scholarly journals Global warming in Amazonia: impacts and Mitigation

2009 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 1003-1011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip Martin Fearnside
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Global Warming ◽  
Forest Fires ◽  
El Niño ◽  
El Nino ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Carbon Accounting ◽  
Amazon Forest ◽  
Temperature Oscillations

Global warming has potentially catastrophic impacts in Amazonia, while at the same time maintenance of the Amazon forest offers one of the most valuable and cost-effective options for mitigating climate change. We know that the El Niño phenomenon, caused by temperature oscillations of surface water in the Pacific, has serious impacts in Amazonia, causing droughts and forest fires (as in 1997-1998). Temperature oscillations in the Atlantic also provoke severe droughts (as in 2005). We also know that Amazonian trees die both from fires and from water stress under hot, dry conditions. In addition, water recycled through the forest provides rainfall that maintains climatic conditions appropriate for tropical forest, especially in the dry season. What we need to know quickly, through intensified research, includes progress in representing El Niño and the Atlantic oscillations in climatic models, representation of biotic feedbacks in models used for decision-making about global warming, and narrowing the range of estimating climate sensitivity to reduce uncertainty about the probability of very severe impacts. Items that need to be negotiated include the definition of "dangerous" climate change, with the corresponding maximum levels of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Mitigation of global warming must include maintaining the Amazon forest, which has benefits for combating global warming from two separate roles: cutting the flow the emissions of carbon each year from the rapid pace of deforestation, and avoiding emission of the stock of carbon in the remaining forest that can be released by various ways, including climate change itself. Barriers to rewarding forest maintenance include the need for financial rewards for both of these roles. Other needs are for continued reduction of uncertainty regarding emissions and deforestation processes, as well as agreement on the basis of carbon accounting. As one of the countries most subject to impacts of climate change, Brazil must assume the leadership in fighting global warming.

scholarly journals Adaptasi Padi Sawah (Oryza Sativa L.) terhadap Peningkatan Kelebihan Air sebagai Dampak Pemanasan Global

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 130-144
Author(s):  
Putu Shantiawan ◽  
Putu Suwardike
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Global Warming ◽  
El Niño ◽  
El Nino ◽  
Rice Production ◽  
La Niña ◽  
Rice Plants ◽  
La Nina ◽  
Excess Water ◽  
Rough Rice

Abstract. Climate change as a result of global warming creates climate uncertainty (anomaly) in the form of excessive drought (El-Nino) and excessive rain (La Nina) which greatly affects the productivity of rice plants. Under normal conditions. Indonesia's rice production will decline to 65 million tons in 2050. But due to climate change, the decline in rice production can be even more drastic to reach 90 million tons or down by 38 per cent. Rice plants need around 2,500 litres of water to produce 1 kg of grain (rough rice). This water is filled from rainwater and/or irrigation water. La Nina can interfere with the growth and yield of rice plants because the plants suffer damage due to limited air exchange, both in the form of carbon dioxide (CO2) and oxygen (O2) which inhibits the process of photosynthesis and plant respiration. The level of growth disturbance and yield of rice due to excess water depends on the tolerance level of the variety, the level of inundation and the length of time of inundation. Physiologically the adaptation of lowland rice plants to excess water is classified as complex. Plants that produce PDC and ADH are more tolerant of inundation. Molecularly, plants that contain the Sub1 gene are more resistant to excess water.Keywords: flooding, global warming, climate change, rice, food Abstrak. Perubahan iklim (climate change) sebagai dampak pemanasan global menimbulkan ketidakpastian (anomali) iklim berupa kekeringan yang berlebihan (El-Nino) dan hujan yang berlebihan (La Nina) yang sangat berpengaruh terhadap produktivitas tanaman padi. Dalam kondisi normal. produksi padi di Indonesia akan mengalami penurunan hingga 65 juta ton pada tahun 2050. Namun akibat perubahan iklim, penurunan produksi padi dapat lebih derastis hingga mencapai 90 juta ton atau turun hingga 38 persen. Tanaman padi membutuhkan sekitar 2.500 liter air untuk menghasilkan 1 kg butir gabah (rough rice). Air ini dipenuhi dari air hujan dan/atau air irigasi. La Nina dapat mengganggu pertumbuhan dan hasil tanaman padi karena tanaman mengalami kerusakanakibat terbatasnya pertukaran udara, baik berupa karbondioksida (CO2) maupun oksigen (O2) yang menghambat proses fotosintesis dan respirasi tanaman. Tingkat gangguan pertumbuhan dan hasil tanaman padi akibat kelebihan air tergantung pada tingkat toleransi varietas, tingkat genangan dan lama waktu terjadinya genangan.  Secara fisiologis adaptasi tanaman padi sawah terhadap kelebihan air tergolong kompleks. Tanaman yang menghasilkan PDC dan ADH lebih banyak lebih toleran terhadap genangan.  Secara molekuler, tanaman yang mengandung gen Sub1 lebih tahan terhadap kelebihan air.Katakunci: penggenangan, pemanasan global, perubahan iklim, padi, pangan

Was El Niño A Weather Metaphor—A Signal For Global Warming?

2000 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lee Wilkins
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Global Warming ◽  
El Niño ◽  
Media Coverage ◽  
Public Perception ◽  
El Nino ◽  
News Coverage ◽  
Professional Community ◽  
Media Reports ◽  
Definition Of

This chapter reviews media coverage of El Niño 97-98 and identifies some significant trends within that coverage. The coverage analyzed includes that provided by the major American television networks, the elite press, and significant regional newspapers. During the early months of the study period, news coverage of El Niño was focused on the science of the prediction and was framed as an issue of risk with appropriate uncertainty. However, as the predictions themselves were borne out in real-world phenomena, coverage of El Niño became event driven, and the phenomenon itself was treated as certainty. The risks of climate change attributed to El Niño outweighed the potential benefits in many media reports. Coverage of El Niño was extensive, particularly on the West Coast of the United States, where many individual weather events were connected with the larger phenomenon. The chapter then explores the possibility that the totality of the media coverage may have two lasting impacts. First, on the basis of existing scholarship on mass communication and risk communication, it is reasonable to suggest that the extensive news coverage of El Niño may have had some influence on public perception of climate change, particularly the salience of climate change in discrete regions of the nation. Second, the chapter suggests that the mediated reality of the 1997-1998 event will serve as a signal event for popular and political understanding of the consequences of global warming. Historically, journalism has been both hampered and helped by its definition of news. Previous studies of media coverage of a variety of “risky” events have noted that news accounts tend to be event focused, lack context, and treat science as a matter of dueling opinions, rather than a process of knowledge acquisition. These scholarly findings, which are long-standing, have had some impact on the professional community, particularly among science writers, who over the past two decades have become both better trained in science and more aware of the limitations of the concept of “news”—at least when it comes to reporting certain sorts of events. Media coverage of El Niño , in general, reflected these previously documented trends.

scholarly journals El Nino Effect on Coffee Growth and Productivity on Several Agroforestry Systems in Gumitir Mountain Coffee Farms, East Java, Indonesia

2017 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 168
Author(s):  
Fitria Yuliasmara
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Global Warming ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
El Niño ◽  
El Nino ◽  
Agroforestry System ◽  
Mountain Area ◽  
Coffee Plantations ◽  
Robusta Coffee ◽  
Coffee Plants

Climate change and global warming have become major issues in the last 10 years and affect many sectors including coffee plantations. Global warming causes El Nino to occur more frequently and potentialy reduced agricultural production between 5–20%. In coffee plantations, an effort to minimize the impact of climate change is the use of agroforestry cropping pattern. One of the Robusta coffee producing areas grown using agroforestry system in East Java is at Gumitir mountain area. Coffee plants used as samples were 10–12 years old of Tugusari 6 coffee plantations managed by Sidomulyo farmer group. The environmental design used completely randomized block design with three replicates for each treatment which consisted of  +0.5 ha. The results of this study indicated that coffee grown under forest produced the lowest irradiation and keep daytime tem-peratures 26.33oC with humidity 85% during this El Nino period. On plant growth parameters showed that the lower intensity of irradiation produced coffee plants with morphological characters of longer segments, larger leaves and higher chlo-rophyll content. Plant growth showed no significant difference except in coffee agroforestry system with pine which produced the smallest stem diameter and fewer productive branches. It was suspected due to the presence of allelopati compounds released by the litter of pine leaves. Coffee grown under natural forest produced highest nodes per branch, cherries per node, and number of cherries per tree than other systems. Productivity of robusta coffee in Gumitir mountain area during El Nino showed that the highest productivity in forest 1497 kg ha –1 and 1355 kg ha –1 on coffee grown under Leucaena, due to its ability to maintain moisture. Agroforestry system in coffee is able to maintain environmental conditions in this case in terms of irradiation, temperature and moisture during El Nino which caused stability of plant growth and coffee productivity during El Nino.

scholarly journals Adaptasi Padi Sawah (Oryza Sativa L.) terhadap Peningkatan Kelebihan Air sebagai Dampak Pemanasan Global

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 130-144
Author(s):  
Putu Shantiawan ◽  
Putu Suwardike
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Global Warming ◽  
El Niño ◽  
El Nino ◽  
Rice Production ◽  
La Niña ◽  
Rice Plants ◽  
La Nina ◽  
Excess Water ◽  
Rough Rice

Abstract. Climate change as a result of global warming creates climate uncertainty (anomaly) in the form of excessive drought (El-Nino) and excessive rain (La Nina) which greatly affects the productivity of rice plants. Under normal conditions. Indonesia's rice production will decline to 65 million tons in 2050. But due to climate change, the decline in rice production can be even more drastic to reach 90 million tons or down by 38 per cent. Rice plants need around 2,500 litres of water to produce 1 kg of grain (rough rice). This water is filled from rainwater and/or irrigation water. La Nina can interfere with the growth and yield of rice plants because the plants suffer damage due to limited air exchange, both in the form of carbon dioxide (CO2) and oxygen (O2) which inhibits the process of photosynthesis and plant respiration. The level of growth disturbance and yield of rice due to excess water depends on the tolerance level of the variety, the level of inundation and the length of time of inundation. Physiologically the adaptation of lowland rice plants to excess water is classified as complex. Plants that produce PDC and ADH are more tolerant of inundation. Molecularly, plants that contain the Sub1 gene are more resistant to excess water.Keywords: flooding, global warming, climate change, rice, food Abstrak. Perubahan iklim (climate change) sebagai dampak pemanasan global menimbulkan ketidakpastian (anomali) iklim berupa kekeringan yang berlebihan (El-Nino) dan hujan yang berlebihan (La Nina) yang sangat berpengaruh terhadap produktivitas tanaman padi. Dalam kondisi normal. produksi padi di Indonesia akan mengalami penurunan hingga 65 juta ton pada tahun 2050. Namun akibat perubahan iklim, penurunan produksi padi dapat lebih derastis hingga mencapai 90 juta ton atau turun hingga 38 persen. Tanaman padi membutuhkan sekitar 2.500 liter air untuk menghasilkan 1 kg butir gabah (rough rice). Air ini dipenuhi dari air hujan dan/atau air irigasi. La Nina dapat mengganggu pertumbuhan dan hasil tanaman padi karena tanaman mengalami kerusakanakibat terbatasnya pertukaran udara, baik berupa karbondioksida (CO2) maupun oksigen (O2) yang menghambat proses fotosintesis dan respirasi tanaman. Tingkat gangguan pertumbuhan dan hasil tanaman padi akibat kelebihan air tergantung pada tingkat toleransi varietas, tingkat genangan dan lama waktu terjadinya genangan.  Secara fisiologis adaptasi tanaman padi sawah terhadap kelebihan air tergolong kompleks. Tanaman yang menghasilkan PDC dan ADH lebih banyak lebih toleran terhadap genangan.  Secara molekuler, tanaman yang mengandung gen Sub1 lebih tahan terhadap kelebihan air.Katakunci: penggenangan, pemanasan global, perubahan iklim, padi, pangan

scholarly journals Study of Climate Change Impact to Local Rainfall Distribution in Lampung Provinces

2016 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tumiar Katarina Manik ◽  
Bustomi Rosadi ◽  
Eva Nurhayati
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Global Warming ◽  
Global Climate Change ◽  
El Niño ◽  
El Nino ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Seasonal Pattern ◽  
Rainfall Distribution ◽  
Local Climate ◽  
The Impact

Global warming which leads to climate change has potential affect to Indonesia agriculture activities and production. Analyzing rainfall pattern and distribution is important to investigate the impact of global climate change to local climate. This study using rainfall data from 1976-2010 from both lowland and upland area of Lampung Province. The results show that rainfall tends to decrease since the 1990s which related to the years with El Nino event. Monsoonal pattern- having rain and dry season- still excist in Lampung; however, since most rain fell below the average, it could not meet crops water need. Farmers conclude that dry seasons were longer and seasonal pattern has been changed. Global climate change might affect Lampung rainfall distribution through changes on sea surface temperature which could intensify the El Nino effect. Therefore, watching the El Nino phenomena and how global warming affects it, is important in predicting local climate especially the rainfall distribution in order to prevent significant loss in agriculture productivities.

scholarly journals Climate change alters impacts of extreme climate events on a tropical perennial tree crop

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Creedy ◽  
Rebecca A. Asare ◽  
Alexandra C. Morel ◽  
Mark Hirons ◽  
Yadvinder Malhi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
El Niño ◽  
El Nino ◽  
Southern Oscillation ◽  
Climate Extremes ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Perennial Crop ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Cocoa Production ◽  
Increasing Temperature

Abstract Anthropogenic climate change causes more frequent and intense fluctuations in the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Understanding the effects of ENSO on agricultural systems is crucial for predicting and ameliorating impacts on lives and livelihoods, particularly in perennial tree crops, which may show both instantaneous and delayed responses. Using cocoa production in Ghana as a model system, here we show that in recent times, El Niño years experience reductions in cocoa production followed by several years of increased production, a significantly different pattern than prior to the 1980s. ENSO phase affects the climate in Ghana, and over the same time period, we see concomitant significant shifts in the climatic conditions resulting from ENSO extremes, with increasing temperature and water stress. Our results illustrate the big data analyses necessary to improve understanding of perennial crop responses to climate change in general, and climate extremes in particular.

VARIABILIDAD CLIMÁTICA, CAMBIO CLIMÁTICO Y PESQUERÍAS EN EL ECUADOR.

2012 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Johnny Chavarría Viteri ◽  
Dennis Tomalá Solano
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Climate Variability ◽  
Pacific Decadal Oscillation ◽  
El Niño ◽  
El Nino ◽  
Southern Oscillation ◽  
El Niño Southern Oscillation ◽  
El Nino Southern Oscillation ◽  
Current Action ◽  
Palabras Clave

La variabilidad climática es la norma que ha modulado la vida en el planeta. Este trabajo demuestra que las pesquerías y acuicultura costera ecuatorianas no son la excepción, puesto que tales actividades están fuertemente influenciadas por la variabilidad ENSO (El Niño-Oscilación del Sur) y PDO (Oscilación Decadal del Pacífico), planteándose que la señal del cambio climático debe contribuir a esta influencia. Se destaca también que, en el análisis de los efectos de la variabilidad climática sobre los recursos pesqueros, el esfuerzo extractivo también debe ser considerado. Por su parte, la acción actual de la PDO está afectando la señal del cambio climático, encontrándose actualmente en fases opuestas. Se espera que estas señales entren en fase a finales de esta década, y principalmente durante la década de los 20 y consecuentemente se evidencien con mayor fuerza los efectos del Cambio Climático. Palabras Clave: Variabilidad Climática, Cambio Climático, ENSO, PDO, Pesquerías, Ecuador. ABSTRACT Climate variability is the standard that has modulated life in the planet. This work shows that the Ecuadorian  fisheries and aquaculture are not the exception, since such activities are strongly influenced by ENSO variability (El Niño - Southern Oscillation) and PDO (Pacific Decadal Oscillation), considering that the signal of climate change should contribute to this influence. It also emphasizes that in the analysis of the effects of climate variability on the fishing resources, the extractive effort must also be considered. For its part, the current action of the PDO is affecting the signal of climate change, now found on opposite phases. It is hoped that these signals come into phase at the end of this decade, and especially during the decade of the 20’s and more strongly evidencing the effects of climate change. Keywords: Climate variability, climate change, ENSO (El Niño - Southern Oscillation) and PDO  (Pacific Decadal Oscillation); fisheries, Ecuador. Recibido: mayo, 2012Aprobado: agosto, 2012

scholarly journals Species-Specific Shifts in Diurnal Sap Velocity Dynamics and Hysteretic Behavior of Ecophysiological Variables During the 2015–2016 El Niño Event in the Amazon Forest

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruno O. Gimenez ◽  
Kolby J. Jardine ◽  
Niro Higuchi ◽  
Robinson I. Negrón-Juárez ◽  
Israel de Jesus Sampaio-Filho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
El Niño ◽  
El Nino ◽  
Hysteretic Behavior ◽  
Amazon Forest ◽  
El Niño Event ◽  
Species Specific
Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document