scholarly journals Hippuric acid in urine: reference values

2002 ◽  
Vol 36 (6) ◽  
pp. 723-727 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Elisa PB Siqueira ◽  
Maria José N Paiva
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Reference Values ◽  
Hippuric Acid ◽  
Smoking Habit ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Reference Value ◽  
Good Health ◽  
Southeastern Brazil ◽  
The Impact

OBJECTIVE: To establish reference values for hippuric acid (HA) excreted in the urine, and to evaluate the impact of age, gender, alcohol, and tobacco, on these levels in a population nonexposed to toluene. METHODS: Reference values for hippuric acid in urine were determined in 115 toluene nonexposed healthy volunteers, from Alfenas city, Southeastern Brazil. A questionnaire was applied to each volunteer and data on occupational and personal habits were collected. Biochemical and hematological analyses were used to confirm the volunteers' good health condition. Reference values were expressed in g HA/g urine creatinine, as mean ± standard deviation (x ± SD), median, 95% confidence interval (95%CI), 95th percentile, and upper reference value (URV, mean +2 SD). RESULTS: Reference values of hippuric acid in urine were: mean ± standard deviation =0.18±0.10; median =0.15; 95% confidence interval =0.16±0.20; 95th percentile = 0.36 and upper reference value (URV, mean +2 SD) =0.38. Statistically significant differences in urinary HA (Wilcoxon - Mann/Whitney, p<0.05) were observed for different genders and age groups. Alcohol ingestion and smoking habit did not significantly affect the results. CONCLUSIONS: The reference values of hippuric acid in urine can be used in biomonitoring programs of workers occupationally exposed to toluene, especially in the southern region of the state of Minas Gerais. Age and gender may affect the HA reference values.

scholarly journals POS0774 INFLUENZA INFECTION AS A TRIGGER FOR SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS FLARES RESULTING IN HOSPITALIZATION

2021 ◽  
Vol 80 (Suppl 1) ◽  
pp. 641.1-641
Author(s):  
Y. B. Joo ◽  
Y. J. Park
Keyword(s):  
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus ◽  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Lupus Erythematosus ◽  
Influenza Infection ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Case Series ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Systemic Lupus ◽  
Control Interval ◽  
The Impact

Background:Infections have been associated with a higher risk of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) flares, but the impact of influenza infection on SLE flares has not been evaluated.Objectives:We evaluated the association between influenza infection and SLE flares resulting in hospitalization.Methods:SLE flares resulting in hospitalization and influenza cases were ascertained from the Korean national healthcare insurance database (2014-2018). We used a self-controlled case series design. We defined the risk interval as the first 7 days after the influenza index date and the control interval was defined as all other times during the observation period of each year. We estimated the incidence rates of SLE flares resulting in hospitalization during the risk interval and control interval and compared them using a Poisson regression model.Results:We identified 1,624 influenza infections among the 1,455 patients with SLE. Among those, there were 98 flares in 79 patients with SLE. The incidence ratio (IR) for flares during the risk interval as compared with the control interval was 25.75 (95% confidence interval 17.63 – 37.59). This significantly increased the IRs for flares during the risk interval in both women (IR 27.65) and men (IR 15.30), all age groups (IR 17.00 – 37.84), with and without immunosuppressive agent (IR 24.29 and 28.45, respectively), and with and without prior respiratory diseases (IR 21.86 and 26.82, respectively).Conclusion:We found significant association between influenza infection and SLE flares resulting in hospitalization. Influenza infection has to be considered as a risk factor for flares in all SLE patients regardless of age, sex, medications, and comorbidities.References:[1]Kwong, J. C. et al. Acute Myocardial Infarction after Laboratory-Confirmed Influenza Infection. N Engl J Med 2018:378;345-353.Table 1.Incidence ratios for SLE flares resulting in hospitalization after influenza infectionRisk intervalIncidence ratio95% CIDuring risk interval for 7 days / control interval25.7517.63 – 37.59Days 1-3 / control interval21.8114.71 – 32.35Days 4-7 / control interval7.563.69 – 15.47SLE, systemic lupus erythematosus; CI, confidence intervalDisclosure of Interests:None declared

A model for the effect of bias for cholesterol on the population at risk.

1988 ◽  
Vol 34 (11) ◽  
pp. 2256-2259 ◽  
Author(s):  
M H Kroll ◽  
M Ruddel ◽  
R J Elin
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Reference Values ◽  
Gaussian Distribution ◽  
Population Distribution ◽  
Reference Value ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
The Body ◽  
Methodological Bias ◽  
The Mean

Abstract The location of the Reference Value for an analyte within the population distribution affects the magnitude of error due to methodological bias. Using the gaussian distribution, we evaluated the effects of systematic and proportional biases of the method (positive and negative), mean value, and standard deviation on the magnitude of error. We chose four Reference Values for cholesterol as a model. For a population with a mean of 2.0 and SD of 0.36 g of cholesterol per liter, a 3% positive proportional bias causes sixfold more error at the 50th percentile than at the 97.5th. In general, the error for a given bias (proportional or systematic) is greater for a Reference Value within the body than at the tails of the distribution. Further, the magnitude of the error varies as a function of the mean and standard deviation of the population.

scholarly journals The impact of systolic and diastolic blood pressure variability on mortality is age dependent: Data from the Dublin Outcome Study

2019 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 355-364 ◽  
Author(s):  
Grzegorz Bilo ◽  
Eamon Dolan ◽  
Eoin O'Brien ◽  
Rita Facchetti ◽  
Davide Soranna ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Diastolic Blood Pressure ◽  
Cardiovascular Mortality ◽  
Blood Pressure Variability ◽  
Strong Predictor ◽  
Outcome Study ◽  
Short Term ◽  
The Impact

Background Twenty-four-hour blood pressure variability (BPV) is independently related to cardiovascular outcomes, but limited and conflicting evidence is available on the relative prognostic importance of systolic and diastolic BPV. The aim of this study was to verify the hypothesis that the association of systolic and diastolic blood pressure variability over 24 h with cardiovascular mortality in untreated subjects is affected by age. Design and methods The study included 9154 untreated individuals assessed for hypertension between 1982 and 2002 in the frame of the Dublin Outcome Study, in which 24 h ambulatory blood pressure monitoring was obtained (age 54.1 ± 14.3 years, 47% males). The association of short-term systolic and diastolic blood pressure variability with cardiovascular and all-cause mortality in the entire sample and separately in younger and older age subgroups was assessed over a median follow-up period of 6.3 years. Results Diastolic BPV was directly and independently related to cardiovascular mortality (adjusted hazard ratio (adjHR) for daytime standard deviation 1.16 (95% confidence interval 1.08–1.26)) with no significant differences among age groups. Conversely, systolic BPV was independently associated with cardiovascular mortality only in younger (<50 years) subjects (adjHR for daytime standard deviation 1.72 (95% confidence interval 1.33–2.23)), superseding the predictive value of diastolic BPV in this group. Conclusions Diastolic short-term BPV independently predicts cardiovascular mortality in hypertensive subjects at all ages, while systolic BPV seems a particularly strong predictor in young adults. If confirmed, these findings might improve the understanding of the prognostic value of BPV, with new perspectives for its possible clinical application.

scholarly journals Effects of ambient temperature and air pollutants on bacillary dysentery from 2014 to 2017 in Lanzhou, China

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoli Han ◽  
Wei Zhang ◽  
Xudong Cui ◽  
Hanping Ma ◽  
Yanchen Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Air Pollutants ◽  
Bacillary Dysentery ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Additive Model ◽  
Cumulative Effect ◽  
Reference Value ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Distributed Lag ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background: Previous studies have always focused on the impact of various meteorological factors on bacillary dysentery (BD). However, only few studies have investigated the effects of climate and air pollutants on BD incidence simultaneously. This study aimed to investigate the effects of temperature and air pollutants on BD in Lanzhou. Methods: Daily data of BD cases and environmental factors from 2014 to 2017 were collected. A generalized additive model (GAM) was conducted to explore the relationship between environmental factors and BD. Then a distributed lag non-linear model (DLNM) was developed to assess the lag and cumulative effect. Furthermore, this study explored the variability across gender and age groups. Results: A total of 7102 cases of BD were notified over the study period. High temperature can significantly increase the risk of BD during the whole lag period, temperature has different exposure effects on different genders and age groups. With 9℃ as the reference value, each 1℃ rise in temperature result in a 4.8% (RR=1.048, 95%CI: 0.996, 1.103) increase in the number of cases BD at lag 0 day. With 50μg/m3 as the reference value, each 5μg/m3 rise in PM2.5 caused a 11.3% (RR=1.113, 95%CI: 1.066, 1.162) increase in the number of BD cases at lag 0. Low concentration of PM10 in the lag of 10-14 days can significantly increase the risk of BD, while high concentration PM10 in the lag of 6-14 days can significantly increase the risk of BD. Conclusions:Temperature, PM2.5 and PM10 are closely related to the incidence of bacillary dysentery. Our findings suggest adaptation plans that target vulnerable populations in susceptible communities should be developed to reduce health risks.

scholarly journals Effects of ambient temperature and air pollutants on bacillary dysentery from 2014 to 2017 in Lanzhou, China

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoli Han ◽  
Wei Zhang ◽  
Xudong Cui ◽  
Hanping Ma ◽  
Yanchen Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Air Pollutants ◽  
Bacillary Dysentery ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Additive Model ◽  
Cumulative Effect ◽  
Reference Value ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Distributed Lag ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background : Previous studies have always focused on the impact of various meteorological factors on bacillary dysentery (BD). However, only few studies have investigated the effects of climate and air pollutants on BD incidence simultaneously. This study aimed to investigate the effects of temperature and air pollutants on BD in Lanzhou. Methods: Daily data of BD cases and environmental factors from 2014 to 2017 were collected. A generalized additive model (GAM) was conducted to explore the relationship between environmental factors and BD. Then a distributed lag non-linear model (DLNM) was developed to assess the lag and cumulative effect. Furthermore, this study explored the variability across gender and age groups. Results: A total of 7102 cases of BD were notified over the study period. High temperature can significantly increase the risk of BD during the whole lag period, temperature has different exposure effects on different genders and age groups. With 9℃ as the reference value, each 1℃ rise in temperature result in a 4.8% (RR=1.048, 95%CI: 0.996, 1.103) increase in the number of cases BD at lag 0 day. With 50μg/m 3 as the reference value, each 5μg/m 3 rise in PM2.5 caused a 11.3% (RR=1.113, 95%CI: 1.066, 1.162) increase in the number of BD cases at lag 0. Low concentration of PM10 in the lag of 10-14 days can significantly increase the risk of BD, while high concentration PM10 in the lag of 6-14 days can significantly increase the risk of BD. Conclusions: Temperature, PM2.5 and PM10 are closely related to the incidence of bacillary dysentery. Our findings suggest adaptation plans that target vulnerable populations in susceptible communities should be developed to reduce health risks.

SIDE EFFECTS OF PTU AND MMI IN THE TREATMENT OF HYPERTHYROIDISM: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW AND META-ANALYSIS

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 207-217 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenshu Yu ◽  
Na Wu ◽  
Ling Li ◽  
Junwu Wang ◽  
Hong OuYang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Antithyroid Drug ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
First Trimester ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Antithyroid Drugs ◽  
The Impact

Objective: The present study aimed to investigate the adverse effects of the antithyroid drugs propylthiouracil (PTU) and methimazole (MMI)/carbimazole (CMZ) in treating hyperthyroidism. Methods: Qualitative analysis was performed for studies identified in a literature search up to April 20, 2019, and 30 studies were selected for meta-analysis. The study designs included case-control, randomized controlled, and retrospective cohort. Patients were in four age groups: childhood, gestating mothers, older adults, and other ages, and all were receiving PTU or MMI/CMZ. Adverse reactions to MMI/CMZ and PTU were evaluated and compared. Results: Odds of liver function injury were higher in the PTU group than in the MMI/CMZ group (odds ratio [OR], 2.40; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.16 to 4.96; P = .02). Odds of elevated transaminase were much higher in the PTU group than in the MMI/CMZ group (OR, 3.96; 95% CI, 2.49 to 6.28; P<.00001). No significant between-group differences were found in odds of elevated bilirubin, agranulocytosis, rash, or urticaria; incidence of other adverse events; or in children. Odds of birth defects during the first trimester of pregnancy were higher in the MMI/CMZ group than in the PTU group (OR, 1.29; 95% CI, 1.09 to 1.53; P = .003). Conclusion: The impact of PTU on liver injury and transaminase levels is greater than that of MMI/CMZ, but no significant between-group differences are found in the drugs' effects on bilirubin, agranulocytosis and rash, urticaria, or in children. In treating pregnancy-related hyperthyroidism, PTU should be used in the first trimester and MMI reserved for use in late pregnancy. Abbreviations: ALT = alanine aminotransferase; ATD = antithyroid drug; CI = confidence interval; CMZ = carbimazole; GD = Graves disease; MMI = methimazole; MTU = methylthiouracil; NOS = Newcastle-Ottawa Scale; OR = odds ratio; PTU = propylthiouracil; RAI = radioactive iodine

scholarly journals Malaria Parasite Density Estimated with White Blood Cells Count Reference Value Agrees with Density Estimated with Absolute in Children Less Than 5 Years in Central Ghana

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dennis Adu-Gyasi ◽  
Kwaku Poku Asante ◽  
Sam Newton ◽  
Sabastina Amoako ◽  
David Dosoo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reference Values ◽  
Parasite Density ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Malaria Parasite ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
White Blood Cells ◽  
Laboratory Data ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Reference Value ◽  
The Difference

Introduction. The estimation of malaria parasite density using a microscope heavily relies on White Blood Cells (WBCs) counts. An assumed WBCs count of 8000/µL has been accepted as reasonably accurate in estimating malaria parasite densities due to the challenge to accurately determine WBCs count. Method. The study used 4944 pieces of laboratory data of consented participants of age group less than 5 years. The study compared parasite densities of absolute WBCs, assumed WBCs, and the WBCs reference values in Central Ghana. Ethical approvals were given by three ethics committees. Results. The mean (±SD) WBCs and geometric mean parasite density (GMPD) were 10500/µL (±4.1) and 10644/µL (95% CI 9986/µL to 11346/µL), respectively. The difference in the GMPD compared using absolute WBCs and densities of assumed WBCs was significantly lower. The difference in GMPD obtained with an assumed WBCs count and that of the WBCs reference values for the study area, 10400/µL and 9200/µL for children in different age groups, were not significant. Discussion. Significant errors could result when assumed WBCs count is used to estimate malaria parasite density in children. GMPD generated with WBCs reference values statistically agreed with density from the absolute WBCs. When obtaining absolute WBC is not possible, the reference value can be used to estimate parasite density.

scholarly journals The impact of replacing breakfast grains with meat/meat alternatives: an evaluation of child nutrition policy

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (6) ◽  
pp. 1136-1141 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer A Hanson ◽  
Olivia Cantrell ◽  
Paola Paez ◽  
Priscilla Brenes ◽  
Denise E Laursen
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin E ◽  
Reference Values ◽  
Child Nutrition ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Reference Value ◽  
Dietary Guidelines ◽  
Dietary Reference Intake ◽  
Adult Care ◽  
Minimum Requirements ◽  
The Impact

AbstractObjective:To evaluate the Child and Adult Care Food Program (CACFP) rule that allows a meat/meat alternative to replace the breakfast grain requirement three times per week.Design:A 5-week menu including breakfast, lunch and snack was developed with meat/meat alternative replacing the breakfast grain requirement three times per week. Menu nutrients based on the minimum requirements were compared with reference values representing the Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range for fat and a range of reference values representing two-thirds the Dietary Reference Intake for 3-year-olds and 4–5-year-olds. The meal pattern minimum requirements were compared with two-thirds of those recommended by the Dietary Guidelines for Americans (DGA).Setting:Evaluation took place between April and June 2019.Participants:Human subjects were not utilized.Results:The CACFP minimum grain requirement is well below the DGA reference value (0·5–1·5 v. 3·33 ounce-equivalents). Energy (2208·52 kJ) was below the reference values (3126·83–4362·53 kJ). Protein (34·43 g) was above the reference values (9·87–10·81 g). Carbohydrate (76·65 g), fibre (7·46 g) and vitamin E (1·69 mg) were below their reference values of 86·67 g, 10·46–14·60 g and 4–4·76 mg, respectively. Fat (22·57 %) was below the reference range (25–40 %).Conclusions:The CACFP rule which allows a meat/meat alternative to replace the breakfast grain requirement three times per week may result in meal patterns low in energy, carbohydrate, fat, fibre and vitamin E, while providing an excessive amount of protein.

scholarly journals Tau and Aβ42 in Cerebrospinal Fluid from Healthy Adults 21–93 Years of Age: Establishment of Reference Values

2001 ◽  
Vol 47 (10) ◽  
pp. 1776-1781 ◽  
Author(s):  
Magnus Sjögren ◽  
Hugo Vanderstichele ◽  
Hans Ågren ◽  
Olof Zachrisson ◽  
Mikael Edsbagge ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Clinical Practice ◽  
Blood Brain Barrier ◽  
Reference Values ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Reference Value ◽  
Brain Barrier ◽  
Freezing And Thawing ◽  
Blood Brain ◽  
Amino Acid Form

Abstract Background: Tau protein and the 42-amino acid form of β-amyloid (Aβ42) measured in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) have been proposed as potential biochemical diagnostic markers for Alzheimer disease. For the introduction of these assays in clinical practice, adequate reference values are of importance. Methods: CSF samples were obtained from 231 neurologically and psychiatrically healthy individuals, 21–93 years of age, all with a MiniMental State examination score of 28 or above. Standardized ELISAs were used to measure tau and Aβ42 in CSF. Following IFCC recommendations, we used a rank-based method; the 0.90 and 0.10 fractiles were estimated to establish reference values for CSF-tau and CSF-Aβ42, respectively. Putative confounding factors, such as the influence of the passage of proteins from peripheral blood to CSF, influence of dysfunction of the blood-brain barrier, and freezing and thawing of CSF, were investigated. Results: A correlation with age was found for CSF-tau (r = 0.60; P &lt;0.001). Therefore, separate reference values for different age groups were established for CSF-tau: &lt;300 ng/L in the group 21–50 years of age, &lt;450 ng/L in the group 51–70 years of age, and &lt;500 ng/L in the group 71–93 years of age. CSF-Aβ42 did not correlate with age (r = −0.045), and the reference value was set to &gt;500 ng/L. No correlation was found between blood-brain barrier function and CSF-tau or CSF-Aβ42. Conclusions: These reference values can be applied when using CSF-tau and CSF-Aβ42 in clinical practice.

Prevalence of antibodies against measles, mumps and rubella in the childhood population in Singapore, 2008–2010

2012 ◽  
Vol 141 (8) ◽  
pp. 1721-1730 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. W. ANG ◽  
F. Y. LAI ◽  
S. H. TEY ◽  
J. CUTTER ◽  
L. JAMES ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Herd Immunity ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Childhood Immunization ◽  
Mmr Vaccine ◽  
Immunization Programme ◽  
Childhood Population ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Over Time

SUMMARYWe undertook a national paediatric seroprevalence survey of measles, mumps and rubella (MMR) in Singapore to assess the impact of the national childhood immunization programme against these three diseases after introduction of the trivalent MMR vaccine in 1990. The survey involved 1200 residual sera of Singapore residents aged 1–17 years collected from two hospitals between 2008 and 2010. The overall prevalence of antibodies against measles, mumps and rubella was 83·1% [95% confidence interval (CI) 80·9–85·1], 71·8% (95% CI 69·1–74·2) and 88·5% (95% CI 86·6–90·2), respectively. For all three diseases, the lowest prevalence was in children aged 1 year (47·8–62·3%). The seroprevalence of the vaccinated children declined over time. The national MMR immunization programme is effective in raising the herd immunity of the childhood population, although certain age groups are more susceptible to infection, in particular, those who are not eligible for vaccination at age <15 months.

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