Violence against women before and during gestation: differences in prevalence rates and perpetrators

Abstract Objectives: to analyze differences in prevalence and perpetrators of violence against women before and during pregnancy. Methods: this is a cross-sectional study with a sample of 1,446 pregnant women interviewed in 2010 and 2011 in the São Luís municipality (Brazil). Thirteen questions measured psychological, physical and sexual violence in the 12 months before and during pregnancy. Psychological/physical/sexual violence was defined as any type of violence perpetrated against the interviewees. The perpetrators were categorized into intimate partner, other family members, community members, and multiple perpetrators. Differences between violence before and during pregnancy were analyzed by the chi-square test. Results: psychological/physical/sexual and psychological violence were more prevalent during pregnancy than before gestation (p<0.001). Insults, humiliation and intimidation (p<0.05) were more frequently reported during pregnancy. An intimate partner was the most frequent perpetrator. There were no differences in the percentage of moderate and severe forms of physical violence and sexual violence, recurrence of aggressions and perpetrators in both periods (p>0.05). Conclusions: gestation did not protect users of prenatal services in São Luís municipality from psychological, physical and sexual violence. Psychological/physical/sexual and psychological violence were more commonly practiced during pregnancy. The perpetrators of violence in the year before gestation continued to abuse the interviewees during pregnancy

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Lifetime experiences of violence against women and men in Sweden

Scandinavian Journal of Public Health ◽

10.1177/1403494820945072 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 140349482094507

Author(s):

Mariella Öberg ◽

Gun Heimer ◽

Steven Lucas

Keyword(s):

Sexual Violence ◽

Violence Against Women ◽

Physical Violence ◽

National Sample ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Psychological Violence ◽

Swedish Population ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Lifetime Exposure ◽

Physical And Psychological Violence

Aims: The aims of this cross-sectional study were to examine the prevalence of lifetime exposure to sexual, physical and psychological violence among a representative sample of women and men in Sweden, and to analyze if there were gender differences regarding the types of violence the participants were exposed to and by whom it was perpetrated. Methods: A survey containing questions about lifetime experiences of sexual, physical and psychological violence was sent to a national sample of 10,000 women and 10,000 men aged 18–74; 56.8% of the women and 46.5% of the men agreed to participate. Results: Sexual violence in childhood was reported by 26.4% of women and 22.1% experienced sexual violence in adulthood. Among men, 11% disclosed experiences of sexual violence in childhood and 4.5% in adulthood. Physical violence was experienced by 39.3% of women in childhood and by 18.8% as adults, often by a present or former partner. Among men, 59.3% were exposed to physical violence during childhood, often by a peer, and 20.4% as adults. Psychological violence in childhood was experienced by 58.1% of women in childhood and by 21.8% in adulthood. Among male respondents, 69.2% reported experiences of physiological violence in childhood, often by a peer, and 9.4% in adulthood. Conclusions: Lifetime violence exposure is common in the Swedish population. Though it affects both women and men, the patterns of type of violence and perpetrators are different. The results suggest that violence prevention early in life is important to target.

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Domestic Violence and Postpartum Depression

Jurnal NERS ◽

10.20473/jn.v15i2.16930 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 15 (2) ◽

pp. 135

Author(s):

Winnellia Fridina Sandy ◽

Djaswadi Dasuki ◽

Elli Nur Hayati ◽

Suhariyanto Suhariyanto

Keyword(s):

Domestic Violence ◽

Postpartum Depression ◽

Sexual Violence ◽

Physical Violence ◽

Secondary Data ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Psychological Violence ◽

Chi Square ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Central Java

Introduction: Domestic violence occurs at all levels of society. Evidence shows that sexual, physical and psychological violence are predisposing factors of postpartum depression. This study was aimed to determine the relationship between domestic violence and postpartum depression.Methods: This research adopted quantitative method through observational with a cross-sectional study design by analyzing secondary data from SEHATI longitudinal surveillance. A total of 232 women was selected as sample using a purposive sampling method, with the sample criterion being mothers with children <2 years old located in Purworejo District, Central Java, consisting of 16 sub-districts and 494 villages. The data obtained were analyzed using the chi square statistical test and binomial regression test.Results: The results of the quantitative data showed that physical violence against postpartum depression (PR = 1.7; 95% CI = 1.23-2.38), psychic violence against postpartum depression (PR = 1.9; 95% CI = 1.44-2.54), and sexual violence against postpartum depression (PR-2.0; 95% CI = 1.54-2.65). The result of the qualitative data showed that postpartum depression occurred due to domestic violence.Conclusion: Physical, psychological and sexual violence in the household are significantly related to postpartum depression.

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Prevalence and sociogeographical inequalities of violence against women in Ecuador: a cross-sectional study

International Journal for Equity in Health ◽

10.1186/s12939-021-01456-9 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 20 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Agnes Edeby ◽

Miguel San Sebastián

Keyword(s):

Sexual Violence ◽

Violence Against Women ◽

Physical Violence ◽

Public Health Problem ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Urban Setting ◽

Psychological Violence ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Economic Violence

Abstract Background Violence against women (VAW) is a vast public health problem in Latin America. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of violence against women and to assess its sociogeographical inequalities in Ecuador during 2019. Methods This cross-sectional study used data from a national survey conducted in 2019 (n = 17,211) among women aged 15 years and over. Independent variables included age, marital status, education, ethnicity, place of residence and region. The chosen outcomes were lifetime experience of total violence, sexual violence, physical violence, psychological violence and economic violence. Frequency tables were first calculated, and then crude and adjusted regression models estimating risk differences and their 95% confidence intervals were computed. Results Nearly two-thirds (64.86%) of the participating women had experienced some form of violence during their lifetime, mainly psychological violence (56.92%). The second most prevalent type of violence was physical (35.44%) closely followed by sexual (32.67%). Almost one-fifth (16.38%) stated to have experienced some form of economic violence. Physical and psychological violence were more common among women aged 26–35 and less among older women. All forms of violence were more often reported among women with no education except for sexual violence, which was more frequent among those with higher education. Physical, psychological and economic violence were more often reported by those living with a partner, being married or divorced/separated. Sexual violence was associated with those belonging to a non-indigenous ethnic group, while all types of violence were more common among those living in an urban setting (except physical violence), in the Highlands or in the Amazon region. Conclusions Our study showed that VAW is a common event in Ecuador and identified several sociogeographical inequalities that varied depending on the type of violence. VAW was more common among the younger age groups, those with low education, those living with a partner or being divorced/separated, or residing in an urban setting, in the Highlands or in the Amazon. Further studies including more social factors and a continuous monitoring of VAW are recommended. Current policies and laws to protect women need to be expanded and effectively implemented to reduce VAW in the Ecuador.

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HANDLING DISTRUST ON RISK COMMUNICATION IN NIGERIA: A STRATEGY TO STRENGTHENING THE COVID-19 OUTBREAK RESPONSE

Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness ◽

10.1017/dmp.2021.245 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-22

Author(s):

Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi ◽

Priscilla Onaopemipo Akosile ◽

Aanuoluwapo Adeyimika Afolabi ◽

Victor Okoliko Ukwenya

Keyword(s):

Risk Communication ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Outbreak Response ◽

Community Members ◽

Chi Square ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Policy Makers ◽

Chi Square Test ◽

Level Of Significance ◽

High Level

Abstract Background This study aimed to assess the level of trust in the COVID-19 risk communication efforts in Nigeria. Methods We conducted a descriptive cross-sectional study among community members aged 15 years and above in Ondo state in October, 2020. Data were collected using an interviewer-administered questionnaire. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 22. Descriptive statistics were summarized using frequencies. Trust was ranked from “1” implying “Low level of trust” to “7” denoting “High level of trust”. We conducted bivariate Chi-square test on respondents’ level of trust in the Nigeria Centre for Disease Control (NCDC) and socio-demographic characteristics. The level of significance was set at p<0.05. Results Among the 691 respondents, 244 (35.3%) were aged 21 to 29 years, and 304 (51.4%) used the NCDC to obtain COVID-19 knowledge. Overall, 205 (41.8%) had high level of trust in the NCDC. Furthermore, 51 (51.5%) individuals aged 30-39 years had high level of trust in the NCDC (ᵡ2=17.455, p= 0.001). Also, 114 (48.5%) persons who lived with children below 18 years had high level of trust in the NCDC (ᵡ2= 8.266, p= 0.004). Conclusion Policy makers should prioritize the involvement of young and educated persons in COVID-19 risk communication strategies.

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Physical violence and alcohol drinking consumption among teenagers

Journal of Human Growth and Development ◽

10.7322/jhgd.152172 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 28 (3) ◽

pp. 273-277

Author(s):

Amanda Pacheco de Carvalho ◽

Carolina Da Franca ◽

Valdenice Aparecida de Menezes

Keyword(s):

Alcohol Consumption ◽

Maternal Education ◽

Physical Violence ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Social Changes ◽

Chi Square ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Exact Test ◽

Adolescent Students ◽

Chi Square Test

Introduction: Adolescence is a period of transition, between childhood and adulthood marked by biological, psychological and social changes. These changes characterize the situations of vulnerability to which these individuals are exposed. Objective: The aim of this study was to examine the association between alcohol consumption and involvement in physical violence among adolescent students in the city of Olinda, Pernambuco, Brazil. Methods: This was a pilot, cross-sectional, study conducted with adolescents enrolled in high school. The Youth Risk Behavior Survey questionnaire was applied in the classroom and questions were taken from the modules on alcohol consumption, violence and socioeconomic data. Analysis of associations was performed using the Chi-square test, or Fisher’s exact test when the Chi-square parameters were not met. Results: Involvement in physical altercations was associated with male gender (p = 0.001), alcohol consumption in the last 30 days (p = 0.019), binge drinking (p = 0.022) and higher maternal education (p = 0.037). Conclusion: There was an association between the consumption of alcohol by adolescents and physical violence. These results are an indication of the vulnerability to which this population is exposed and is a warning of the need for further studies to investigate this issue.

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Occurrence of violence in the elderly and its associated factors

Revista Brasileira de Enfermagem ◽

10.1590/0034-7167-2018-0014 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 72 (suppl 2) ◽

pp. 64-70 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Paulo Henrique Silva Maia ◽

Efigênia Ferreira e Ferreira ◽

Elza Machado de Melo ◽

Andréa Maria Duarte Vargas

Keyword(s):

Associated Factors ◽

Physical Violence ◽

Family Relationship ◽

The Elderly ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Structured Interviews ◽

Chi Square ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Chi Square Test ◽

Forms Of Violence

ABSTRACT Objective: to analyze the occurrence of violence in the elderly and its associated factors in the city of Betim, Minas Gerais. Method: cross-sectional study constituted by a population survey conducted through structured interviews. The sample was stratified by clusters and included 178 elderly people at the end. Data were analyzed by the chi-square test and was performed a Correspondence Analysis. Results: The most prevalent forms of violence were: lack of access to social rights (31%), verbal violence (22%), moral/psychological (19%), lack of care (16%), physical violence (6%), sexual (3%) and discrimination (3%). Women suffered more abuse than men and violence had greater association with the degree of depressive symptoms. Conclusion: our research has direct implication for the sectors interested in coping with violence in the elderly, especially for nurses, because it shows violence is part of a cycle with characteristic associated factors that conforms a model nested mainly in the family relationship.

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Intimate Partner Violence and Depression in Women in China

Journal of Interpersonal Violence ◽

10.1177/0886260519888538 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 088626051988853 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Weiman Yuan ◽

Therese Hesketh

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Intimate Partner Violence ◽

Sexual Violence ◽

Partner Violence ◽

Physical Violence ◽

Occupational Status ◽

Depression Scale ◽

Intimate Partner ◽

Psychological Violence ◽

Cross Sectional

Intimate partner violence (IPV) is recognized as a major public health and social problem globally, with consequences for the individual, family, and society. But there is relatively little research on IPV in China. The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of different types of violence among women and to determine the risk factors and the association with depression. A cross-sectional study among women who had ever been in a relationship was conducted in six provinces across the three regions of China from July to September 2018 using a self-completion questionnaire developed for the study. The provincial capital and one rural county were purposively selected in each province. Questionnaires were distributed in hospitals and public places. The Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) was used to measure depression. Data for 2,987 women were analyzed. The prevalence of psychological, physical, and sexual violence was 77.7%, 40.2%, and 11%, respectively: 52% had experienced two or three types of violence in their life. After adjustment, risk factors for all-type IPV were low occupational status, having one child or more, living in western provinces, having an income lower than partner’s, and economic pressure. The prevalence of depression was 65.8% in women who experienced psychological violence, 69.5% for physical violence, and 75.8% for sexual violence. For psychological, physical, and sexual violence, the odds ratio for depression were 2.57 (95% confidence interval [CI] = [2.15, 3.07]), 2.07 [1.76, 2.43], and 2.26 [1.73, 2.95], respectively, after controlling for age, occupation, education attainment, and residence. There is a clear need to raise awareness about IPV and to develop approaches for prevention and management. The new Domestic Violence Law represents a step in the right direction.

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Domestic violence and related factors among ever married females in a rural area of southern India

International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health ◽

10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20183419 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 5 (9) ◽

pp. 3847

Author(s):

Pooja Chauhan ◽

Kotina Shridevi ◽

Sushma Katkuri

Keyword(s):

Domestic Violence ◽

Emotional Abuse ◽

Physical Violence ◽

Simple Random Sampling ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Equal Rights ◽

Chi Square ◽

Related Factors ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Chi Square Test

Background: The WHO reports that the proportion of women who had ever experienced physical or sexual violence or both by an intimate partner ranged from 15% to 71%. According to NFHS-3 and India’s NCRB, the increasing cases of any form of violence against women and also the variation in its prevalence among different sections of the society indicate that it is preventable. This has been the motivation for conducting this study. The aim of the study was to know the prevalence, different forms and associated factors of domestic violence against ever married females between 15-49 years age.Methods: Community based cross-sectional study population included ever married females from 15 to 49 years. Sample size was calculated using openEpi online program. Simple random sampling was used. A pre-designed semi-structured questionnaire was used to collect data. Data was analyzed using SPSS software v24. Chi-square test was used.Results: It was observed that 33.5% (n=83) suffered from any form of violence and 29.4% (n=73) experienced physical violence at least once. Emotional abuse was seen in 12.5% whereas sexual abuse was seen in 4.4%. The experience of domestic violence by women was significantly related to the consumption of alcohol by the husband, education status of the females and their husband.Conclusions: By improving the literacy, and sensitizing about equal rights and need to look their wife as a life partner rather than a slave, an attempt can be made to break the chain of domestic violence.

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Violence against women: a study on nature, prevalence and extent

International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences ◽

10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20174945 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 5 (11) ◽

pp. 4919

Author(s):

Pushti V. Vachhani ◽

Nishant R. Bhimani ◽

Nishith B. Sutaria ◽

Shyamal K. Purani ◽

Girija P. Kartha

Keyword(s):

Domestic Violence ◽

Violence Against Women ◽

Physical Violence ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Married Women ◽

Psychological Violence ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Domestic Violence Against Women ◽

Self Administered Questionnaire

Background: To study the nature, prevalence and extent of domestic violence against women in the study area.Methods: The cross-sectional study was carried out in the urban and rural area of Surendranagar district of Gujarat. Total 600 ever married women of 15-49 years of age were selected for the study purpose. The self-administered questionnaire was used to gather all the information. Steps were taken up to maintain confidentiality.Results: Out of total 600 women, 231 (38.5%) were victims of domestic violence in one form or the other. The analysis based on each form of violence discloses that about 83% were victims of psychological violence, about 54% of the victims had experienced physical violence, about 32% were victims of economical violence and about 24% were victims of sexual violence.Conclusions: Husband was the frequent instigator of domestic violence. Psychological violence is the commonest form of violence experienced by the victims.

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Epidemiological Study of Violence against Children and Its Increase during the COVID-19 Pandemic

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph181910061 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (19) ◽

pp. 10061

Author(s):

Stela Maria Tavolieri de Oliveira ◽

Ewerton Alexandre Galdeano ◽

Evelynne Maria Gomes Galvão da Trindade ◽

Rafael Saad Fernandez ◽

Rogerio Leone Buchaim ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Sexual Violence ◽

Physical Violence ◽

Pediatric Emergency ◽

Child Victims ◽

Chi Square ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Violence Against Children ◽

Chi Square Test ◽

Victims Of Violence ◽

Socioeconomic And Demographic Factors

The aim of this study was to identify the epidemiological profiles of violence against children, victims, and their aggressors, and their correlations between socioeconomic and demographic factors analyzed before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. This was a cross-sectional, retrospective observational study based on a review of Individual Notification Forms from the Information System for Notifiable Diseases, including child victims of violence, under 18 years, assisted by a pediatric emergency service in Brazil, from 2016–2020. Data were stratified, then statistical analysis was performed using the two-proportion equality test and the Chi-square test, with p < 0.05 and a 95% confidence interval. A total of 609 notifications were analyzed and a prevalence of sexual violence (63.2%) was reported. The prevalent profile of victim was female (76.7%), aged between 2–9 years (38.1%) and 14–18 years (35.6%). The violence occurs in the victim’s home (58.9%). The prevalent profile of perpetrator was male (82.4%), young adolescent (59.2%), living as family (64%), mainly the parents (18.4%). No correlation was found between the classified socioeconomic and demographic variables and violence. There was an increase in notifications during the COVID-19 pandemic, compared to the same period in the previous year; self-harm was reported in 59.7% of physical violence in 2020. Prevalence of sexual violence was higher for females, aged between 2–9 and 14–18 years, victimized in their homes, by male offenders, living as family, mainly by their parents. No association was found between child violence and the socioeconomic and demographic.

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