scholarly journals A reflection on the role of women in Science, Dentistry and Brazilian Orthodontics

2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Cátia Cardoso Abdo QUINTÃO ◽  
Luísa Schubach da Costa BARRETO ◽  
Luciane Macedo de MENEZES
Keyword(s):  
Women In Science ◽  
Professional Organizations ◽  
Western World ◽  
Female Presidents ◽  
Participation Of Women ◽  
Consistent Manner ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Professional Leadership ◽  
Professional Fields

ABSTRACT Introduction: This paper reviews the history of women scientists in the ‘Western world’, whilst highlighting the persistent socio-structural issues that have led to the hiding and masking of the participation of women in Science. Further, a reflection is made of the situation of Dentistry, specifically in the field of Orthodontics in Brazil. The difference between genders is discussed, with the intention to map the progress of women in management and leadership positions, in both the academic and professional fields. Description: In Brazil, within Dentistry and Orthodontics, despite being in a numerical majority, women are still underrepresented in the area of professional leadership. This is true for Research Groups and Research Productivity; an example being the relatively low authorship of publications in a Brazilian journal of Orthodontics. They are also underrepresented as lead presenters at professional meetings, whilst there are also few female Presidents of professional organizations and associations. Conclusion: Despite being in a numerical majority, it is also important that women act in a more co-ordinated and consistent manner to achieve greater representation in these areas. The necessary changes in the structure in order to achieve this are not only of women and for women, but they must also involve the whole of society so that leadership, rights and duties are equally distributed between the genders.

scholarly journals Stellar Populations in High-z Galaxy Mergers

1999 ◽  
Vol 186 ◽  
pp. 202-202
Author(s):  
Yasuhiro Shioya ◽  
Kenji Bekki
Keyword(s):  
Star Formation ◽  
Chemical Evolution ◽  
Stellar Populations ◽  
Star Formation History ◽  
Galaxy Mergers ◽  
Formation History ◽  
Self Consistent ◽  
Consistent Manner ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Difference

We investigate the nature of stellar populations of major galaxy mergers between late-type spirals considerably abundant in interstellar medium by performing numerical simulations designed to solve both the dynamical and chemical evolution in a self-consistent manner. We particularly consider that the star formation history of galaxy mergers is a crucial determinant for the nature of stellar populations of merger remnants, and therefore investigate how the difference in star formation history between galaxy mergers affects the chemical evolution of galaxy mergers.

scholarly journals Historical comparison of gender inequality in scientific careers across countries and disciplines

2020 ◽  
Vol 117 (9) ◽  
pp. 4609-4616 ◽  
Author(s):  
Junming Huang ◽  
Alexander J. Gates ◽  
Roberta Sinatra ◽  
Albert-László Barabási
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Gender Inequality ◽  
Women In Science ◽  
Academic Publishing ◽  
Historical Comparison ◽  
Scientific Disciplines ◽  
Participation Of Women ◽  
Comprehensive Picture ◽  
History Of ◽  
Publishing Career

There is extensive, yet fragmented, evidence of gender differences in academia suggesting that women are underrepresented in most scientific disciplines and publish fewer articles throughout a career, and their work acquires fewer citations. Here, we offer a comprehensive picture of longitudinal gender differences in performance through a bibliometric analysis of academic publishing careers by reconstructing the complete publication history of over 1.5 million gender-identified authors whose publishing career ended between 1955 and 2010, covering 83 countries and 13 disciplines. We find that, paradoxically, the increase of participation of women in science over the past 60 years was accompanied by an increase of gender differences in both productivity and impact. Most surprisingly, though, we uncover two gender invariants, finding that men and women publish at a comparable annual rate and have equivalent career-wise impact for the same size body of work. Finally, we demonstrate that differences in publishing career lengths and dropout rates explain a large portion of the reported career-wise differences in productivity and impact, although productivity differences still remain. This comprehensive picture of gender inequality in academia can help rephrase the conversation around the sustainability of women’s careers in academia, with important consequences for institutions and policy makers.

scholarly journals Mulheres na História da Ciência: uma década de publicações nas revistas Química Nova e Química Nova na Escola

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 ◽  
pp. 54-70
Author(s):  
Letícia Do Prado ◽  
Daniele Fernanda Rodrigues
Keyword(s):  
History Of Science ◽  
Scientific Work ◽  
Women In Science ◽  
Teaching Methodology ◽  
Female Scientist ◽  
History Of Chemistry ◽  
Academic Production ◽  
Participation Of Women ◽  
History Of

ResumoNeste trabalho, apresentamos uma caracterização da produção acadêmico científica vinculada aos periódicos Química Nova e Química Nova na Escola sobre os temas “história da ciência” e “mulheres na ciência” associados ao ensino de química ou de ciências de forma geral. O objetivo principal do trabalho é analisar a frequência e o tipo de abordagem que se tem feito sobre a participação feminina na história da química/ciências. Para isso, partimos das publicações dos últimos dez anos destes periódicos, reconhecidos no Brasil por sua ampla divulgação na área de Química e Ensino de Química. Foram identificados 30 trabalhos publicados sobre essa temática, destes apenas três mencionavam a história de uma cientista mulher. Podemos afirmar, portanto, que de forma geral a história da ciência ainda é pouco utilizada como metodologia de ensino e que a participação feminina é ainda muito menos comum em suas publicações. Esse cenário necessita de maior atenção dos pesquisadores, para que o trabalho das cientistas seja igualmente divulgado servindo de exemplo e inspiração para as mulheres do público geral e para as alunas de ciências. Evidencia-se, por fim a intrínseca necessidade de aliar os fatores sociais, históricos e culturais à compreensão da natureza da ciência, do trabalho científico e de seu ensino.Palavras-chave: História da Ciência; História da Química; Mulheres na Química.AbstractIn this work, we showed a characterization of the scientific academic production linked to the journals Química Nova and Química Nova na Escola about the “history of science” and “women in science”. The main objective of this work is to present the frequency and type of approach that has been taken on the participation of women in the history of chemistry from the publications of the last ten years of these journals, recognized in Brazil for their wide dissemination in the area of Chemistry and Education of Chemistry. Thirty papers published on this subject were identified, of which only three mentioned the history of a female scientist. We can therefore conclude that in general the history of science is still little used as a teaching methodology and that female participation is still much less common in its publications. This scenario needs more attention from researchers, so that the work of scientists is equally publicized as an example and inspiration for women of the general public and science students. Finally, there is an intrinsic need to combine social, historical and cultural factors with an understanding of the nature of science, scientific work and its teaching.Keywords: History of Science; History of Chemistry; Women in Chemistry.

Harsdörffers Geschirr

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-37
Author(s):  
Natalie Binczek
Keyword(s):  
Design History ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Difference

Der deutsche Barockdichter Georg Philipp Harsdörffer skizziert eine Theorie der Emblematik, die vor allem dessen Anwendungsvielfalt hervorhebt. Er hebt dabei besonders den Unterschied zwischen buchinterner und buchexterner Verwendung auf, indem er sich nicht nur für die Aufnahme der Embleme in Büchern, sondern auch auf Geschirr und Tapeten ausspricht. Der Beitrag liest Harsdörffers extensive Überlegungen nicht nur als Beiträge zur Theorie und Geschichte der Embleme als ›Sinn-Bilder‹, sondern auch als Beitrag zur Designgeschichte. German Baroque poet Georg Philipp Harsdörffer delineates a theory of emblematics that clearly sets itself apart from other contemporary theories, especially by its versatility. In particular, the author negates the difference between internal and external usage of emblems in books not only by promoting the incorporation of emblems into printed works but also by supporting their depiction on dishes and tapestries. This article strives to read Harsdörffer’s extensive thoughts on the matter of emblems not simply as another work on the theory and history of emblematics but rather as a contribution to design history as well

Introduction

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon Kirchin
Keyword(s):  
Hilary Putnam ◽  
Bernard Williams ◽  
General Methodology ◽  
Thick Concepts ◽  
History Of ◽  
Philippa Foot ◽  
The Difference

This chapter introduces the distinction between thin and thick concepts and then performs a number of functions. First, two major accounts of thick concepts—separationism and nonseparationism—are introduced and, in doing so, a novel account of evaluation is indicated. Second, each chapter is outlined as is the general methodology, followed, third, by a brief history of the discussion of thick concepts, referencing Philippa Foot, Hilary Putnam, Gilbert Ryle, and Bernard Williams among others. Fourth, a number of relevant contrasts are introduced, such as the fact–value distinction and the difference between concepts, properties, and terms. Lastly, some interesting and relevant questions are raised that, unfortunately, have to be left aside.

Psychology: Volume 5

2019 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
World View ◽  
Science Volume ◽  
Western World ◽  
Mental Life ◽  
Long Time ◽  
The Difference ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
Indian Setting ◽  
The Mind ◽  
The Relationship

This survey of research on psychology in five volumes is a part of a series undertaken by the ICSSR since 1969, which covers various disciplines under social science. Volume Five of this survey, Explorations into Psyche and Psychology: Some Emerging Perspectives, examines the future of psychology in India. For a very long time, intellectual investments in understanding mental life have led to varied formulations about mind and its functions across the word. However, a critical reflection of the state of the disciplinary affairs indicates the dominance of Euro-American theories and methods, which offer an understanding coloured by a Western world view, which fails to do justice with many non-Western cultural settings. The chapters in this volume expand the scope of psychology to encompass indigenous knowledge available in the Indian tradition and invite engaging with emancipatory concerns as well as broadening the disciplinary base. The contributors situate the difference between the Eastern and Western conceptions of the mind in the practice of psychology. They look at this discipline as shaped by and shaping between systems like yoga. They also analyse animal behaviour through the lens of psychology and bring out insights about evolution of individual and social behaviour. This volume offers critique the contemporary psychological practices in India and offers a new perspective called ‘public psychology’ to construe and analyse the relationship between psychologists and their objects of study. Finally, some paradigmatic, pedagogical, and substantive issues are highlighted to restructure the practice of psychology in the Indian setting.

Women in science: from images to data

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine Jami
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Women Scientists ◽  
Working Environment ◽  
Women In Science ◽  
Standing Committee ◽  
Family Responsibilities ◽  
Working Lives ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of

Abstract In recent decades research in the social sciences, including in the history of science, has shown that women scientists continue to be depicted as exceptions to the rule that a normal scientist is a man. The underlying message is that being an outstanding scientist is incompatible with being an ordinary woman. From women scientists’ reported experiences, we learn that family responsibilities as well as sexism in their working environment are two major hindrances to their careers. This experience is now backed by statistical analysis, so that what used to be regarded as an individual problem for each woman of science can now be identified as a multi-layered social phenomenon, to be analysed and remedied as such. Over the last five years, international scientific unions have come together to address these issues, first through the Gender Gap in Science Project, and recently through the setting up of a Standing Committee for Gender Equality in Science (SCGES) whose task is to foster measures to reduce the barriers that women scientists have to surmount in their working lives.

scholarly journals ACM-W: global growth for a local impact

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jodi Tims ◽  
Reyyan Ayfer
Keyword(s):  
Computer Science ◽  
Gender Equality ◽  
Global Impact ◽  
Computing Machinery ◽  
Scientific Organizations ◽  
Participation Of Women ◽  
Full Participation ◽  
History Of ◽  
Local Impact ◽  
Global Growth

Abstract ACM-W is the community within the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) that is dedicated to issues of gender equality in Computer Science. ACM-W works globally to support, celebrate and advocate for the full participation of women in all aspects of the computing field. This article presents a brief history of ACM-W with an emphasis on the global growth of the organization. A summary of the primary programs of ACM-W is provided to further highlight the global impact of our work. Also included are examples of how ACM-W is partnering with other computing and scientific organizations to realize greater impact in the arena of gender equality.

The Early History of Financial Economics, 1478–1776. By Geoffrey Poitras. Cheltenham and Northampton: Edward Elgar, 2000. Pp. x, 522.

2002 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 268-269
Author(s):  
Larry Neal
Keyword(s):  
Economic History ◽  
Financial Analysis ◽  
Adam Smith ◽  
Economic Thought ◽  
Financial History ◽  
X 522 ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Wealth Of Nations ◽  
Simon Fraser University

Economic historians usually have to explain to their economist colleagues the difference between economic history, which focuses on facts, and history of economic thought, which focuses on ideas. Our colleagues in finance departments, typically fascinated by episodes in financial history treated by economic historians, are bound to be disappointed in the lack of attention given to the development of ideas in finance by historians of economic thought. Geoffrey Poitras, a professor of finance at Simon Fraser University, makes a valiant effort to remedy these oversights in his collection of vignettes that highlight the sophistication of financial instruments and analysts of financial markets well before the time of Adam Smith. Starting in 1478 with the publication of the Treviso Arithmetic, a typical textbook of commercial arithmetic for Italian merchants, and ending with brief snippets from the Wealth of Nations, Poitras treats the reader to a fascinating potpourri of excerpts from various manuals, brief biographies of pioneers in financial analysis, and historical discursions on foreign-exchange and stock markets.

scholarly journals Reproducibility and Instruction Following in the Shop Floor Laboratory Work: The Case of a TMS Experiment

2021 ◽  
pp. 016224392110323
Author(s):  
Kristina Popova
Keyword(s):  
Measurement Procedure ◽  
Shop Floor ◽  
Experimental Uncertainty ◽  
Local Measurement ◽  
Replication Crisis ◽  
History Of ◽  
Per Se ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Methodological Guidelines ◽  
Local Procedure

The article addresses the production of reproducibility as a topic that has become acutely relevant in the recent discussions on the replication crisis in science. It brings the ethnomethodological stance on reproducibility into the discussions, claiming that reproducibility is necessarily produced locally, on the shop floor, with methodological guidelines serving as references to already established practices rather than their origins. The article refers to this argument empirically, analyzing how a group of novice neuroscientists performs a series of measurements in a transcranial magnetic stimulation experiment. Based on ethnography and video analysis, the article traces a history of the local measurement procedure invented by the researchers in order to overcome the experimental uncertainty. The article aims to demonstrate (1) how reproducibility of the local procedure is achieved in the shop floor work of the practitioners and (2) how the procedure becomes normalized and questioned as incorrect in the course of experimental practice. It concludes that the difference between guidelines and practical actions is not problematic per se; what may be problematic is that researchers can be engaged in different working projects described by the same instruction.

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