scholarly journals Educational inequality in the occurrence of abdominal obesity:Pró-Saúde Study

2015 ◽  
Vol 49 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronaldo Fernandes Santos Alves ◽  
Eduardo Faerstein
Keyword(s):  
Abdominal Obesity ◽  
Educational Inequality ◽  
Linear Trend ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Abdominal Circumference ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Female Population ◽  
Relative Index ◽  
Education Levels ◽  
Index Of Inequality

OBJECTIVE To estimate the degree of educational inequality in the occurrence of abdominal obesity in a population of non-faculty civil servants at university campi.METHODS In this cross-sectional study, we used data from 3,117 subjects of both genders aged 24 to 65-years old, regarding the baseline ofPró-Saúde Study, 1999-2001. Abdominal obesity was defined according to abdominal circumference thresholds of 88 cm for women and 102 cm for men. A multi-dimensional, self-administered questionnaire was used to evaluate education levels and demographic variables. Slope and relative indices of inequality, and Chi-squared test for linear trend were used in the data analysis. All analyses were stratified by genders, and the indices of inequality were standardized by age.RESULTS Abdominal obesity was the most prevalent among women (43.5%; 95%CI 41.2;45.9), as compared to men (24.3%; 95%CI 22.1;26.7), in all educational strata and age ranges. The association between education levels and abdominal obesity was an inverse one among women (p < 0.001); it was not statistically significant among men (p = 0.436). The educational inequality regarding abdominal obesity in the female population, in absolute terms (slope index of inequality), was 24.0% (95%CI 15.5;32.6). In relative terms (relative index of inequality), it was 2.8 (95%CI 1.9;4.1), after the age adjustment.CONCLUSIONS Gender inequality in the prevalence of abdominal obesity increases with older age and lower education. The slope and relative indices of inequality summarize the strictly monotonous trend between education levels and abdominal obesity, and it described educational inequality regarding abdominal obesity among women. Such indices provide relevant quantitative estimates for monitoring abdominal obesity and dealing with health inequalities.

scholarly journals Trends in socioeconomic inequalities in the prevalence of functional dentition among older people in Brazil

2018 ◽  
Vol 34 (10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabiola Bof de Andrade ◽  
Jose Leopoldo Ferreira Antunes
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Socioeconomic Inequalities ◽  
Community Dwelling ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Relative Index ◽  
Functional Dentition ◽  
Natural Teeth ◽  
Index Of Inequality ◽  
Position Measure

The objective of this research was to evaluate trends in socioeconomic inequalities in the prevalence of functional dentition among community-dwelling older adults in Brazil. This was a cross-sectional study with data from the last two SBBrasil Project surveys conducted in 2003 and 2010. Functional dentition was defined as the presence of 20 or more natural teeth and was assessed during the clinical examination of dentition status. Schooling was used as the socioeconomic position measure. Socioeconomic inequality was measured using two complex measures; the slope index of inequality (SII) and the relative index of inequality (RII). The prevalence of functional dentition was 10.8% (95%CI: 8.1-14.2) in 2003 and 13.6% (95%CI: 11.1-16.5) in 2010. The prevalence of functional dentition increased significantly over the educational rank in both years. Absolute inequalities were significant for both years and remained unaltered between 2003 and 2010. Significant relative inequality in the prevalence of functional dentition was found in both years of the survey. Socioeconomic inequalities in the prevalence of functional dentition among older adults in Brazil persisted significantly between both national oral health surveys.

Time trends in absolute and relative socioeconomic inequalities in leisure time physical inactivity in northern Sweden

2017 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 112-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Máté Szilcz ◽  
Paola A. Mosquera ◽  
Miguel San Sebastián ◽  
Per E. Gustafsson
Keyword(s):  
Time Trends ◽  
Physical Inactivity ◽  
Leisure Time ◽  
Linear Trend ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Relative Index ◽  
Explanatory Variables ◽  
The Great Recession ◽  
Income Inequalities ◽  
Index Of Inequality

Aims: The aim was to investigate the time trends in educational, occupational, and income-related inequalities in leisure time physical inactivity in 2006, 2010, and 2014 in northern Swedish women and men. Methods: This study was based on data obtained from the repeated cross-sectional Health on Equal Terms survey of 2006, 2010, and 2014. The analytical sample consisted of 20,667 (2006), 31,787 (2010), and 21,613 (2014) individuals, aged 16–84. Logistic regressions were used to model the probability of physical inactivity given a set of explanatory variables. Slope index of inequality (SII) and relative index of inequality (RII) were used as summary measures of the social gradient in physical inactivity. The linear trend in inequalities and difference between gender and years were estimated by interaction analyses. Results: The year 2010 displayed the highest physical inactivity inequalities for all socioeconomic position indicators, but educational and occupational inequalities decreased in 2014. However, significant positive linear trends were found in absolute and relative income inequalities. Moreover, women had significantly higher RII of education in physical inactivity in 2014 and significantly higher SII and RII of income in physical inactivity in 2010, than did men in the same years. Conclusions:The recent reduction in educational and occupational inequalities following the high inequalities around the time of the great recession in 2010 suggests that the current policies might be fairly effective. However, to eventually alleviate inequities in physical inactivity, the focus of the researchers and policymakers should be directed toward the widening trends of income inequalities in physical inactivity.

scholarly journals The Relationship between Simple Snoring and Metabolic Syndrome: A Cross-Sectional Study

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juanjuan Zou ◽  
Fan Song ◽  
Huajun Xu ◽  
Yiqun Fu ◽  
Yunyan Xia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Abdominal Obesity ◽  
Linear Trend ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Significant Linear Trend ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Multivariable Adjustment ◽  
Simple Snoring

Purpose. This cross-sectional study was performed to assess the relationship between simple snoring and metabolic syndrome (MetS).Methods. A total of 5635 participants including 300 healthy volunteers without snoring allegedly were initially included from 2007 to 2016. Polysomnographic variables, anthropometric measurements, and biochemical indicators were collected. The polynomial linear trend test was used to assess the linear trend across snoring intensity for metabolic score, and logistic regression was used to evaluate the odds ratios (ORs) for MetS after controlling for age, sex, obesity, smoking status, and alcohol consumption.Results. The final study population consisted of 866 participants. Simple snorers showed more severe metabolic disorders and higher prevalence of MetS than nonsnorers. A significant linear trend was observed between snoring intensity and metabolic score. Simple snoring was significantly associated with increased odds for MetS among all participants (OR=2.328, 95% CI: 1.340–4.045) and female participants (OR=2.382, 95% CI: 1.136–4.994) after multivariable adjustment. With regard to MetS components, simple snoring was significantly associated with increased odds for hypertension (OR=1.730, 95% CI: 1.130–2.650), abdominal obesity (OR=1.810, 95% CI: 1.063–3.083), and hyper-triglycerides (TG) (OR=1.814, 95% CI: 1.097–2.998) among all participants, with hypertension (OR=3.493, 95% CI: 1.748–6.979) among males and with abdominal obesity (OR=2.306, 95% CI: 1.245–4.270) and hyper-TG (OR=2.803, 95% CI: 1.146–6.856) among females after multivariable adjustment.Conclusions. After excluding the influence of repeated apnea and hypoxia, simple snoring was still significantly associated with MetS, especially in women. Furthermore, the associations were more obvious for hypertension among males and for abdominal obesity and hyper-TG among females. In addition to OSA, simple snoring also should be valued.

scholarly journals Educational inequality in physician-diagnosed hypertension widened and persisted among women from 1999 to 2014 in Hong Kong

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gary K. K. Chung ◽  
Francisco T. T. Lai ◽  
Eng-Kiong Yeoh ◽  
Roger Y. Chung
Keyword(s):  
Hong Kong ◽  
Educational Inequality ◽  
Social Determinant ◽  
Community Dwelling ◽  
Relative Index ◽  
Asian Populations ◽  
Hypertension Prevention ◽  
Education Levels ◽  
Index Of Inequality ◽  
Gender Specific

Abstract Gender differences in the trend of educational inequality in hypertension have been observed especially in the Asian populations, indicating the increasing importance of education as a social determinant of hypertension among women. This study examined the gender-specific trends of educational inequality in physician-diagnosed hypertension in Hong Kong between 1999 and 2014. Based on a series of eight government-led territory-wide household surveys conducted between 1999 and 2014, 97,481 community-dwelling Hong Kong Chinese adults aged 45 or above were analysed. The extent and trend of gender-specific educational inequality in self-reported physician-diagnosed hypertension were estimated by regression-based Relative Index of Inequality and age-standardised Slope Index of Inequality. Over the study period, age-standardised prevalence of self-reported hypertension increased in both genders, with the greatest prevalence among the least educated women. Educational inequalities in hypertension significantly widened in female from 1999 to 2009 and persisted thereafter; nonetheless, the respective inequality was negligible in male. Further adjustment for household income did not attenuate the observed inequality. To conclude, a widened and then persistent discrepancy in hypertension across education levels was observed among women, but not among men, in Hong Kong. The gender perspective should be carefully considered when designing hypertension prevention strategies and related health policies.

scholarly journals Abdominal obesity in primary care

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 915 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sethu Prabhu Shankar ◽  
Golepu Kartikeya
Keyword(s):  
Primary Care ◽  
Primary Care Physician ◽  
Abdominal Obesity ◽  
Primary Care Physicians ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Care Physician ◽  
Abdominal Circumference ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Cross Sectional

Background: Obesity is one of the important challenge in primary care. Abdominal obesity is associated with future cardiovascular disease when compared to non-obese individuals. The objective was to study the prevalence of abdominal obesity in patients attending primary care physician and to analyse abdominal obesity across different age groups and gender.Methods: The study was done as cross-sectional study at primary care centres in and around Pondicherry. Patients visiting primary care physician were included in the study. All adult patients of age more than 18 years, of both sexes visiting the primary care physician were included in study. Pregnant women, patients with abdomen diseases and patients those who are not willing to give written consent for participation in the study were excluded from the study. Demographic profile, anthropometric measurements were recorded. Abdominal circumference of all patients were recorded using a standard measuring tape. Abdominal obesity was diagnosed when the abdominal circumference was more than 90 centimetres in male and more than 80 centimetres in female.Results: A total number of 1030 patients were included in the study. There were 189 patients in age group 60-69. Females 535 outnumbered males 484. In the age group 50-59, 33 (40%) of males and 45 (44%) of females had increased abdominal circumference more than 90 centimetres in males and 80 centimetres in females. Across all age groups 121 (24%) males had abdominal circumference more than 90 centimetres in the study and 147 (28%) females had abdominal circumference more than 80 centimetres.Conclusions: Abdominal obesity is common at primary care level. The prevalence of abdominal obesity is more in females when compared with males. Hence all primary care physicians have to be stressed about the importance of abdominal obesity. 

scholarly journals Gender-specific trends of educational inequality in diagnosed diabetes from 1999 to 2014 in Hong Kong: a serial cross-sectional study of 97,481 community-dwelling Chinese adults

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gary Ka-Ki Chung ◽  
Francisco Tsz Tsun Lai ◽  
Eng-Kiong Yeoh ◽  
Roger Yat-Nork Chung
Keyword(s):  
Hong Kong ◽  
Educational Inequality ◽  
Social Determinant ◽  
Community Dwelling ◽  
Chinese Adults ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Relative Index ◽  
Index Of Inequality ◽  
Diagnosed Diabetes ◽  
Gender Specific

Abstract Background Gender differences in the trend of educational inequality in diabetes have been widely observed in the Western populations, indicating the increasing importance of educational attainment as a social determinant of diabetes among women. Nonetheless, relevant evidence is scarce in developed Asian settings for comparisons. This study examined the gender-specific trends of educational inequality in diagnosed diabetes in Hong Kong between 1999 and 2014. Methods A series of eight territory-wide population-representative samples of 97,481 community-dwelling Hong Kong Chinese adults aged 45 or above were surveyed between 1999 and 2014. Regression-based Relative Index of Inequality (RII) and age-standardized Slope Index of Inequality (SII) were adopted to examine the extent and trend of gender-specific educational inequality in self-reported physician-diagnosed diabetes. Results Age-standardized prevalence of diabetes increased in both genders over time, with a steeper surge among men. In addition, educational inequalities in diabetes, in both relative and absolute terms, significantly widened among women over the study period (annual RII change = 1.04; 95% CI = 1.02–1.07, annual SII change = 0.36%; 95% CI = 0.16–0.56%), with the peak in 2011 (RII = 2.44; 95% CI = 1.83–3.24, SII = 9.21%; 95% CI = 6.47–11.96%). However, no significant widening inequality was found among men. Further adjustment for household income level did not attenuate the observed educational inequality. Conclusions Despite a greater increase in diabetes prevalence among men, disparity in diabetes substantially widened across education levels among women in the past decade in Hong Kong. The gender perspective should be taken into considerations for policy making to alleviate the prevalence surge and rising educational inequality in diabetes.

scholarly journals Time trends of socioeconomic inequalities in adolescent smoking in Okinawa, Japan, 2008–2016: a repeated cross-sectional study

2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Minoru Takakura ◽  
Masaya Miyagi ◽  
Akira Kyan
Keyword(s):  
Time Trends ◽  
Parental Education ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Socioeconomic Inequalities ◽  
School Type ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Japanese Adolescents ◽  
Index Of Inequality ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Background Smoking among Japanese adolescents has decreased noticeably. However, little is known whether the decreasing trend in adolescent smoking can be seen across all socioeconomic status (SES) groups. This study aimed to examine trends in socioeconomic inequalities in smoking among Japanese adolescents between 2008 and 2016. Methods We conducted a repeated cross-sectional study using data from three surveys of high school students in Okinawa, Japan, in 2008, 2012, and 2016. The study participants consisted of 7902 students in grades 10 through 12 (15–18 years). Smoking was assessed as current cigarette use. SES indicators included familial SES (parental education and family structure) and student’s own SES (school type). To evaluate absolute and relative inequalities, prevalence differences (PDs) and ratios (PRs) between low and high SES groups were estimated. The slope index of inequality (SII) and relative index of inequality (RII) were also calculated. Results Smoking prevalence among boys and girls significantly declined from 11.5% and 6.2% in 2008 to 4.7% and 1.9% in 2016, respectively. Similar decreasing trends in smoking were found among most of the SES groups. The PDs and SII for parental education in boys and family structure in girls decreased over time while those for school type persisted among boys and girls. The PRs and RII for school type in boys increased while those for other SES indicators among both sexes remained stable over time. Conclusions Smoking among Japanese adolescents has been declining and time trends of socioeconomic inequalities in smoking varied by absolute and relative measures. Further policies and/or interventions to reduce smoking inequalities should focus on the context of schools, especially in vocational high schools.

scholarly journals Determinants of alcohol consumption and marijuana use among young adults in the Republic of Palau

2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mizuki Sata ◽  
Renzhe Cui ◽  
Chifa Chiang ◽  
Singeru Travis Singeo ◽  
Berry Moon Watson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Alcohol Consumption ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Marijuana Use ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Education Levels ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Republic Of Palau

Abstract Background This study aimed to describe the status of alcohol consumption and drug use among young adults as well as their determinants. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional study of 356 young adults (aged 18 to 24 years) living in Palau in 2013. The prevalence of self-reported alcohol and marijuana usage were compared within and between sexes, age groups, ethnicities, and education levels. Results The proportion of current drinking was higher in people aged 21–24 than in those aged 18–20 (73.2% vs. 60.9%, p = 0.09 in men and 48.3% vs. 30.0%, p = 0.02 in women), while that of marijuana use did not differ between the age groups. The proportions of current drinking and marijuana use were higher in Palauan than in other ethnicities (current drinking: 70.6% vs. 40.6%, p = 0.005 in men and 38.8% vs. 16.6%, p = 0.04 in women; lifetime marijuana use: 80.0% vs. 52.9%, p = 0.02 in men and 56.1% vs. 30.6%, p = 0.09 in women). The proportion of frequent (3 times or more) marijuana users was higher for the lower educated than for the higher educated (62.5% vs. 32.1%, p < 0.001 in men and 33.9% vs. 24.4%, p = 0.12 in women). Conclusions Sex, age, ethnicity, and education were significant determinants of alcohol and marijuana use.

Prevalence and distribution of causes of infertility according to women’s age – a cross-sectional study in a tertiary healthcare hospital setup

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Keerthana Dhandapani ◽  
Bhagyalakshmi Kodavanji ◽  
Vinodini Nithyananda Madom Anantharaya ◽  
Nayanatara Arun Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Female Infertility ◽  
Secondary Infertility ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Female Population ◽  
Infertile Women ◽  
Tertiary Healthcare ◽  
The Individual

Abstract Objectives Infertility has disastrous consequences, particularly for women. Causes of infertility in developed countries have been investigated but there is a significant lack of data among Indian female population. The aim of the present study was to analyze the causes and the proportion of the individual factors contributing to infertility, considering the age factor. Methods The data of 204 infertile women (18–45 years) were collected from the files in tertiary care hospitals. Causes and age of infertile women were grouped. The prevalence of each cause was evaluated. Data analysis was done using SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences) version 17.0. Results Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) was the most common (14.71%) cause of female infertility. Ovulatory dysfunctions (25.55%) were the foremost cause in primary infertility, whereas in secondary infertility, uterine factors (26.86%) were most common. The incidence of primary and secondary infertility was more evident in patients who were more than 30 years of age. Conclusions Causes of infertility vary according to the age. The causes of female infertility were unexplained infertility, ovulatory disorders and uterine factors most commonly affecting women at ≤30 years.

scholarly journals Mood and Metabolic Health Status of Elderly Osteoporotic Patients in Korea: A Cross-Sectional Study of a Nationally Representative Sample

Healthcare ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 77
Author(s):  
Hyen Chul Jo ◽  
Gu-Hee Jung ◽  
Seong-Ho Ok ◽  
Ji Eun Park ◽  
Jong Chul Baek
Keyword(s):  
Abdominal Obesity ◽  
Bone Health ◽  
Elderly Women ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Standard Procedures ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Male Subjects ◽  
Female Subjects

This study aimed to investigate the association between osteoporosis and comorbidity, which are very common in Korea, and develop a treatment strategy to improve bone health based on the findings of the Korean National Health and Nutritional Examination Surveys (KNHANES). This study was based on data obtained from 4060 subjects (1755 males, 2305 females) aged above 60 years in the KNHANES (2016–2017). Well-trained medical staff performed the standard procedures and measured several variables including height, weight, and waist circumference. Interviews and laboratory tests were based on the diagnosis of hyperuricemia, dyslipidemia, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), osteoporosis, and depression. Comorbidities were defined as a self-reported physician diagnosis. The association of osteoporosis with depression and metabolic disease was assessed statistically using the complex sample analysis method of SPSS. The presence of osteoporosis, dyslipidemia, T2DM, hyperuricemia, obesity, abdominal obesity, and depression was 6.1 ± 0.5%, 15.2 ± 0.7%, 6.5 ± 0.4%, 13.4 ± 0.7%, 30.8 ± 0.8%, 19.4 ± 0.9%, 4.0 ± 0.2%, respectively. After adjusted by age, osteoporotic subjects were significance in the presence of abdominal obesity (p = 0.024, OR 0.80), hyperuricemia (p = 0.013, OR 0.68), dyslipidemia (p < 0.001, OR 1.84), and depression (p < 0.001, OR 2.56), respectively. Subgroup analyses showed dyslipidemia (female subjects, p < 0.001, OR 1.04; male subjects, p = 0.94, OR 1.09) and depression (female subjects, p < 0.001, OR 1.76; male subjects, p = 0.51, OR 0.62) were associated with osteoporotic female subjects but not in male subjects. The comorbidity of dyslipidemia and depression in female subjects was associated with osteoporosis and an odds ratio was 13.33 (95% CI: 8.58–20.71) (p < 0.001). The comorbidity of abdominal obesity (female subjects, p = 0.75, OR 0.97; male subjects, p = 0.94, OR 1.02) and hyperuricemia (female subjects, p = 0.27, OR 0.81; male subjects p = 0.07, OR 0.35) was not associated with osteoporosis in both Subgroup. The result of this study shows a strong dependency of comorbidity with dyslipidemia and depression in elderly women with osteoporosis. Therefore, efforts to improve dyslipidemia and depression might prevent compromised bone health.

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