scholarly journals ANALYSIS OF THE WORLDWIDE CONCENTRATION OF PELLET IMPORTS (2012-2018)

2021 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helena Cristina Carvalho Soares ◽  
Álvaro Nogueira de Souza ◽  
Edvaldo Pereira Santos Júnior ◽  
Anna Manuella Melo Nunes ◽  
Maísa Santos Joaquim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Forest Biomass ◽  
Energy Structure ◽  
Technological Diffusion ◽  
Wood Pellets ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Food And Agriculture ◽  
Food And Agriculture Organization ◽  
Very High ◽  
Biomass For Energy

ABSTRACT Faced with the transition in the global energy structure with the shift in consumption of fossil fuels to renewable and clean sources, there has been an increase in the demand for forest biomass for energy purposes, especially wood pellets, and imports have grown in recent years. Therefore, this study analyzed the world concentration of pellet imports from 2012 to 2018. Data on pellet imports were obtained from the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), and the following indicators were used to measure the concentration: Concentration Ratio [CR(k)], Hirschman-Herfindal Index (HHI), Theil Entropy Index (E), Gini Inequality Coefficient (G) and the Hall-Tideman Index (HTI). The results showed a growth of 16.67% p.a. of global pellet imports, from 8.76 million tons (t) in 2012 to 22.15 million tons in 2018. The CR(k) indicated very high concentration for countries and high in the subcontinents. The HHI showed a high concentration for continents and subcontinents and a moderate concentration for countries. Entropy and HTI corroborated the analyzes found in the HHI. The G pointed out strong inequality for all territorial levels and showed trends towards a reduction in inequality as of 2015. The reduction in the concentration in the final years of study is related to the expansion and technological diffusion of energy conversion of the densified biomass, which makes this fuel more affordable.

scholarly journals Bosques y Energía en la Organización de las Naciones Unidas. Sus proyecciones para Argentina / Forestry and energy at the United Nations. Its projections for Argentina

2014 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 70-94
Author(s):  
Cristian Lorenzo
Keyword(s):  
United Nations ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Forest Biomass ◽  
Holistic View ◽  
Food And Agriculture ◽  
American Perspective ◽  
Food And Agriculture Organization ◽  
The United Nations ◽  
America Latina

La energía generada a partir de biomasa forestal es una de las alternativas energéticas a los combustibles fósiles que comenzó a tener más fuerza después de la crisis de los alimentos. Este artículo analiza las proyecciones para Argentina de la promoción de energía a partir de este tipo de biomasa impulsada por la Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Alimentación y la Agricultura (FAO). Desde el pensamiento situado en Relaciones Internacionales, valorando la importancia de una visión integral de los fenómenos y priorizando la inducción por sobre la deducción, se afirma que el desarrollo de energía a partir de biomasa forestal en América Latina requiere conocerse como parte de un proceso más amplio, impulsado desde una alianza pública-privada de actores internacionales, cuyos intereses fueron canalizados a través de la FAO. En Argentina, el desarrollo del programa WISDOM de dicho organismo internacional promovió la inserción de la generación de energía a partir de biomasa en la agenda doméstica en Argentina. Éste fue un antecedente significativo para la elaboración del Proyecto para la promoción de la energía derivada de biomasa (PROBIOMASA), que todavía está siendo implementado.     Abstract: Energy from forest biomass is one of the energy alternatives to fossil fuels that was strengthened after the food crisis. This article analyzes the projections for Argentina in the promotion of this type of energy supported from the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). From a Latin American perspective of International Relations that values the importance of a holistic view of the phenomena and prioritizes induction over deduction, this article argues that the development of forest energy in Latin America needs to be considered as a part of a broader process supported by a public-private partnership of international actors that channeled its interests through the FAO. In Argentina, the development of the Woodfuel Integrated Supply/Demand Overview Mapping (WISDOM) by that international organization promoted the integration of energy generation from forest biomass in the domestic agenda in Argentina. In fact, it was a significant antecedent to the elaboration of the Plan Probiomasa, that it is still being implemented.  

scholarly journals Energy Production from Forest Biomass: An Overview

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Cristina Gonçalves ◽  
Isabel Malico ◽  
Adélia M.O. Sousa
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Stand Structure ◽  
Forest Biomass ◽  
Environmental Benefits ◽  
Forest Sustainability ◽  
Increasing Demand ◽  
Conversion Technologies ◽  
Biomass For Energy

As long as care is taken regarding stand and forest sustainability, forest biomass is an interesting alternative to fossil fuels because of its historical use as an energy source, its relative abundance and availability worldwide, and the fact that it is carbon-neutral. This study encompasses the revision of the state of the sources of forest biomass for energy and their estimation, the impacts on forests of biomass removal, the current demand and use of forest biomass for energy, and the most used energy conversion technologies. Forests can provide large amounts of biomass that can be used for energy. However, as the resources are limited, the increasing demand for biomass brings about management challenges. Stand structure is determinant for the amount of residues produced. Biomass can be estimated with high accuracy using both forest inventory and remote sensing. Yet, remote sensing enables biomass estimation and monitoring in shorter time periods. Different bioenergy uses and conversion technologies are characterized by different efficiencies, which should be a factor to consider in the choice of the best suited technology. Carefully analyzing the different options in terms of available conversion technologies, end-uses, costs, environmental benefits, and alternative energy vectors is of utmost importance.

scholarly journals Co-Incineration of Rice Straw-Wood Pellets: A Sustainable Strategy for the Valorisation of Rice Waste

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (21) ◽  
pp. 5750
Author(s):  
Cristina Moliner ◽  
Dario Bove ◽  
Elisabetta Arato
Keyword(s):  
Rice Straw ◽  
Experimental Tests ◽  
Silica Content ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Experimental Plant ◽  
Wood Pellets ◽  
Operational Conditions ◽  
Food And Agriculture ◽  
Food And Agriculture Organization

Agricultural activities produce an estimated amount of 32.7 MToe/year of residues in EU countries. They are mostly disposed in landfills, incinerated without any control, or abandoned in fields, causing severe impacts on human health and environment. Rice is one of the most consumed crops worldwide with an annual production of 782 million tons according to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations database. In this context, the EU-funded project LIFE LIBERNITRATE promotes the use of renewable residual sources (i.e., rice straw) to obtain new materials with an added value. The methodology is based on the incineration of rice straw in an own-designed and constructed valorization system. Rice straw/wood pellets are burned in optimized conditions to produce a maximized quantity of ashes with high silica content. These materials will be then used to treat water polluted with nitrates, representing an optimal example of circular economy strategy. In this work, the own-designed valorization unit is described, with special focus on its main constituting elements. The theoretical study of the co-incineration of rice straw and wood pellets identified the optimised combustion conditions. Experimental tests using the theoretical inputs confirmed the most adequate operational conditions (10 g rice straw pellets/min + 10 g wood pellets/min, 6–7 Nm3/h of air, T = 500 °C) and helped in the definition of improvements on the experimental plant.

scholarly journals Solar Irrigation System in Indonesia: Practical Assessment and Evaluation for Converting Fossil Fuels with Solar Energy

2021 ◽  
Vol 927 (1) ◽  
pp. 012022
Author(s):  
Zulfatri Aini ◽  
Kunaifi ◽  
Alex Wenda ◽  
Ewi Ismaredah ◽  
Wahyu Anjarjati
Keyword(s):  
Solar Energy ◽  
Diesel Engines ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Capital Costs ◽  
Pumping System ◽  
Food And Agriculture ◽  
Food And Agriculture Organization ◽  
Total Capacity ◽  
Solar Powered

Abstract This study proposes a sustainable solar-powered irrigation system (SPIS) for a 75-hectares rice farm in Krandegan Village, Purworejo Regency, Indonesia. The existing water pumping system uses diesel engines which cost around Rp. 200 million per year that cannot be provided by the farmers. The SPIS was designed based on water requirements calculated according to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). The technical design of SPIS used Lorentz Compass considering local solar energy sources and the availability of SPIS components in the local markets. The entire farm in Krandegan requires 11 SPISs with a total capacity of the solar panel of 20.8 kWp. Also, the SPISs use 11 centrifugal DC pumps; 10 surface and 1 submersible type. The SPIS in Krandegan would require a total cost of Rp. 1.29 billion. Without the financial support of the capital costs from other parties, the simple payback time (SPT) would be around 6.5 years, which is good for a solar photovoltaic (PV) project. SPIS is not only a viable solution to replace diesel engines in supplying water to the rice farm in Krandegan, but is also in line with the seventh target of Indonesia’s Village sustainable development goals (SDGs).

Phytochemicals and bioactive compounds of pulses and their impact on health

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chem Int
Keyword(s):  
United Nations ◽  
Bioactive Compounds ◽  
Good Health ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
United Nations General ◽  
Food And Agriculture ◽  
Food And Agriculture Organization ◽  
United Nations General Assembly ◽  
The United Nations ◽  
Very High

At sixty-eighth session, the United Nations General Assembly (20 December, 2013) announced that 2016 is the International Year of Pulses (IYP) and The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations was nominated for implementation of the International Year in collaboration with governments and different organizations. Pulses constitute an important source of several substances needed for good health, as phytochemicals and natural bioactive compounds. These grains are very high in nutrients; rich with protein, complex carbohydrates, soluble dietary fiber, and can be stored for months without losing their high nutritional value. Also, pulses are characterized by their nitrogen fixing properties contribute to increased soil fertility and have beneficial effects on the environment, but their benefits are often underestimated. In this mini-review, the health benefits of phytochemicals and bioactive components in pulses briefly we described.

Biofuels

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Pimentel ◽  
Michael Burgess
Keyword(s):  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Director General ◽  
World Population ◽  
Food And Agriculture ◽  
Food And Agriculture Organization ◽  
The World ◽  
Food Shortages ◽  
Food And Feed ◽  
Food Grain ◽  
Increasing Demand

A rapidly growing world population and an even more rapidly growing consumption of fossil fuels are increasing demand for both food and biofuels, which will exaggerate both the food and fuel shortages around the world. Producing biofuels requires huge amounts of both fossil energy and food resources, which will intensify conflicts over these resources. Using food crops to produce ethanol raises major nutritional and ethical concerns. More than 66% of the world human population is currently malnourished, so the need for grains and other basic foods is critical. Growing crops for fuel squanders land, water, and energy resources vital for the production of food for people. Using food and feed crops for ethanol production has brought increases in the prices of US beef, chicken, pork, eggs, breads, cereals, and milk of 10% to 20%. In addition, Jacques Diouf, Director General of the UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) reports that using food grains to produce biofuels is already causing food shortages for the poor of the world. Growing crops for biofuel ignores the need to reduce natural resource consumption and exacerbates the problem of malnourishment worldwide by turning food grain into biofuel.

scholarly journals The global forest above-ground biomass pool for 2010 estimated from high-resolution satellite observations

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maurizio Santoro ◽  
Oliver Cartus ◽  
Nuno Carvalhais ◽  
Danaë Rozendaal ◽  
Valerio Avitabilie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Patterns ◽  
Carbon Stock ◽  
Forest Biomass ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Satellite Observations ◽  
Economic Modelling ◽  
Food And Agriculture ◽  
Food And Agriculture Organization ◽  
High Level ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. The terrestrial forest carbon pool is poorly quantified, in particular in regions with low forest inventory capacity. By combining multiple satellite observations of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) backscatter around the year 2010, we generated a global, spatially explicit dataset of above-ground forest biomass (dry mass, AGB) with a spatial resolution of 1 ha. Using an extensive database of 110,897 AGB measurements from field inventory plots, we show that the spatial patterns and magnitude of AGB are well captured in our map with the exception of regional uncertainties in high carbon stock forests with AGB > 250 Mg ha−1 where the retrieval was effectively based on a single radar observation. With a total global AGB of 522 Pg, our estimate of the terrestrial biomass pool in forests is lower than most estimates published in literature (426–571 Pg). Nonetheless, our dataset increases knowledge on the spatial distribution of AGB compared to the global Forest Resources Assessment (FRA) by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and highlights the impact of a country’s national inventory capacity on the accuracy of the biomass statistics reported to the FRA. We also reassessed previous remote sensing AGB maps, and identify major biases compared to inventory data, up to 120 % of the inventory value in dry tropical forests, in the sub-tropics and temperate zone. Because of the high level of detail and the overall reliability of the AGB spatial patterns, our global dataset of AGB is likely to have significant impacts on climate, carbon and socio-economic modelling schemes, and provides a crucial baseline in future carbon stock changes estimates. The dataset is available at: https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.894711 (Santoro, 2018).

Ground water quality of selected areas of Punjab and Sind Provinces, Pakistan: Chemical and microbiological aspects

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chem Int
Keyword(s):  
Ionic Concentration ◽  
Chloride Ions ◽  
Potassium Ions ◽  
Ammonium Ions ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Phosphate Ions ◽  
Sodium Magnesium ◽  
Very High ◽  
Microbiological Aspects

The assessment of groundwater is essential for the estimation of suitability of water for safe use. An attempt has been made to study the groundwater of selected areas of Punjab (Sheikhupura & Sahiwal) and Sindh (Sindh, Jawar Dharki and Dharki), Pakistan. The results indicate that pH, color and odor were all within limits of WHO that is pH ranges 6.5–8.5, colorless and odorless, respectively. The high values of suspended solids were observed in the Sindh-1 and Dharki samples. Microbiologically only Sahiwal and Jawar Dharki were found fit for drinking purpose. Trace metals analysis of Sheikhupura-1 and Sindh-1 showed that values do not fall within limits of WHO for Iron. The ionic concentration analysis showed that high bicarbonate (HCO3-), ions are present in the samples of Sahiwal and Dharki; Sindh-1 and Jawar Dharki samples showed very high concentration for chloride ions, all samples were satisfactory level for sulphate (SO42-), sodium, magnesium and phosphate ions except samples of Sindh-1 and Jawar Dharki. High concentration of calcium and potassium ions was observed in samples of Sindh-1, while all other samples were found fit for drinking purposes in respect of nitrate, nitrite and ammonium ions. The high concentration of Fluoride was found only in Sheikhupura-2 samples.

Food waste and dynamic complex systems: The case of Peru and a solution model proposal Part 1: Peruvian Anchoveta (Engraulis ringens)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos A Almenara
Keyword(s):  
United Nations ◽  
Complex Systems ◽  
Revenue Management ◽  
Food Waste ◽  
Intelligent Systems ◽  
Solution Model ◽  
Food And Agriculture ◽  
Food And Agriculture Organization ◽  
Engraulis Ringens ◽  
The United Nations

[THE MANUSCRIPT IS A DRAFT] According to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO, 2020), food waste and losses comprises nearly 1.3 billion tonnes every year, which equates to around US$ 990 billion worldwide. Ironically, over 820 million people do not have enough food to eat (FAO, 2020). This gap production-consumption puts in evidence the need to reformulate certain practices such as the controversial monocropping (i.e., growing a single crop on the same land on a yearly basis), as well as to improve others such as revenue management through intelligent systems. In this first part of a series of articles, the focus is on the Peruvian anchoveta fish (Engraulis ringens).

To the Empire and Beyond

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregory A. Barton
Keyword(s):  
Second World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Chemical Fertilizers ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
Food And Agriculture ◽  
Food And Agriculture Organization ◽  
Organic Farmers ◽  
Southern Rhodesia ◽  
The Government ◽  
Second World

This chapter traces the expansion of industrial agricultural methods after the Second World War. Western governments and the Food and Agriculture Organization pushed for increased use of chemical fertilizers to aid development and resist Soviet encroachment. Meanwhile small groups of organic farmers and gardeners adopted Howard’s methods in the Anglo-sphere and elsewhere in the world. European movements paralleled these efforts and absorbed the basic principles of the Indore Method. British parliament debated the merits of organic farming, but Howard failed to persuade the government to adopt his policies. Southern Rhodesia, however, did implement his ideas in law. Desiccation theory aided his attempts in South Africa and elsewhere, and Louise Howard, after Albert’s death, kept alive a wide network of activists with her publications.

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