AGRO-ECONOMIC INDICATORS FOR CARROT UNDER GREEN MANURE IN A SEMI-ARID ENVIRONMENT

ABSTRACT Green manuring is an important management strategy in tuberous vegetable production systems, since it improves the physical, chemical and biological properties of the soil and, consequently, increases in crop productivity and ecosystem balance. The objective of this work was to evaluate the agro-economic efficiency of carrot cultivation as a function of Calotropis procera biomass amounts incorporated into the soil during two growing seasons in a semiarid environment. The experiments were conducted in an experimental design of randomized complete blocks, with four treatments and five replications. The treatments consisted of four C. procera biomass amounts (20, 35, 50 and 65 t ha-1) incorporated into the soil. In each experiment, one plot with carrot without fertilization (control) was planted, for the purpose of comparison. The characteristics evaluated in the carrot were productivities of total and commercial roots, classified productivity of roots and production economic indicators. The maximum productivity of carrot roots of 35.90 t ha-1 was possible with the incorporation of 47.60 t ha-1 of C. procera biomass into the soil. The maximum net income of R$ 33.744,07 ha-1 in the cultivation of this vegetable it was achieved with the addition of the C. procera biomass amount to the soil of 42.81 t ha-1. The return rates obtained for the carrot cultivation in these optimized quantities were 1.53 and 1.28, respectively, of those achieved in the control treatment (without fertilization).

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ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF LETTUCE FERTILIZED WITH BIOMASS OF Calotropis procera IN TWO GROWING SEASONS

Revista Caatinga ◽

10.1590/1983-21252019v32n104rc ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 32 (1) ◽

pp. 27-40

Author(s):

Ênio Gomes Flôr Souza ◽

Falkner Michael de Sousa Santana ◽

Bruno Novaes Menezes Martins ◽

Ygor Henrique Leal ◽

Aurélio Paes Barros Júnior ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Green Manure ◽

Production Systems ◽

Organic Production ◽

Production Costs ◽

Calotropis Procera ◽

Vegetable Production ◽

Growing Seasons ◽

Yield Production ◽

Green Mass Yield ◽

Intensive Land Use

ABSTRACT Vegetable production is an impactful activity, characterized by intensive land use, high input demand, and it requires strategic management adoption, especially in sustainable production systems, where the pillars of sustainability (environmental, social and economic) must be respected. In this sense, the objective of this work was to evaluate economic indicators of lettuce production using Caatinga spontaneous species (Calotropis procera: rooster tree) as fertilizer and cultivated in two seasons (spring and fall-winter) in the municipality of Serra Talhada, PE. The experimental design was in randomized blocks, arranged in a 4 x 4 factorial scheme, with three replications. The first factor was the biomass amounts of green manure (5.4, 8.8, 12.2 and 15.6 t ha-1 on a dry basis); and the second was their incorporation times in the soil (0, 10, 20 and 30 days before lettuce transplanting). The green mass yield, production costs, rate of return, and net profit margin were determined. The amount 15.6 t ha-1 of C. procera allowed higher profitability to the organic production of lettuce, and it is considered ideal to incorporate the green manure 11 (spring) and 15 (fall-winter) days before transplanting the vegetable. The spring crop promoted a superior economic return to the fall-winter planting, demonstrating economic viability even in the smallest amount of C. procera.

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Survey of Compost Use by South Florida Vegetable Growers

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.39.4.795a ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 39 (4) ◽

pp. 795A-795

Author(s):

Monica Ozores-Hampton*

Keyword(s):

Species Richness ◽

Soil Quality ◽

Production Systems ◽

Anaerobic Bacteria ◽

Biological Properties ◽

South Florida ◽

Growth And Yield ◽

Vegetable Production ◽

Vegetable Crops ◽

Total Species Richness

The success of long-term vegetable production and maintenance of environmental quality is dependent on soil quality. Indicators of soil quality include cation exchange capacity (CEC), organic matter (OM), carbon (C), pH, and the number and community structure of soil organisms. The use of appropriate compost has been shown to improve soil quality and enhance the response to fertilizer, therefore improving growth and yield of vegetable crops. The objective of this study was to evaluate changes in the chemical and biological properties of soil in response to compost use in conventional vegetables production systems. A survey was conducted on 5 farms (three in Immokalee, and one each in Delray Beach, and Clewiston) growing tomato, pepper, and specialty vegetables. Most of the farms were applying composted yard trimming waste alone or in combination with biosolids or horse manure at application rates of between 7 to 112 Mg·ha-1 once a year. Soil samples were taken from composted and non-composted areas in each farm during Feb. and Mar. 2002. Soil pH, OM, C, K, Ca, Mg, Cu, Fe, MN and Zn were higher in the composted areas compared with the non-composted areas for each farm. CEC values in composted areas were double those in non-composted areas. Most importantly, application of compost enhanced the overall soil microbial activity as determined by total microorganism number, SRD (species richness diversity), and TSRD (total species richness diversity) of six functional groups including heterotrophic aerobic bacteria, anaerobic bacteria, fungi, actinomycetes, pseudomonads, and nitrogen-fixing bacteria, in all the participating farms. The greatest soil quality improvement was seen in soils receiving the highest rates of compost for the longest time.

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Yields, Fruit Quality, and Water Use in a Jalapeno Pepper and Tomatoes under Open Field and High-tunnel Production Systems in the Texas High Plains

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci15143-20 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 55 (10) ◽

pp. 1632-1641

Author(s):

Hyungmin Rho ◽

Paul Colaizzi ◽

James Gray ◽

Li Paetzold ◽

Qingwu Xue ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Water Use ◽

Production Systems ◽

Severe Weather ◽

High Plains ◽

Vegetable Production ◽

Crop Water ◽

High Tunnel ◽

Growing Seasons ◽

Texas High Plains ◽

High Winds

The Texas High Plains has a semi-arid, hot, windy climate that features high evapotranspiration (ET) demands for crop production. Irrigation is essential for vegetable production in the region, but it is constrained by depleting groundwater from the Ogallala Aquifer. High-tunnel (HT) production systems may reduce irrigation water demand and protect crops from severe weather events (e.g., hail, high wind, freezing) common to the region. The objective of this study was to compare yields, fruit quality, crop water use, and crop water use efficiency (WUE) of jalapeno pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) and tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum L.) in HT and open field (OF) production systems. We hypothesized that the protection from dry and high winds by HT would improve yields and quality of fruits and reduce water use of peppers and tomatoes. During the 2018 and 2019 growing seasons, peppers and tomatoes were transplanted on two HT plots and two identical OF plots. Plastic mulch was used in combination with a surface drip irrigation system. Micrometeorological variables (incoming solar irradiance, air temperature, relative humidity, and wind speed) and soil physical variables (soil temperature and volumetric soil water) were measured. Air temperatures were significantly higher during the daytime, and wind speed and light intensity were significantly lower in HT compared with OF. Despite the lower light intensity, yields were greater in HT compared with OF. The fruits grown in HT did not show significant differences in chemical quality attributes, such as ascorbic acid and lycopene contents, compared with those grown in OF. Because of protection from dry, high winds, plants in HT required less total water over the growing seasons compared with OF, resulting in increased WUE. The 2018 and 2019 data showed that HT production is advantageous as compared to conventional OF production in terms of increased WUE and severe weather risk mitigation for high-value vegetable production in the Texas High Plains.

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EFECTO DE DIFERENTES ABONOS ORGÁNICOS EN LA PRODUCCIÓN DE TOMATE (Solanum lycopersicum, L)/ EFFECT OF DIFFERENT ORGANIC FERTILIZERS ON THE PRODUCTION OF TOMATO (Solanum lycopersicum, L)

Biotecnia ◽

10.18633/biotecnia.v18i3.333 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 18 (3) ◽

pp. 33-36

Author(s):

Ricardo Augusto Luna Murillo ◽

Juan José Reyes Pérez ◽

Kleber Augusto Espinosa Cunuhay ◽

Marcelo Vicente Luna Murillo ◽

Fiamma Valeria Luna Quintana ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Solanum Lycopersicum ◽

Production Systems ◽

Block Design ◽

Positive Influence ◽

Organic Production ◽

Organic Fertilizers ◽

Control Treatment ◽

Vegetable Production ◽

Solanum Lycopersicum L ◽

Randomized Block Design

Entre los sistemas de producción orgánica bajo condiciones controladas, la producción de hortalizas con aplicación de enmiendas es una práctica que se ha extendido a escala mundial. El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar los efectos de los abonos orgánicos sobre algunas variables de producción en plantas de tomate. Las evaluaciones se realizaron a los 65 días después del trasplante, utilizándose abonos orgánicos edáficos y foliares y un tratamiento control. Los tratamientos fueron aplicados una vez sembradas las plantas a los 30 días, siguiendo un diseño experimental de bloques al azar. Sobre la base de los resultados obtenidos se comprobó que a los 65 días después de la siembra, los abonos humus de lombriz más ácido húmico tienen una influencia positiva sobre el número y peso total de frutos; el tratamiento bocaschi más ácido húmico fue superior al diámetro del fruto. ABSTRACTAmong the organic production systems under controlled conditions, vegetable production with application of amendments is a practice that has spread worldwide. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of organic fertilizers on some production variables tomato plants. Evaluations were performed at 65 days after transplantation, using different soil and foliar organic fertilizers and a control treatment. The treatments were applied once planted plants at 30 days, following an experimental randomized block design. Based on the results obtained it was found that at 65 days after sowing, the humus fertilizer more acids plus humic have a positive influence on the total number of fruits, and the total weight of fruits, and treatment bocaschi plus humic acid was higher in the diameter of the fruit.

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Thermal Simulation of a Screenhouse Proposed for Fruit and Vegetable Production in the Lowlands of Panama

International Journal of Heat and Technology ◽

10.18280/ijht.390407 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 39 (4) ◽

pp. 1097-1106

Author(s):

Edwin Villagrán

Keyword(s):

Production Systems ◽

Abiotic Factors ◽

Crop Productivity ◽

Climatic Conditions ◽

Economic Losses ◽

Vegetable Production ◽

Socioeconomic Conditions ◽

Warm Climate ◽

Computational Fluid Dynamics Simulations ◽

Dynamics Simulations

In developing countries, open field agricultural production is highly vulnerable to biotic and abiotic factors limiting crop productivity, generating economic losses and affecting food security. Therefore, one of the strategies that can improve these production systems is the implementation of the crops under cover technically adapted to the climatic and socioeconomic conditions of each region. The objective of this research was to analyze the thermal behavior and airflow patterns of an insect-proof screenhouse through computational fluid dynamics simulations using a 3D model. The results obtained for the multiannual monthly climatic conditions of a warm climate region in Panama showed that the airflow velocities inside the structure were lower between 76.8 and 80.2% with respect to the external velocity. The most critical scenarios showed temperature differences below 2℃ inside the screenhouse with respect to the outside. This value can be considered low as compared to the behavior of naturally ventilated greenhouses.

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Combined biochar and organic waste have little effect on chemical soil properties and plant growth

Spanish Journal of Soil Science ◽

10.3232/sjss.2019.v9.n3.04 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 ◽

Author(s):

Manuel Ângelo Rodrigues ◽

Tais Garmus ◽

Margarida Arrobas ◽

Alexandre Gonçalves ◽

Ermelinda Silva ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Plant Growth ◽

Soil Properties ◽

Organic Waste ◽

Organic Amendments ◽

Crop Productivity ◽

Biological Properties ◽

Mineral Fertilization ◽

Soil C ◽

Growing Seasons ◽

Olive Mill

Biochar has received great attention as a soil conditioner since it can potentially sequester carbon (C) in soil, enhance soil physical, chemical and biological properties and improve crop productivity. This study reports the results of a pot experiment with olive (Olea europaea L.), carried out in an acidic and clay loam textured soil, and cultivated during two growing seasons under eight fertilization treatments. They included mineral fertilization equivalent to a rate of 100 kg ha-1 of N, P2O5 and K2O (NPK), biochar applied at a rate of 10 (B10), and at 20 (B20) t biochar ha-1, biochar-NPK mixture (B10+NPK), biochar-waste mixtures with mushroom waste compost (B10+MWC), olive mill waste (B10 + OMW), and municipal solid waste (B10+MSW), the organic materials applied at a rate of 20 t ha-1, together with a treatment without fertilization (control). Biochar in the B20 treatment increased the soil C content in comparison to the control. Biochar in the B10+NPK treatment reduced soil nitrate levels compared to NPK treatment. No other benefits to soil properties, nutrient uptake or plant growth were observed with the use of biochar or any positive synergistic effect with the mixture of biochar with the other organic amendments. MSW, OMW and MWC tended to increase soil pH in comparison to the control. Most of the studies with biochar were carried out in soils with edaphic limitations or harsh environmental conditions limiting plant growth, which may have facilitated the detection of favorable effects. Under less limited soils or stressful conditions for plants, such as the ones established in this experiment, the benefits of using biochar were poor.

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Effect of Plastic Mulch Type on Fomesafen Dissipation in Florida Vegetable Production Systems

Weed Science ◽

10.1017/wsc.2017.48 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 66 (1) ◽

pp. 142-148 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Thomas V. Reed ◽

Nathan S. Boyd ◽

P. Christopher Wilson ◽

Peter J. Dittmar

Keyword(s):

Cover Crops ◽

Field Experiments ◽

Production Systems ◽

Oxidase Inhibitor ◽

Vegetable Production ◽

Plastic Mulch ◽

Purple Nutsedge ◽

Growing Seasons ◽

High Concentrations ◽

Polyethylene Mulch

Mulches used in plasticulture systems could decrease dissipation of fomesafen, a protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitor, and dissuade producers from using the herbicide for fear of crop injury in subsequent growing seasons. Field experiments were conducted in Balm, FL, in 2015 and 2016 to investigate the effect of different plastic mulches on fomesafen dissipation, squash tolerance, and efficacy on purple nutsedge. Squash was injured less than 5% from fomesafen applications. The use of plastic mulches reduced purple nutsedge density at transplant by 60% compared with the no-mulch treatment. At transplant, treatments with low-density polyethylene mulch (LDPE), virtually impermeable film (VIF), and totally impermeable film (TIF) mulch had greater than 2-fold the fomesafen concentrations than treatments with clear or no mulch. At harvest in 2015, LDPE, VIF, and TIF treatments had greater fomesafen concentrations than clear and no-mulch treatments; however, concentrations in 2016 were similar for all treatments. Fomesafen can persist at high concentrations throughout the growing season in Florida plasticulture possibly limiting producer options for crop rotation and the use of cover crops.

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Comparison of Crop Rotation for Verticillium Wilt Management and Effect on Pythium Species in Conventional and Organic Strawberry Production

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis-93-5-0519 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 93 (5) ◽

pp. 519-527 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

Samuel M. C. Njoroge ◽

Zahangir Kabir ◽

Frank N. Martin ◽

Steven T. Koike ◽

Krishna V. Subbarao

Keyword(s):

Crop Rotation ◽

Verticillium Wilt ◽

Production Systems ◽

Growth Yield ◽

Organic Production ◽

Control Treatment ◽

Production Cycle ◽

Vegetable Production ◽

Population Densities ◽

Nutrient Analysis

The effects of broccoli and lettuce rotations on population densities of Verticillium dahliae and Pythium spp. in soil and on strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa) growth, yield, and Verticillium wilt were evaluated in conventional and organic production systems in California for 2 years. Under both management systems, strawberry was planted after two successive crops of broccoli or lettuce. The control treatment in the conventional field was strawberry planted in soils fumigated with methyl bromide + chloropicrin. Preplant densities of V. dahliae and Pythium sp. did not differ in these fields. At the end of the second broccoli crop, V. dahliae densities in conventional plots had declined by 44% in both years. In contrast, after the second broccoli crop, densities in organic fields decreased 47% in 2000 and 25% in 2001. In general, there were no differences in V. dahliae inoculum densities in organic and conventional plots following lettuce rotations. After the second vegetable production cycle, population densities of V. dahliae in broccoli rotated organic (24 CFU/g of soil in 2000 and 27 CFU/g of soil in 2001) or conventional (23 CFU/g of soil in 2000 and 19 CFU/g of soil in 2001) fields were significantly lower than those in lettuce rotated organic (40 CFU/g of soil in 2000 and 42 CFU/g of soil in 2001) or conventional (39 CFU/g of soil in 2000 and 35 CFU/g of soil in 2001) fields. However, crop rotation treatments had no consistent effect on the inoculum densities of Pythium spp. Canopy diameters of strawberry plants grown in rotation with broccoli were not different from those in fumigated control plots, whereas those from lettuce plots were 10% smaller. Strawberry plant nutrient analysis showed that fertilizer inputs into organic or conventional production were not responsible for the observed differences in plant size. Increases in strawberry yields were not consistent between years. Verticillium wilt incidence on strawberry was 12 to 24% lower in fields rotated with broccoli compared with fields rotated with lettuce. Wilt severity on strawberry was 22 to 36% lower in fields rotated with broccoli compared with those rotated with lettuce. The strategy of using broccoli rotation coupled with postharvest incorporation of broccoli residue continues to show promise as a tool in the management of Verticillium wilt in both conventional and organic strawberry production systems.

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Effect of fertilization on yield, net income and soil environment in Qingdao protected vegetable production systems

CHINESE JOURNAL OF ECO-AGRICULTURE ◽

10.3724/sp.j.1011.2011.01261 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 19 (6) ◽

pp. 1261-1267

Author(s):

Jun-Ling GAO ◽

Chao-Yu SONG ◽

Yu-Jun WANG ◽

Ji-Wei TANG ◽

Zhao-Fa SUN ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Production Systems ◽

Vegetable Production ◽

Net Income ◽

Soil Environment

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Living Mulches in Field Cultivation of Vegetables

Vegetable Crops Research Bulletin ◽

10.2478/v10032-009-0002-2 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 70 (1) ◽

pp. 19-29 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Katarzyna Adamczewska-Sowińska ◽

Eugeniusz Kołota ◽

Sylwia Winiarska

Keyword(s):

Production Systems ◽

Research Work ◽

Sowing Date ◽

Biological Properties ◽

Pepper Plant ◽

Vegetable Production ◽

Planting Dates ◽

Protective Function ◽

Companion Plants ◽

The Right

Living Mulches in Field Cultivation of VegetablesLiving mulches as an element of vegetable cultivation in the integrated and ecological production systems perform a protective function towards the soil and the cultivated crops. They improve the physical, chemical and biological properties of the soil, and reduce weed and pest infestation. At the same time, however, they compete with vegetable plants for nutrients, water and space, and that is why research work has been carried out with the aim of minimizing this competition. The success of vegetable production with the assistance of living mulches depends on the right selection of the species, sowing or planting dates, as well as the means of controlling the growth of the companion plants. The experiments carried out at the Department of Horticulture of Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences demonstrated the usefulness of white clover and pink serradella as living mulches for tomato and leek, and of perennial ryegrass for pepper. Controlling the biomass of companion plants by regular mowing brought about a 2-17.2% increase in the yield of tomato fruits. The most favourable sowing date for these plants in the cultivation of pepper was week 9 and 12 of pepper plant growth, and week 4 and 6 in the cultivation of leek.

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