6 t ha−1) followed by Plot A (159.7 t ha−1) and Plot C (91.1 t ha7−1), but the relative allocation of biomass to stem, branch, leaf, root and fruit fractions was comparable for all plots.The data are discussed in relation to other Nigerian forest studies and it is suggested that the main qualitative features of structural organization and the species composition of the top canopy synusia of mature secondary rain forest may be determined quite early in the development of the stand.

scholarly journals Sea Water Characterization at Ujung Kulon Coastal Depth as Raw Water Source for Desalination and Potential Energy

2018 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 02005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dan Mugisidi ◽  
Okatrina Heriyani
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Water ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Sodium Sulphate ◽  
Raw Water ◽  
Energy Potential ◽  
Allowable Level ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
And Chemical Properties

Fresh water is basic need for life while the source is limited. Therefore, sea water is used as fresh water through desalination process. Sea water has different physical and chemical properties ranging from the surface to the seabed. The energy potential that can be obtained from the hydrostatic pressure also changes according to the depth. As part of the research of the utilization of sea water into fresh water, the aim of this study is to know the characteristics of sea water in the depth that can be utilized as source of fresh water. The sea water samples were taken at 11km from Ujung Kulon beach with depth of 0m, 20m, 40m, 60m, 80m, and 100m under the surface. The results showed that the physical properties at every depth were below the maximum allowable drinking water except for the amount of dissolved solids. Chemical characteristics at any depth above allowable level were fluoride, hardness (CaCo3), chloride, sodium, sulphate, and (KMnO4). In addition to the properties, pressure is one of the considerations in this study to determine the depth of sea water as sources for desalination. Pressure increased by 36.11% as the depth of the sea increased.

scholarly journals CARACTERIZAÇÃO FÍSICA E QUÍMICA DA BIOMASSA USADA COMO COMBUSTÍVEL SÓLIDO EM UMA CALDEIRA

Química Nova ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natália Carvalho ◽  
João Barros ◽  
Diego Silva ◽  
Gabriela Nakashima ◽  
Fábio Yamaji
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Chemical Characterization ◽  
Proximate Analysis ◽  
Mechanical Resistance ◽  
Moisture Determination ◽  
Energy Potential ◽  
Heating Value ◽  
Physical And Chemical Characterization ◽  
Physical And Chemical

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF BIOMASS USED AS SOLID FUEL IN A BOILER. Biomass is a renewable energy source most used in the world, however, depending on the chemical properties and origin of the material used as biofuel, the amount of ash generated during combustion can be high, harming the energetic harnessing. The objective of this study was to characterize chemically and physically biomass: bark, sawdust, and urban pruning; used for energy generation. Also, part of the study was the physical characterization of briquettes produced from these materials. The analyzes performed to characterize the biomass were: moisture determination, higher heating value, proximate analysis and chemical composition - extractives, lignin and holocellulose contents. Subsequently, the biomass was briquetted and the mechanical properties of the briquettes were tested. The results showed that all biomass (bark, sawdust, and urban pruning) has the energy potential to be used in the industry. T1 briquettes (100% bark) showed the highest mechanical resistance. However, the formation of blends should be sought to minimize the ash content in the boiler. Thus, blends T2 and T3 can be considered as the best alternatives for the company.

scholarly journals Assessment of Groundwater for Irrigation Using (IWQI) Model, Located in Al-Nimrud Region at Southeastern of Mosul City, Iraq

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 349-357
Author(s):  
Abdul-Aziz Y. T. Al-Saffawi
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Physical And Chemical Properties ◽  
Permeability Index ◽  
Laboratory Methods ◽  
Estimated Parameters ◽  
Groundwater Samples ◽  
Magnesium Adsorption Ratio ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
And Chemical Properties

The study aimed to understand the quality of groundwater in Al-Nimrud region south-eastern part of Mosul city, Iraq. Groundwater samples from 10 wells were collected during the dry season and analyzed for their physical and chemical properties using standard laboratory methods. From the analyzed data, some parameters like sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), sodium percentage (Na%), potenial salinity (PS), residual sodium carbonate (RSC), magnesium adsorption ratio (MAR), permeability index (PI) and Kellys ratio (KR) were calculated for each water sample to know the irrigational fitness and irrigation water quality index (WQI) was applied to the analytical results of the parameters to obtain a single value that was used to rank the groundwater at each well for agricultural uses. The results showed a high levels of salts for most of the water samples studied, where the average values of EC ranged between (1.64 to 5.069) dS. m -1 . Also, the estimated parameters such as Na%, SAR, PI, KR were within the appropriate levels for irrigation, while the values of MAR, PS for most of the samples were within the inappropriate limits for irrigation. Also, the results of the WQI values showed that the groundwater quality falls between the category of severe to low restrictions, therefore the use of most of the water for irrigation in the study area is likely to lead to the problem of salinity in soils with heavy texture.

Environmental Factors Contributing to Antibiotic Resistance

1983 ◽  
Vol 4 (6) ◽  
pp. 448-451 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian Phillips
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Genetic Material ◽  
Resistance Mechanism ◽  
Rare Event ◽  
Resistant Organism ◽  
Genetic Determinants ◽  
Selective Agents ◽  
Efficiency Of Selection ◽  
Physical And Chemical

AbstractThe genetic determinants of antibiotic resistance originate as a result of random events, affected only by those physical and chemical agents that stimulate mutation. It is the selection and spread, within and between species, of new genetic material that is influenced by environmental factors, though the intrinsic antibiotic resistance of many opportunistic pathogens remains to be explained.Depending on the frequency of genetic change, the biochemical resistance mechanism, the efficiency of selection (including access of antibiotic to relevant bacteria), and the opportunity for person-to-person spread, resistance may present in a number of ways. The use of an antibiotic in any individual may give rise to resistance, among pathogens or normal flora, to that antibiotic alone, to some or all members of its class, or to additional unrelated antibacterials, or to the acquisition of new bacteria, from a variety of sources (humans, animals, inanimate environment). A resistant organism may occasionally have other advantages that enable it to spread in the absence of the initial selective agents.In the absence of controlled experiments, which are difficult or perhaps impossible, the only evidence of the truth of these hypotheses comes from the clinical use of antibiotics. A wise observer will conclude that the emergence of resistance is a rare event in an individual patient, but is commoner but by no means universal in populations, especially those that are closed. He will note the reports of diminished resistance in the presence of increased usage.The role of academic infection control is to explain all the phenomena observed, and to formulate methods for identifying and countering the actual as opposed to the imagined hazards.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document