Epidemiological Study of Violence against Children and Its Increase during the COVID-19 Pandemic

The aim of this study was to identify the epidemiological profiles of violence against children, victims, and their aggressors, and their correlations between socioeconomic and demographic factors analyzed before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. This was a cross-sectional, retrospective observational study based on a review of Individual Notification Forms from the Information System for Notifiable Diseases, including child victims of violence, under 18 years, assisted by a pediatric emergency service in Brazil, from 2016–2020. Data were stratified, then statistical analysis was performed using the two-proportion equality test and the Chi-square test, with p < 0.05 and a 95% confidence interval. A total of 609 notifications were analyzed and a prevalence of sexual violence (63.2%) was reported. The prevalent profile of victim was female (76.7%), aged between 2–9 years (38.1%) and 14–18 years (35.6%). The violence occurs in the victim’s home (58.9%). The prevalent profile of perpetrator was male (82.4%), young adolescent (59.2%), living as family (64%), mainly the parents (18.4%). No correlation was found between the classified socioeconomic and demographic variables and violence. There was an increase in notifications during the COVID-19 pandemic, compared to the same period in the previous year; self-harm was reported in 59.7% of physical violence in 2020. Prevalence of sexual violence was higher for females, aged between 2–9 and 14–18 years, victimized in their homes, by male offenders, living as family, mainly by their parents. No association was found between child violence and the socioeconomic and demographic.

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Pengalaman Orang Tua Sebagai Prediktor Pengetahuan, Sikap, Self Efficacy Orang Tua Dalam Edukasi Pencegahan Kekerasan Seksual Pada Anak

Jurnal Ilmiah PANNMED (Pharmacist, Analyst, Nurse, Nutrition, Midwivery, Environment, Dentist) ◽

10.36911/pannmed.v16i3.1218 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 (3) ◽

pp. 686-691

Author(s):

Crisdiansyah1 ◽

Linda Suwarni ◽

Selviana3 ◽

Vidyastuti ◽

Helfi Nolia

Keyword(s):

Sexual Violence ◽

Self Efficacy ◽

Parental Education ◽

Good Knowledge ◽

P Value ◽

Chi Square ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Violence Against Children ◽

Chi Square Test ◽

Quantitative Design

Background: Parental education is important in preventing sexual violence against children. Parents need good knowledge, attitudes, and self-efficacy to educate their children, though their effectiveness is affected by various factors. Objective: This study aimed to predict the knowledge, attitudes, and self-efficacy of parents in education to prevent sexual violence in children. Methods: A quantitative design with a cross-sectional approach was used. The sample is 400 parents who have children aged 12-17 years. Data was collected through direct interviews and analyzed using univariate and bivariate (Chi-Square test with 95% CI). Results: the experience of parents receiving education on preventing sexual violence against children correlate with knowledge (p-value = 0.012), attitude (p-value = 0.0000) and self-efficacy (p-value = 0.000). Conclusion: The experience of parents helps predict knowledge, attitudes, and self-efficacy in providing education to prevent sexual violence against children.)

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Violence against women before and during gestation: differences in prevalence rates and perpetrators

Revista Brasileira de Saúde Materno Infantil ◽

10.1590/1806-93042020000200010 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 20 (2) ◽

pp. 491-501

Author(s):

Marizélia Rodrigues Costa Ribeiro ◽

Bianca Portela Teles Pessoa ◽

Galvani Ascar Sauaia ◽

Lilia Blima Schraiber ◽

Rejane Christine de Sousa Queiroz ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Sexual Violence ◽

Violence Against Women ◽

Physical Violence ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Intimate Partner ◽

Psychological Violence ◽

Community Members ◽

Chi Square ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Chi Square Test

Abstract Objectives: to analyze differences in prevalence and perpetrators of violence against women before and during pregnancy. Methods: this is a cross-sectional study with a sample of 1,446 pregnant women interviewed in 2010 and 2011 in the São Luís municipality (Brazil). Thirteen questions measured psychological, physical and sexual violence in the 12 months before and during pregnancy. Psychological/physical/sexual violence was defined as any type of violence perpetrated against the interviewees. The perpetrators were categorized into intimate partner, other family members, community members, and multiple perpetrators. Differences between violence before and during pregnancy were analyzed by the chi-square test. Results: psychological/physical/sexual and psychological violence were more prevalent during pregnancy than before gestation (p<0.001). Insults, humiliation and intimidation (p<0.05) were more frequently reported during pregnancy. An intimate partner was the most frequent perpetrator. There were no differences in the percentage of moderate and severe forms of physical violence and sexual violence, recurrence of aggressions and perpetrators in both periods (p>0.05). Conclusions: gestation did not protect users of prenatal services in São Luís municipality from psychological, physical and sexual violence. Psychological/physical/sexual and psychological violence were more commonly practiced during pregnancy. The perpetrators of violence in the year before gestation continued to abuse the interviewees during pregnancy

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CHARACTERIZATION OF SEXUAL VIOLENCE IN A STATE FROM THE SOUTHEAST REGION OF BRAZIL

Texto & Contexto - Enfermagem ◽

10.1590/1980-265x-tce-2018-0183 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 28 ◽

Author(s):

Lidieine Gonçalves Kataguiri ◽

Lúcia Marina Scatena ◽

Leiner Resende Rodrigues ◽

Sybelle de Souza Castro

Keyword(s):

Sexual Violence ◽

Physical Violence ◽

Health Department ◽

Minas Gerais ◽

White Female ◽

Chi Square ◽

Female Victims ◽

Minas Gerais State ◽

Correspondence Factor Analysis ◽

Chi Square Test

ABSTRACT Objective: to verify the association between victims of sexual violence and the sociodemographic aspects related to exposure in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Method: an ecological study, where the database of the Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação, SINAN provided by the Minas Gerais State Health Department was used. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, the chi-square test, and Multiple Correspondence Factor Analysis (p≤0.05). Results: stepfathers were the predominant offenders, associated with schooling from 0 to 4th grade, brown-skinned ethnicity, and the residence as place of occurrence. When the offender was the father, there was association with an unknown place of occurrence, followed by the residence, abuse of male children between 0 and 9 years old, and living in municipalities from 200 to 500 thousand inhabitants. Stranger aggressors were associated with white female victims aged 15 years old or over, schooling between 5th grade and higher education, single act of sexual violence, in which physical violence was used and occurrence on public roads. Conclusion: sexual violence affects mainly women and children, the former being attacked on public roads and the latter in their own home environment by a known offender.

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Physical violence and alcohol drinking consumption among teenagers

Journal of Human Growth and Development ◽

10.7322/jhgd.152172 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 28 (3) ◽

pp. 273-277

Author(s):

Amanda Pacheco de Carvalho ◽

Carolina Da Franca ◽

Valdenice Aparecida de Menezes

Keyword(s):

Alcohol Consumption ◽

Maternal Education ◽

Physical Violence ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Social Changes ◽

Chi Square ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Exact Test ◽

Adolescent Students ◽

Chi Square Test

Introduction: Adolescence is a period of transition, between childhood and adulthood marked by biological, psychological and social changes. These changes characterize the situations of vulnerability to which these individuals are exposed. Objective: The aim of this study was to examine the association between alcohol consumption and involvement in physical violence among adolescent students in the city of Olinda, Pernambuco, Brazil. Methods: This was a pilot, cross-sectional, study conducted with adolescents enrolled in high school. The Youth Risk Behavior Survey questionnaire was applied in the classroom and questions were taken from the modules on alcohol consumption, violence and socioeconomic data. Analysis of associations was performed using the Chi-square test, or Fisher’s exact test when the Chi-square parameters were not met. Results: Involvement in physical altercations was associated with male gender (p = 0.001), alcohol consumption in the last 30 days (p = 0.019), binge drinking (p = 0.022) and higher maternal education (p = 0.037). Conclusion: There was an association between the consumption of alcohol by adolescents and physical violence. These results are an indication of the vulnerability to which this population is exposed and is a warning of the need for further studies to investigate this issue.

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Characteristics of violence against children in a Brazilian Capital

Revista Latino-Americana de Enfermagem ◽

10.1590/s0104-11692012000200008 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 20 (2) ◽

pp. 266-273 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

Maíra Rosa Apostólico ◽

Caroline Rife Nóbrega ◽

Rebeca Nunes Guedes ◽

Rosa Maria Godoy Serpa da Fonseca ◽

Emiko Yoshikawa Egry

Keyword(s):

Retrospective Study ◽

Sexual Violence ◽

Gender Relations ◽

Physical Violence ◽

Quantitative Approach ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Violence Against Children ◽

Frequent Type ◽

The Social ◽

Forms Of Violence

The purpose of this exploratory, descriptive and retrospective study with a quantitative approach was to characterize violence against children in Curitiba. Reports of 2004 through 2008 about compulsory denouncements of violence cases were analyzed. The results showed an increase in violence, with home violence as the most frequent type and five to nine-year-olds as the most affected group, and negligence and physical violence as the most denounced forms of violence. Almost 81% of the sexual violence is performed against girls and the father is the main aggressor, showing inequality in gender relations and between generations. The importance of notification as a visibility instrument is highlighted. Other confrontation measures are necessary though, such as the promotion of equitable relationships of gender and generation, and cross-sectional policies that involve the social segments in a praxis that transforms reality.

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Cross-sectional survey of underreported violence experienced by adolescents: a study from Indonesia

BMC Public Health ◽

10.1186/s12889-021-12427-8 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 22 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Yoni Syukriani ◽

A. Noviandhari ◽

N. Arisanti ◽

E. P. Setiawati ◽

V. K. Rusmil ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Middle School ◽

Child Abuse ◽

Early Detection ◽

Sexual Violence ◽

Physical Violence ◽

Simple Random Sampling ◽

Large Sample Size ◽

Cross Sectional Survey ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Victims Of Violence

Abstract Background Global studies on adolescent victims of violence require serious attention due to the possibility that underreported cases may be higher than official records indicate. Since Indonesia expects to witness a demographic bonus, extensive research is needed to strengthen early detection, case handling, and prevention. Here, we report the outcomes of a survey on physical, verbal, and sexual violence experienced by adolescents in West Java, an Indonesian province inhabited by 18% of the country’s total population. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional survey in 2017 using the International Society for the Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect (ISPCAN) Child Abuse Screening Tool for Children (ICAST-C) questionnaire for detecting child abuse; an expert panel translated, simplified, and validated it based on a theoretical framework that combines paediatrics, public health, and medicolegal perspectives. We aimed to cover a large sample size and explore three types of violence (physical, verbal, and sexual) that have high evidentiary value in the forensic context. The respondents were adolescents in the first and second grades of middle school (12 to 14 years old) and high school (15 to 17 years old) in seven cities/municipalities in the province, selected through several stages of simple random sampling (N = 3452). We analysed the samples through univariate (percentage), odds ratio (OR), comparison, correlation, and correspondence analyses. Results The results showed that 78.7% of the adolescents experienced violence in 2017, comprising those who encountered at least one incidence of physical violence (43.1%), verbal violence (12.2%), and sexual violence (4.5%). Data overlap includes 14.3% who experienced one type of violence in 2017, 7.4% who experienced two forms of violence, and 1.4% who underwent all three kinds of violence. The offenders were mainly adolescents across all types of violence, except for being forced to engage in sexual intercourse. Several victims of sexual violence did not state who the offenders were. Further, several characteristics showed a higher chance of experiencing violence than other characteristics, especially for adolescents who were still in middle school and those who lived only with their mothers. Correspondence analysis suggested subtle differences between characteristics. Conclusion We expect this study to help identify risk and protective factors that are essential to strengthening early detection efforts, decisive medicolegal examinations, case handling, and policy-making.

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Utilização do serviço de urgência pediátrica: a experiência de um centro português

Scientia Medica ◽

10.15448/1980-6108.2017.1.24919 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 27 (1) ◽

pp. 24919

Author(s):

Margarida S. Rafael ◽

Sofia Portela ◽

Paulo Sousa ◽

Adalberto Campos Fernandes

Keyword(s):

Emergency Department ◽

Emergency Services ◽

Pediatric Emergency ◽

Pediatric Emergency Department ◽

Chi Square ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Significance Level ◽

Manchester Triage System ◽

Chi Square Test ◽

Almost All

DOI: 10.15448/1980-6108.2017.1.24919Aims: The excess demand for pediatric emergency services has caused much concern among health professionals and hospital administrators. The aim of this study was to assess the utilization of a pediatric emergency department and to determine whether its use was injudicious. Methods: Retrospective cross-sectional analysis of all emergency cases treated throughout 2012 in a general hospital located in the metropolitan area of Lisbon, Portugal. The data were obtained from the hospital’s computer information system. Each patient was submitted at admission to the Manchester triage system adapted for Portugal, and the episodes were categorized into immediate, very urgent, urgent, standard, non-urgent, and not classified. All those episodes classified as standard and non-urgent were denoted as unjustified urgent episodes. The data were collected anonymously and analyzed by the IBM SPSS Statistics software using the chi-square test and one-way ANOVA at a 5% significance level (p<0.05).Results: We analyzed 37,099 pediatric emergency department episodes, of which 19,478 patients were male (53%), the median age was 4 years (interquartile range of 1-9 years), and 78.4% were up to 10 years old. Of all the episodes, 21,177 (57.1%) were classified as standard and 15,470 (41.6%) as urgent or very urgent. Of these patients, 27,294 (73.6%) used the emergency department during the week and 28,679 (77.3%) between 10 a.m. and 12 a.m. It was found that in 90.8% of very urgent, 97.1% of urgent, and 99.4% of standard episodes, patients were discharged without the need for hospitalization. Conclusions: More than half of the children who used the pediatric emergency department had standard or non-urgent needs, and almost all of them were discharged with follow-up recommendations by the attending physician. Most of the episodes occurred during opening hours of primary healthcare centers.

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Characteristics of violence against women in Campina Grande, north-eastern Brazil

Tanzania Journal of Health Research ◽

10.4314/thrb.v18i2.8 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 18 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Lorena Marques Nobrega ◽

Gigliana Maria Sobral Cavalcante ◽

Italo de Macedo Bernardino ◽

Ana Flávia Granville-Garcia ◽

Efigênia Ferreira Ferreira ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Violence Against Women ◽

Young Women ◽

Physical Violence ◽

Chi Square ◽

Female Victims ◽

Eastern Brazil ◽

Significant Difference ◽

North Eastern ◽

Chi Square Test ◽

Victims Of Violence

Background: Violence against women can have serious consequences, where these victims are affected physically, psychologically, and socially. The aim of this study was to shed light on the sociodemographic characteristics and the characteristics of the conflict suffered by the female victims of violence, who were referred to a forensic medicine and dentistry service in an industrialized city in North-eastern Brazil. Methods: This study was performed in Campina Grande, Paraiba State (PB), Brazil, involving the analysis of 1704 reports of physical aggression in 2010; 883 reports involving female victims were selected. Sociodemographic data of the victims, circumstances of events, and characteristics of injuries were investigated. Data analysis included descriptive statistics, and chi-square test (p <0.05). Results: The sample consisted of young women, with mean age of 29.3 years, mostly unmarried, with little education, and mostly not working. The most frequent aggressor was a male known to the victim. The events were mostly a result of non-instrumental aggression, causing multiple injuries. There was statistically significant difference between whether the aggressor was or was not a family member and marital status of the victim (p<.001), and a significant difference between the use of instrument in the conflict and the presence of facial injuries was found (p<.001). Young women accounted for a high proportion of victims of physical violence. A high percentage of facial traumas was observed. Conclusion: Given the consequences of such trauma and its prevalence, it is important that future studies be conducted to highlight the risk factors, and to develop policies to combat violence against women.

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Domestic Violence and Postpartum Depression

Jurnal NERS ◽

10.20473/jn.v15i2.16930 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 15 (2) ◽

pp. 135

Author(s):

Winnellia Fridina Sandy ◽

Djaswadi Dasuki ◽

Elli Nur Hayati ◽

Suhariyanto Suhariyanto

Keyword(s):

Domestic Violence ◽

Postpartum Depression ◽

Sexual Violence ◽

Physical Violence ◽

Secondary Data ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Psychological Violence ◽

Chi Square ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Central Java

Introduction: Domestic violence occurs at all levels of society. Evidence shows that sexual, physical and psychological violence are predisposing factors of postpartum depression. This study was aimed to determine the relationship between domestic violence and postpartum depression.Methods: This research adopted quantitative method through observational with a cross-sectional study design by analyzing secondary data from SEHATI longitudinal surveillance. A total of 232 women was selected as sample using a purposive sampling method, with the sample criterion being mothers with children <2 years old located in Purworejo District, Central Java, consisting of 16 sub-districts and 494 villages. The data obtained were analyzed using the chi square statistical test and binomial regression test.Results: The results of the quantitative data showed that physical violence against postpartum depression (PR = 1.7; 95% CI = 1.23-2.38), psychic violence against postpartum depression (PR = 1.9; 95% CI = 1.44-2.54), and sexual violence against postpartum depression (PR-2.0; 95% CI = 1.54-2.65). The result of the qualitative data showed that postpartum depression occurred due to domestic violence.Conclusion: Physical, psychological and sexual violence in the household are significantly related to postpartum depression.

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Occurrence of violence in the elderly and its associated factors

Revista Brasileira de Enfermagem ◽

10.1590/0034-7167-2018-0014 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 72 (suppl 2) ◽

pp. 64-70 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Paulo Henrique Silva Maia ◽

Efigênia Ferreira e Ferreira ◽

Elza Machado de Melo ◽

Andréa Maria Duarte Vargas

Keyword(s):

Associated Factors ◽

Physical Violence ◽

Family Relationship ◽

The Elderly ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Structured Interviews ◽

Chi Square ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Chi Square Test ◽

Forms Of Violence

ABSTRACT Objective: to analyze the occurrence of violence in the elderly and its associated factors in the city of Betim, Minas Gerais. Method: cross-sectional study constituted by a population survey conducted through structured interviews. The sample was stratified by clusters and included 178 elderly people at the end. Data were analyzed by the chi-square test and was performed a Correspondence Analysis. Results: The most prevalent forms of violence were: lack of access to social rights (31%), verbal violence (22%), moral/psychological (19%), lack of care (16%), physical violence (6%), sexual (3%) and discrimination (3%). Women suffered more abuse than men and violence had greater association with the degree of depressive symptoms. Conclusion: our research has direct implication for the sectors interested in coping with violence in the elderly, especially for nurses, because it shows violence is part of a cycle with characteristic associated factors that conforms a model nested mainly in the family relationship.

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