scholarly journals Fern spore bank at Pedregulho (Itirapina, São Paulo, Brazil)

1999 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 131-139 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. A. SIMABUKURO ◽  
A. BEGOVACZ ◽  
L. M. ESTEVES ◽  
G. M. FELIPPE
Keyword(s):  
Rainy Season ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Gallery Forest ◽  
Soil Layers ◽  
Disturbed Area

This paper presents an analysis of pteridophyte spore bank the site of Pedregulho, in Itirapina, state of São Paulo, Brazil. The samples of soil were collected in February (rainy season) and August (dry season) in four localities: open cerrado, cerradão, gallery forest and a disturbed area at depths of 0-5, 5-10 and 10-15 cm. The samples were collected in duplicate. Of the duplicates, one was used for spore counting and the second one for spore germination. In the cerrado, cerradão and gallery forest soil samples the values for pteridophyte spores were similar in the rainy and dry season, but in the disturbed area the percentage of spores was higher in the rainy season than in the dry season. The number of pteridophyte spores decreased with soil depth in the rainy season in the cerrado, cerradão and disturbed area. Gametophytes were found in all samples. In general, soil collected in the cerrado, cerradão and disturbed area in the dry season presented more gametophytes than the ones collected in the rainy season. The number of gametophytes was lower in the 10-15 cm deep samples. The present results clearly show a reserve of spores in the soil of the four different sites studied in Itirapina region, in Brazil. Thus in this region turning over of soil layers and other kinds of disturbance can bring spores to the soil surface and their germination. This is one of the first reports of a pteridophyte spore bank for Brazil, no mention of any pteridophyte spore bank is made for South America by Lindsay & Dyer (1990) and Dyer & Lindsay (1992).

scholarly journals Assessment of Heavy Metal Pollution in Soils from Farms in the Vicinity of Durumi Quarry Site in Mpape, Abuja Nigeria

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 360-373
Author(s):  
FATIMAH OYENIKE OJO ◽  
TUKURA BITRUS WOKHE ◽  
MADU PASCAL CHIMA
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Metal Pollution ◽  
Heavy Metal Pollution ◽  
Rainy Season ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
World Health

Seasonal concentrations of eight total and bioavailable heavy metals (Cr, Cu, Cd, Zn, Mn, Ni, Pb an Fe), along with some physico chemical properties of soil in vegetable farms around the rock quarry in Durumi, Abuja was assessed to know the level of heavy metal pollution of the soil. Control and actual soil samples were collected from depths of 0.0 -5.0cm and 5.0 - 10.0cm during dry and rainy seasons. Heavy metal concentrations varied inconsistently in samples and control. Dry season levels of Zn(5.20mg/kg), Mn(19.44mg/kg), Ni(1.69mg/kg) and Pb(4.56mg/kg) and rainy season levels of Zn (0.26mg/kg), Pb(22.53mg/kg) at soil depth of 0.0 - 5.0cm, and dry season levels of Zn(1.19mgkg) and Ni(1.62mg/kg) along with rainy season levels of Cr (0.44mg/kg), Cd (0.06mg/kg), Zn(0.09mg/kg) and Fe(6.74mg/kg) at soil depth of 5.0 -10.0cm were all higher in samples than controls. However, seasonal mean total heavy metals in the soil samples were lower than the Maximum Allowable Limits (mg/Kg) for World Health Organization (WHO) and Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). During dry season, heavy metals that indicated anthropogenic content, had anthropogenic levels that ranged in the order: Cd(16.67%) < Cu(54.17%)

scholarly journals Leaching of microplastics by preferential flow in earthworm (Lumbricus terrestris) burrows

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miao Yu ◽  
Martine van der Ploeg ◽  
Esperanza Huerta Lwanga ◽  
Xiaomei Yang ◽  
Shaoliang Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Preferential Flow ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Soil Column ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Lumbricus Terrestris ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Average Weight ◽  
Soil Layers ◽  
Groundwater Systems ◽  
Set Up

Environmental contextMicroplastics found in soil pose several potential environmental risks. This study shows that microplastics on the soil surface can be ingested by earthworms and transported to the lower soil layers. In this way, microplastics may enter the food chain and find their way into groundwater systems, especially in cases where the water table is shallow. AbstractIn the current study, we examine how the activities of earthworms (Lumbricus terrestris) affect microplastic (MP) distribution and concentration in soil, with a focus on low density polyethylene (LDPE). We also want to determine if MPs can be flushed out with water. We used a laboratory sandy soil column (polyvinyl chloride tube) experimental set-up and tested five different treatments: (1) treatment with just soil (control) to check if the saturated conductivity (Ksat) could be impacted by MP, (2) treatment with MP, (3) treatment with MP and litter, (4) treatment with earthworms and litter as a second control for treatment 5 and (5) treatment with MPs, earthworms and litter. Each treatment consisted of eight replicates. For the treatments with MP, the concentration of MP added at the start of the experiment was 7% by weight (3.97g, polyethylene, 50% 1mm–250µm, 30% 250µm–150µm and 20% &lt;150µm) based on 52.78g of dry litter from Populus nigra. In the treatments using earthworms, two adult earthworms, with an initial average weight of (7.14±0.26) g, were placed in each column. Results showed that LDPE particles could be introduced into the soil by the earthworms. MP particles were detected in each soil sample and within different soil layers for the earthworm treatments. Earthworms showed a tendency to transport the smaller MP particles and that the amount of MPs in size class &lt;250μm increased in soil samples with increasing soil depth in comparison to the other size classes. After leaching, MPs were only detected in the leachate from the treatments with the earthworms, and the MP had similar size distributions as the soil samples in the 40–50cm layer of the treatment with MP, earthworms and litter. The results of this study clearly show that biogenic activities can mobilise MP transport from the surface into the soil and even be leached into drainage. It is highly likely that biogenic activities constitute a potential pathway for MPs to be transported into soil and groundwater.

scholarly journals Short-term variability of copepod abundance in Jurumirim Reservoir, São Paulo, Brazil

2001 ◽  
Vol 61 (4) ◽  
pp. 577-598 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. A. PANARELLI ◽  
M. G. NOGUEIRA ◽  
R. HENRY
Keyword(s):  
Rainy Season ◽  
Sampling Period ◽  
Abundant Species ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Dispersion Pattern ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Copepod Abundance ◽  
Short Term Variability

Short-term variability in composition and abundance of copepod populations were studied during the dry (winter) and rainy (summer) seasons, at the dam region of Jurumirim Reservoir, São Paulo, Brazil. An intensive sampling program was carried out during 30 days in each period of the year. Samples and measurements were taken every other day at 0, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 m depths. The relationship between variability of the populations and some environmental factors was analyzed. The main species were: Argyrodiaptomus furcatus (Sars), Notodiaptomus iheringi (Wright), Mesocyclops longisetus (Thiébaud), Thermocyclops decipiens (Fischer), and T. minutus (Lowndes). Thermocyclops minutus was the most abundant species in dry season and its abundance varied significantly between sampling days. A large increase in abundance of calanoids occurred during the rainy season. This increase was correlated with higher temperature values. At that time, Notodiaptomus iheringi was dominant. This species showed significant short-term variations in abundance in both dry and rainy seasons. Significant variation in density of populations within the same sampling period might result from either the dispersion pattern of the populations or continuous substitution of the water masses. Significant correlation was observed between copepod abundance and temperature, especially for species of calanoids and there was also some correlations between densities of particular species of copepods and some phytoplankton taxa, mainly during the dry season. As for vertical distribution, most organisms were found between the surface and 15 m deep. During the rainy season, there was some evidence of the occurrence of spatial segregation between species of cyclopoids and calanoids, with the cyclopoids in a deeper position within the water column.

scholarly journals Epiphytic macroalgae from Boa Viagem Beach, Recife, Pernambuco state, Brazil

Check List ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 662 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luanda Pereira Soares ◽  
Mutue Toyota Fujii
Keyword(s):  
Rainy Season ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Metropolitan Region ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Voucher Specimens ◽  
Gelidium Pusillum

The aim of this study was to carry out a taxonomic survey of epiphytic seaweeds that occur on reefs of Boa Viagem Beach, located in the metropolitan region of Recife – Pernambuco state, Brazil. The samplings were performed in the dry season (December 2009) and rainy season (April 2010) at intertidal reefs using 625 cm2 squares. Voucher specimens are deposited at the Herbarium of the Instituto de Botânica, São Paulo, Brazil (SP). A total of 48 taxa were recorded of which 20 were Chlorophyta, 27 Rhodophyta and one Heterokontophyta. The most representative orders were Ceramiales and Cladophorales, with 17 and 10 taxa respectively. Nine species are new additions to the flora of Pernambucan coast. Gelidium pusillum (Stackh.) Le Jol. 1863 and Chondracanthus saundersii C. W. Schneid. and C. E. Lane 2005 had the highest number of epiphytic macroalgae. The majority of species was collected in the rainy season and on wave-exposed sites.

scholarly journals DEGRADASI LAHAN PADA KEBUN CAMPURAN DAN TEGALAN DI KABUPATEN DHARMASRAYA

Jurnal Solum ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 5
Author(s):  
Syafrimen Yasin ◽  
Gusnidar Gusnidar ◽  
Dedy Iskandar
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Imperata Cylindrica ◽  
Undisturbed Soil ◽  
Fertility Status ◽  
Land Use Types ◽  
Bulk Volume ◽  
Soil Fertility Status

A research conducted in Sungai Rumbai, Dharmasraya Regency and in Soil Laboratory Andalas university was aimed to evaluate soil fertility status on the depth below 0-20 cm from several land use types , especially under Mixed Garden and annual cultivated dryland soil.  Soil samples were taken on Ultisol at 0-8% slope (late-waving soil surface).  Land use types evaluated were forest, annual cultivated dryland, bush land, rangeland covered by Imperata cylindrica and mixed garden.  Composite soil samples for soil chemical analysis were taken on the 0-20 cm soil depth with four replications, and 5 drillings for each replication.  Undisturbed soil samples by using sample ring were used to analyze sol bulk volume.  The data resulted were compared to the criteria and were statistically tested using Analysis of Variance and then were continued by LSD at 5% level.  From the results of analyses could be concluded that land use  for mixed garden had the higher Organic Carbon (OC) content and the lower bulk volume (BV) than those for annual cultivated dryland soil.Key Words: Degradasi Lahan, Kebun Campuran, Tegalan

Fate of urea-nitrogen from cattle urine in a pasture-crop sequence in a seasonally dry tropical environment

1985 ◽  
Vol 36 (6) ◽  
pp. 809 ◽  
Author(s):  
I Vallis ◽  
DCI Peake ◽  
RK Jones ◽  
RL McCown
Keyword(s):  
Soil Depth ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Mineral N ◽  
Seasonally Dry ◽  
15N Urea ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Crop Sequence

The fate of urea-N in cattle urine applied during the dry season (in August) to the pasture phase of a pasture-crop sequence at Katherine, N.T., was investigated. Cattle urine labelled with 15N-urea was applied to three sets of microplots to measure the following parameters: (a) amount and distribution of 15N remaining in the microplots during the remainder of the dry season with 0, 0.5, 1.0 and 5.0 t ha-1 of pasture residues present initially; (b) the effect of placing the urine 5 cm below the soil surface on the amount of 15N remaining during the dry season; (c) uptake of 15N by the pasture during the early part of the wet season (October to December) and uptake by sorghum sown directly into the killed pasture in January. Residual 15N in the surface soil (0-15 cm) after the sorghum crop was also measured. Of the applied 15N, 26% was lost after 1 day, 32% after 7 days and 46% after 63 days. Losses were not affected by the amount of pasture residues on the microplots when the urine was applied. Almost all of the I5N remaining in the microplots was in the 0-7.5-cm layer of soil, and 65-75% of this was mineral N. The dry-season losses of 15N were presumably through volatilization of ammonia, because leaching was absent and no loss of 15N occurred when the urine was placed 5 cm below the soil surface. Pasture growth killed at the end of December contained 6.2% of the applied 15N, the sorghum crop recovered only a further 2.1%, and after harvest of the sorghum crop the 0-15.0-cm layer of soil contained 23%. Thus about half of the 15N remaining in the soil-plant system to the 15.0 cm soil depth at the end of the dry season disappeared during the following wet season, either as a gaseous loss or by leaching deeper into the soil.

scholarly journals Biological observations on Tupiperla (Plecoptera: Gripopterygidae)

2000 ◽  
Vol 60 (3) ◽  
pp. 447-450 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. G. FROEHLICH
Keyword(s):  
Rainy Season ◽  
Size Variation ◽  
Tropical Climate ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
Southeastern Brazil ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Central Brazil ◽  
Serra Do Cipó

Tupiperla illiesi fly along the year in the coastal mountains of southeastern Brazil, with larger numbers during the warmer rainy season. In the seasonal tropical climate of Central Brazil and Serra do Cipó, MG, T. oliveirai and T. gracilis, respectively, fly along the year but the pattern is still not known. In the higher elevation (ca. 1600 m a.s.l.) of Campos do Jordão, SP, species of Tupiperla may not fly during the colder months. Seasonal size variation, a phenomenon still little understood, occurred both in tropical and subtropical climates of the states of Goiás and São Paulo.

scholarly journals Comparative Study on Soil Microbial Biomass in Tarai and Hill Sal (Shorearobusta Gaertn.) Forests of Tropical Region in Eastern Nepal

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 16-25
Author(s):  
Krishna Prasad Bhattarai ◽  
Tej Narayan Mandal
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Biomass ◽  
Comparative Study ◽  
Rainy Season ◽  
Turnover Rate ◽  
Soil Microbial Biomass ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Tropical Region ◽  
Soil Microbial ◽  
Sal Forest

A comparative study was conducted to investigate the effect of altitudinal variation and seasonality on soil microbial biomass carbon (MB-C), nitrogen (MB-N), and phosphorus (MB-P) between Tarai Sal forest (TSF) and Hill Sal forest (HSF) of the tropical region in eastern Nepal. Soil microbial biomass was estimated by chloroform fumigation - extraction method in summer, rainy and winter seasons in the upper (0-15 cm) soil depth in both forests. Pre-conditioned soil samples were saturated with purified liquid chloroform, represented fumigated sample. Another set of soil samples without using chloroform, represented unfumigated samples and soil biomass was estimated from these samples. MB-C, MB-N, and MB-P were higher by 66%, 31%, and 9%, respectively, in HSF than TSF. Distinct seasonality was observed in soil microbial biomass. It was maximum in summer and minimum in rainy season in both the forest stands. The value decreased from summer to rainy season by 46 to 67% in HSF and by 32 to 80% in TSF. Higher soil microbial biomass in the summer season may be due to its accumulation in soil when the plant growth and nutrient demand are minimal. Analysis of variance suggested that MB-C, MB-N, and MB-P were significantly different for both sites and seasons (P < 0.001). Soil organic carbon, TN, and TP were positively correlated with MB-C, MB-N, and MB-P in both the forests. In conclusion, the higher value of soil microbial biomass in HSF may be due to the higher concentration of soil organic matter and decreasing turnover rate of microbial biomass due to higher altitude. On the other hand, the lower value of microbial biomass at TSF may indicate its fast turnover rate due to lowland tropics to enhance the nutrient cycling process.

scholarly journals Relationship between the mass of organic matter and carbon in soil

2008 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 263-269 ◽  
Author(s):  
Silmara R. Bianchi ◽  
Mario Miyazawa ◽  
Edson L. de Oliveira ◽  
Marcos Antonio Pavan
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Organic Matter ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Loss On Ignition ◽  
Oxidation Degree ◽  
Wide Range

The quantity of soil organic matter (SOM) was estimated through the determination of soil organic carbon (SOC) times a factor, which assumes that 58% of the SOM was formed by carbon. A number of soil samples with wide range of SOC content collected in the state of Paraná, Brazil were evaluated in the laboratory. SOC was measured by Walkley-Black method and the total SOM by loss on ignition. The SOC was positively correlated with SOM. The SOM/SOC ratio varied from 1.91 to 5.08 for the soils. It shows that Brazilian SOM has greater oxidation degree. Although, the SOM and SOC decreased with soil depth the SOM/SOC ratio increased. It showed that SOM in the subsoil contained more oxygen but less carbon than the SOM in the upper soil surface. The CEC/SOC also increased with depth indicating that the functional groups of the SOM increased per unity of carbon.

scholarly journals Soil temperature and agronomic implications in two regions of the State of São Paulo, Brazil

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 12
Author(s):  
Maurício Dominguez Nasser ◽  
Estefânia Martins Bardiviesso ◽  
Ariel Santivañez Aguilar ◽  
Augusto Zonta
Keyword(s):  
Surface Temperature ◽  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Extreme Values ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
The State ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
Red Latosol

Plants can tolerate a wide range of soil temperature variations, but their development is affected when the soil undergoes higher or lower temperatures of certain extreme values. The aim of this study was to assess the soil temperature of two regions of the state of São Paulo, Brazil. Daily measurements of soil temperature were taken at two weather stations, one in the municipality of Adamantina (soil classified as Podzolic, Dark Red Latosol, Eutrophic, moderate A, of sandy/medium texture) and another in the municipality Monte Alegre do Sul (soil classified as Red Yellow Podzolic, of fine sandy-clayey texture) within a period of 365 days. The experimental design was completely randomized, with the two municipalities being the treatments, and 12 repetitions determined by monthly averages. The soil temperature at a 3-cm depth in Adamantina reached values above 40°C, values not observed in Monte Alegre do Sul. At a 12-cm depth, there were no differences between the municipalities. In Monte Alegre do Sul, the recorded soil temperatures proved suitable for crops, with better use of organic matter by the soil and greater stability of surface temperature throughout the day compared to Adamantina. In Adamantina, however, the use of agronomic technology is required to ensure greater stability of surface temperature. The temperature throughout the year in the soil surface layer in the Adamantina region in the afternoon was higher than in the Monte Alegre do Sul region, a fact that implies the need of differentiated agronomic technology depending on the cultivation location.

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