scholarly journals Historical comparison of gender inequality in scientific careers across countries and disciplines

2020 ◽  
Vol 117 (9) ◽  
pp. 4609-4616 ◽  
Author(s):  
Junming Huang ◽  
Alexander J. Gates ◽  
Roberta Sinatra ◽  
Albert-László Barabási
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Gender Inequality ◽  
Women In Science ◽  
Academic Publishing ◽  
Historical Comparison ◽  
Scientific Disciplines ◽  
Participation Of Women ◽  
Comprehensive Picture ◽  
History Of ◽  
Publishing Career

There is extensive, yet fragmented, evidence of gender differences in academia suggesting that women are underrepresented in most scientific disciplines and publish fewer articles throughout a career, and their work acquires fewer citations. Here, we offer a comprehensive picture of longitudinal gender differences in performance through a bibliometric analysis of academic publishing careers by reconstructing the complete publication history of over 1.5 million gender-identified authors whose publishing career ended between 1955 and 2010, covering 83 countries and 13 disciplines. We find that, paradoxically, the increase of participation of women in science over the past 60 years was accompanied by an increase of gender differences in both productivity and impact. Most surprisingly, though, we uncover two gender invariants, finding that men and women publish at a comparable annual rate and have equivalent career-wise impact for the same size body of work. Finally, we demonstrate that differences in publishing career lengths and dropout rates explain a large portion of the reported career-wise differences in productivity and impact, although productivity differences still remain. This comprehensive picture of gender inequality in academia can help rephrase the conversation around the sustainability of women’s careers in academia, with important consequences for institutions and policy makers.

scholarly journals Female insertion in neurosurgery: Evolution of a stigma break

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
pp. 76
Author(s):  
Luiz Severo Bem Junior ◽  
Nilson Batista Lemos ◽  
Júlia de Araújo Vianna ◽  
Juliana Garcia Silva ◽  
Luana Moury Fernandes Sanchez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Gender Differences ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Gender Inequality ◽  
Care Delivery ◽  
Electronic Library ◽  
Participation Of Women ◽  
The World ◽  
The Usa

Background: Utilizing the Brazilian Medical Demography analysis and a literature review, we evaluated how women choose to become neurosurgeons in Brazil and around the world, specifically citing the Europe, the USA, India, and Japan. Methods: We utilized the Brazilian Medical Demography prepared by the Federal Council of Medicine and the Regional Council of Medicine of the State of São Paulo (2011, 2013, 2015, and 2018). We also included an evaluation of 20 articles from PubMed, the Scientific Electronic Library Online, and National Health Library databases (e.g., using descriptors “Women in neurosurgery” and “Career”). Results: In Brazil in 2017, women comprised 45.6% of active doctors, but only 8.6% of all neurosurgeons. Of 20 articles identified in the literature, 50% analyzed the factors that influenced how women choose neurosurgery, 40% dealt with gender differences, while just 10% included an analysis of what it is like to be a female neurosurgeon in different countries/continents. Conclusion: The participation of women in neurosurgery has increased in recent years despite the persistence of gender inequality and prejudice. More women need to be enabled to become neurosurgeons as their capabilities, manual dexterity, and judgment should be valued to improve the quality of neurosurgical health-care delivery.

scholarly journals Women in Engeenering – Dynamics of Access to Studies and Professional Career

1970 ◽  
pp. 173-184
Author(s):  
Emilia Szymczak
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Data ◽  
Educational Aspirations ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Professional Career ◽  
Professional Careers ◽  
Fields Of Study ◽  
Scientific Disciplines ◽  
Participation Of Women ◽  
History Of ◽  
Scientific Achievements

This article describes the history of women in the engineering world, the changing social and economic conditions and women’s rising educational aspirations (it appears that they are interested in the traditional scientific disciplines but they also increasingly with to try typically male – form the point of view of traditional socialization – educational and then professional careers). The article presents the dynamics of the access of women to higher education through the years, including especially scientific and technical fields of study. It also presents the statistical data about the participation of women in the stereotypically male areas of education. This article provides historical examples of women, famousbecause of their spectacular scientific achievements.

scholarly journals A reflection on the role of women in Science, Dentistry and Brazilian Orthodontics

2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Cátia Cardoso Abdo QUINTÃO ◽  
Luísa Schubach da Costa BARRETO ◽  
Luciane Macedo de MENEZES
Keyword(s):  
Women In Science ◽  
Professional Organizations ◽  
Western World ◽  
Female Presidents ◽  
Participation Of Women ◽  
Consistent Manner ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Professional Leadership ◽  
Professional Fields

ABSTRACT Introduction: This paper reviews the history of women scientists in the ‘Western world’, whilst highlighting the persistent socio-structural issues that have led to the hiding and masking of the participation of women in Science. Further, a reflection is made of the situation of Dentistry, specifically in the field of Orthodontics in Brazil. The difference between genders is discussed, with the intention to map the progress of women in management and leadership positions, in both the academic and professional fields. Description: In Brazil, within Dentistry and Orthodontics, despite being in a numerical majority, women are still underrepresented in the area of professional leadership. This is true for Research Groups and Research Productivity; an example being the relatively low authorship of publications in a Brazilian journal of Orthodontics. They are also underrepresented as lead presenters at professional meetings, whilst there are also few female Presidents of professional organizations and associations. Conclusion: Despite being in a numerical majority, it is also important that women act in a more co-ordinated and consistent manner to achieve greater representation in these areas. The necessary changes in the structure in order to achieve this are not only of women and for women, but they must also involve the whole of society so that leadership, rights and duties are equally distributed between the genders.

scholarly journals Mulheres na História da Ciência: uma década de publicações nas revistas Química Nova e Química Nova na Escola

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 ◽  
pp. 54-70
Author(s):  
Letícia Do Prado ◽  
Daniele Fernanda Rodrigues
Keyword(s):  
History Of Science ◽  
Scientific Work ◽  
Women In Science ◽  
Teaching Methodology ◽  
Female Scientist ◽  
History Of Chemistry ◽  
Academic Production ◽  
Participation Of Women ◽  
History Of

ResumoNeste trabalho, apresentamos uma caracterização da produção acadêmico científica vinculada aos periódicos Química Nova e Química Nova na Escola sobre os temas “história da ciência” e “mulheres na ciência” associados ao ensino de química ou de ciências de forma geral. O objetivo principal do trabalho é analisar a frequência e o tipo de abordagem que se tem feito sobre a participação feminina na história da química/ciências. Para isso, partimos das publicações dos últimos dez anos destes periódicos, reconhecidos no Brasil por sua ampla divulgação na área de Química e Ensino de Química. Foram identificados 30 trabalhos publicados sobre essa temática, destes apenas três mencionavam a história de uma cientista mulher. Podemos afirmar, portanto, que de forma geral a história da ciência ainda é pouco utilizada como metodologia de ensino e que a participação feminina é ainda muito menos comum em suas publicações. Esse cenário necessita de maior atenção dos pesquisadores, para que o trabalho das cientistas seja igualmente divulgado servindo de exemplo e inspiração para as mulheres do público geral e para as alunas de ciências. Evidencia-se, por fim a intrínseca necessidade de aliar os fatores sociais, históricos e culturais à compreensão da natureza da ciência, do trabalho científico e de seu ensino.Palavras-chave: História da Ciência; História da Química; Mulheres na Química.AbstractIn this work, we showed a characterization of the scientific academic production linked to the journals Química Nova and Química Nova na Escola about the “history of science” and “women in science”. The main objective of this work is to present the frequency and type of approach that has been taken on the participation of women in the history of chemistry from the publications of the last ten years of these journals, recognized in Brazil for their wide dissemination in the area of Chemistry and Education of Chemistry. Thirty papers published on this subject were identified, of which only three mentioned the history of a female scientist. We can therefore conclude that in general the history of science is still little used as a teaching methodology and that female participation is still much less common in its publications. This scenario needs more attention from researchers, so that the work of scientists is equally publicized as an example and inspiration for women of the general public and science students. Finally, there is an intrinsic need to combine social, historical and cultural factors with an understanding of the nature of science, scientific work and its teaching.Keywords: History of Science; History of Chemistry; Women in Chemistry.

scholarly journals Women and Myths of Today : An investigation for the reasons of gender inequalities

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
DoaaDoaa Mohamed Salman Abdou
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Gender Inequality ◽  
Gender Inequalities ◽  
Gender And Development ◽  
Participation Of Women ◽  
Gender Awareness ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Necessary And Sufficient ◽  
The Relationship

The relationship between participation and gender is rather more fraught with tensions and contradictions. These points of tension between participatory and ‘‘gender aware’’ approaches to development arise from –– and produce rather different ways of engaging with issues of gendered power. This paper aim to list the dimensions of ‘‘participation’’ and ‘‘gender’’ in development, highlighting paradoxes of ‘‘gender- aware’’ and participatory development interventions. From that part it raises a question, despite the continuous efforts that have been exerted in the past and up to present to minimize the gap of gender inequality, coupled with the fact that the percentage of females to males in the workplace is increasing rapidly; yet the sam problems exist, in particular the lack of employment opportunities and rights. Thus raising issues such as: is gender awareness necessary and sufficient for effective participation of women in gender and development practices? And what are the requirements for this effective participation? Does the effective participation of women overcome gender differences?

scholarly journals GENDER GAP IN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (6) ◽  
pp. 324-330
Author(s):  
Devananda Beura
Keyword(s):  
Gender Inequality ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Science And Technology ◽  
Negative Attitude ◽  
Work Conditions ◽  
Women In Science ◽  
Scientific Development ◽  
Participation Of Women ◽  
Scientific Experiments ◽  
Long Time

The world has historically experienced with the exclusion of women from science for a long time. Later on, the gender questions in science and technology was extensively raised and the entry of women in science and technology got started. But, the participation of women in Science is still not in parity of expectation. Although the gender gap in science and technology is continuously narrowing down over the years, men still continue to outperform women in scientific experiments and achievements. The negative attitude of women about science and technology remains active due to the influence of socio-psychological parameters. Gender inequality in science and technology can be reduced by proper monitoring, proper informing and creating necessary work conditions in these fields.  Gender equality and normal work conditions for both men and women are prime factors for functioning of any normal society and settling the gender inequality in science and technology may strengthen the socio-scientific development.

Tadeusz Tomaszewski and His Theory of Action

1996 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Materska
Keyword(s):  
Theory Of Action ◽  
Scientific Disciplines ◽  
History Of

Tadeusz Tomaszewski, born in 1910, graduate of the Jan Kazimierz University, Lvov, doctor honoris causa of Marja Sklodowska-Curie University, Lublin, is an exceptional figure in the history of Polish psychology. His scientific accomplishments and organizational talents, multipled by the achievements of his students, had a decisive impact on the shape and prestige of Polish psychology among other scientific disciplines and determined the rank of Polish psychology in the international arena.

Women break down the barriers to the Vietnamese social sciences and humanities

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Quan-Hoang Vuong
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Gender Inequality ◽  
Middle Income Country ◽  
Women In Science ◽  
Income Country ◽  
The West ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Social Sciences And Humanities ◽  
The Social ◽  
Low And Middle Income

Valian rightly made a case for better recognition of women in science during the Nobel week in October 2018 (Valian, 2018). However, it seems most published views about gender inequality in Nature focused on the West. This correspondence shifts the focus to women in the social sciences and humanities (SSH) in a low- and middle-income country (LMIC).

Women in science: from images to data

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine Jami
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Women Scientists ◽  
Working Environment ◽  
Women In Science ◽  
Standing Committee ◽  
Family Responsibilities ◽  
Working Lives ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of

Abstract In recent decades research in the social sciences, including in the history of science, has shown that women scientists continue to be depicted as exceptions to the rule that a normal scientist is a man. The underlying message is that being an outstanding scientist is incompatible with being an ordinary woman. From women scientists’ reported experiences, we learn that family responsibilities as well as sexism in their working environment are two major hindrances to their careers. This experience is now backed by statistical analysis, so that what used to be regarded as an individual problem for each woman of science can now be identified as a multi-layered social phenomenon, to be analysed and remedied as such. Over the last five years, international scientific unions have come together to address these issues, first through the Gender Gap in Science Project, and recently through the setting up of a Standing Committee for Gender Equality in Science (SCGES) whose task is to foster measures to reduce the barriers that women scientists have to surmount in their working lives.

scholarly journals ACM-W: global growth for a local impact

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jodi Tims ◽  
Reyyan Ayfer
Keyword(s):  
Computer Science ◽  
Gender Equality ◽  
Global Impact ◽  
Computing Machinery ◽  
Scientific Organizations ◽  
Participation Of Women ◽  
Full Participation ◽  
History Of ◽  
Local Impact ◽  
Global Growth

Abstract ACM-W is the community within the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) that is dedicated to issues of gender equality in Computer Science. ACM-W works globally to support, celebrate and advocate for the full participation of women in all aspects of the computing field. This article presents a brief history of ACM-W with an emphasis on the global growth of the organization. A summary of the primary programs of ACM-W is provided to further highlight the global impact of our work. Also included are examples of how ACM-W is partnering with other computing and scientific organizations to realize greater impact in the arena of gender equality.

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