scholarly journals Timing, location and crop species influence the magnitude of amelioration of aluminum toxicity by magnesium

2009 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivo Ribeiro Silva ◽  
Tarcísio Fernando Cortes Corrêa ◽  
Roberto Ferreira Novais ◽  
T. Jot Smyth ◽  
Thomas Rufty ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Protective Effect ◽  
Root System ◽  
Aluminum Toxicity ◽  
Protective Action ◽  
Al Toxicity ◽  
Al Tolerance ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
Soybean Cultivars ◽  
Split Root System

The protective effect of cations, especially Ca and Mg, against aluminum (Al) rhizotoxicity has been extensively investigated in the last decades. The mechanisms by which the process occurs are however only beginning to be elucidated. Six experiments were carried out here to characterize the protective effect of Mg application in relation to timing, location and crop specificity: Experiment 1 - Protective effect of Mg compared to Ca; Experiment 2 - Protective effect of Mg on distinct root classes of 15 soybean genotypes; Experiment 3 - Effect of timing of Mg supply on the response of soybean cvs. to Al; Experiment 4 - Investigating whether the Mg protective effect is apoplastic or simplastic using a split-root system; Experiment 5 - Protective effect of Mg supplied in solution or foliar spraying, and Experiment 6 - Protective effect of Mg on Al rhizotoxicity in other crops. It was found that the addition of 50 mmol L-1 Mg to solutions containing toxic Al increased Al tolerance in 15 soybean cultivars. This caused soybean cultivars known as Al-sensitive to behave as if they were tolerant. The protective action of Mg seems to require constant Mg supply in the external medium. Supplying Mg up to 6 h after root exposition to Al was sufficient to maintain normal soybean root growth, but root growth was not recovered by Mg addition 12 h after Al treatments. Mg application to half of the root system not exposed to Al was not sufficient to prevent Al toxicity on the other half exposed to Al without Mg in rooting medium, indicating the existence of an external protection mechanism of Mg. Foliar spraying with Mg also failed to decrease Al toxicity, indicating a possible apoplastic role of Mg. The protective effect of Mg appeared to be soybean-specific since Mg supply did not substantially improve root elongation in sorghum, wheat, corn, cotton, rice, or snap bean when grown in the presence of toxic Al concentrations.

scholarly journals Comparative Transcriptome Analysis of Two Contrasting Soybean Varieties in Response to Aluminum Toxicity

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (12) ◽  
pp. 4316
Author(s):  
Lijuan Zhao ◽  
Jingjing Cui ◽  
Yuanyuan Cai ◽  
Songnan Yang ◽  
Juge Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transcriptome Analysis ◽  
Aluminum Toxicity ◽  
Metabolic Process ◽  
Al Toxicity ◽  
Regulation Of Transcription ◽  
Comparative Transcriptome ◽  
Al Tolerance ◽  
Comparative Transcriptome Analysis ◽  
Al Stress ◽  
Significant Difference

Aluminum (Al) toxicity is a major factor limiting crop productivity on acid soils. Soybean (Glycine max) is an important oil crop and there is great variation in Al tolerance in soybean germplasms. However, only a few Al-tolerance genes have been reported in soybean. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to identify candidate Al tolerance genes by comparative transcriptome analysis of two contrasting soybean varieties in response to Al stress. Two soybean varieties, M90-24 (M) and Pella (P), which showed significant difference in Al tolerance, were used for RNA-seq analysis. We identified a total of 354 Al-tolerance related genes, which showed up-regulated expression by Al in the Al-tolerant soybean variety M and higher transcript levels in M than P under Al stress. These genes were enriched in the Gene Ontology (GO) terms of cellular glucan metabolic process and regulation of transcription. Five out of 11 genes in the enriched GO term of cellular glucan metabolic process encode cellulose synthases, and one cellulose synthase gene (Glyma.02G205800) was identified as the key hub gene by co-expression network analysis. Furthermore, treatment of soybean roots with a cellulose biosynthesis inhibitor decreased the Al tolerance, indicating an important role of cellulose production in soybean tolerance to Al toxicity. This study provides a list of candidate genes for further investigation on Al tolerance mechanisms in soybean.

scholarly journals [ARTICLE PARTIAL RETRACTION] Organic acid carriers in tolerance to toxic aluminum in wheat

2018 ◽  
Vol 48 (10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerarda Beatriz Pinto da Silva ◽  
Camila Martini Zanella ◽  
Carla Andréa Delatorre ◽  
Márcia Soares Chaves ◽  
José Antônio Martinelli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Acid ◽  
Root System ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Arable Land ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Al Toxicity ◽  
Sensitive Species ◽  
Al Tolerance ◽  
Winter Cereals ◽  
Almt1 Gene

ABSTRACT: Aluminum (Al) toxicity in plants is seen in about 15% of the soils worldwide, restraining yields in arable land. In Brazil, acidic soils limit production of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and other cereals. Al is toxic for most winter cereals when its concentration increases and soil pH is below 5. One of the main concerns with acidic soil is the increase in the mobility of Al3+ions. Al binds to cell walls in roots, preventing meristematic elongation in sensitive species, causing damage to the root system and results in lower yields. Al3+ forms highly stable complexes with phosphorus (P), limiting its availability to plants, as well as reducing cell division and elongation. To deal with Al toxicity, plants have developed strategies such as organic acid (OA) exudation by roots; this mechanism of detoxification has been well-characterized. OAs, in turn, chelate ions Al3, forming non-toxic compounds that do not penetrate the root system. Some genes responsible for Al tolerance in wheat have been identified, particularly TaALMT1 and TaMATE1B that transport malate and citrate OAs, respectively. In this review, we discussed the mechanisms by which Al damages roots those by which plants are protected, primarily through two genes. We also described the interaction of the ALMT1 gene with P and iron (Fe).

Response of ectomycorrhizal and nonmycorrhizal pitch pine (Pinusrigida) seedlings to nutrient supply and aluminum: growth and mineral nutrition

1996 ◽  
Vol 26 (12) ◽  
pp. 2145-2152 ◽  
Author(s):  
George A. Schier ◽  
Carolyn J. McQuattie
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Mineral Nutrition ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Aluminum Toxicity ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Nutrient Supply ◽  
Al Toxicity ◽  
Nutrient Level ◽  
Pitch Pine ◽  
Mycorrhizal Inoculation

Mycorrhizal colonization and nutrient supply may have important effects on aluminum toxicity in trees grown on acidic, nutrient-poor soils. The interacting effects of mycorrhizal inoculation, nutrient level, and Al treatment on growth and mineral nutrition of pitch pine (Pinusrigida Mill.) seedlings grown with and without the ectomycorrhizal fungus Pisolithustinctorius (Pers.) Coker & Couch were determined. The seedlings were grown for 66 days in sand irrigated with 0.1- or 0.2-strength nutrient solution (pH 3.8) containing 0, 10, or 20 mg/L Al (0, 0.37, or 0.74 mM). Across nutrient and Al levels total dry weight of ectomycorrhizal (ECM) seedlings was 75% greater than that of nonmycorrhizal (NM) seedlings. Doubling the nutrient level increased the dry weight of NM seedlings by 120%, versus 60% for ECM seedlings. Aluminum reduced root and shoot growth in NM seedlings, but had no effect on shoot growth and only a marginally significant effect on root growth of ECM seedlings. Shoot growth of NM seedlings was more sensitive to Al than root growth. Increased growth of NM seedlings by doubling the nutrient level was least at the highest Al level. Symptoms of Al toxicity in roots (dark, stunted tips) occurred at a lower Al level in NM than ECM seedlings. A strong relationship was not found between Al toxicity and concentrations of Mg and Ca in roots and needles. Enhancement of growth resulting from increased uptake of nutrients due to mycorrhizal inoculation (and) or an increased level of nutrients was the overriding factor affecting the response of pitch pine seedlings to Al.

scholarly journals Protective effect of divalent cations against aluminum toxicity in soybean

2008 ◽  
Vol 32 (5) ◽  
pp. 2061-2071 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivo Ribeiro da Silva ◽  
Tarcísio Fernando Côrtes Corrêa ◽  
Roberto Ferreira Novais ◽  
Fabrício de Oliveira Gebrim ◽  
Flancer Novais Nunes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
Plant Tissue ◽  
Aluminum Toxicity ◽  
Divalent Cations ◽  
Acid Soil ◽  
Physiological Mechanism ◽  
Acid Soils ◽  
Al Toxicity ◽  
Base Saturation

A large proportion of soybean fields in Brazil are currently cultivated in the Cerrado region, where the area planted with this crop is growing considerably every year. Soybean cultivation in acid soils is also increasing worldwide. Since the levels of toxic aluminum (Al) in these acid soils is usually high it is important to understand how cations can reduce Al rhizotoxicity in soybean. In the present study we evaluated the ameliorative effect of nine divalent cations (Ca, Mg, Mn, Sr, Sn, Cu, Zn, Co and Ba) in solution culture on Al rhizotoxicity in soybean. The growth benefit of Ca and Mg to plants in an acid Inceptisol was also evaluated. In this experiment soil exchangeable Ca:Mg ratios were adjusted to reach 10 and 60 % base saturation, controlled by different amounts of CaCl2 or MgCl2 (at proportions from 100:0 up to 0:100), without altering the soil pH level. The low (10 %) and adequate (60 %) base saturation were used to examine how plant roots respond to Al at distinct (Ca + Mg)/Al ratios, as if they were growing in soils with distinct acidity levels. Negative and positive control treatments consisted of absence (under native soil or undisturbed conditions) or presence of lime (CaCO3) to reach 10 and 60 % base saturation, respectively. It was observed that in the absence of Aluminum, Cu, Zn, Co and Sn were toxic even at a low concentration (25 µmol L-1), while the effect of Mn, Ba, Sr and Mg was positive or absent on soybean root elongation when used in concentrations up to 100 µmol L-1. At a level of 10 µmol L-1 Al, root growth was only reverted to the level of control plants by the Mg treatment. Higher Tin doses led to a small alleviation of Al rhizotoxicity, while the other cations reduced root growth or had no effect. This is an indication that the Mg effect is ion-specific and not associated to an electrostatic protection mechanism only, since all ions were divalent and used at low concentrations. An increased exchangeable Ca:Mg ratio (at constant soil pH) in the acid soil almost doubled the soybean shoot and root dry matter even though treatments did not modify soil pH and exchangeable Al3+. This indicates a more efficient alleviation of Al toxicity by Mg2+ than by Ca2+. The reason for the positive response to Mg2+ was not the supply of a deficient nutrient because CaCO3 increased soybean growth by increasing soil pH without inducing Mg2+ deficiency. Both in hydroponics and acid soil, the reduction in Al toxicity was accompanied by a lower Al accumulation in plant tissue, suggesting a competitive cation absorption and/or exclusion of Al from plant tissue stimulated by an Mg-induced physiological mechanism.

Evaluasi Galur Kedelai Transgenik Toleran Aluminium pada Fasilitas Uji Terbatas

2016 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 155 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saptowo J. Pardal ◽  
Suharsono Suharsono
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Development ◽  
Aluminum Toxicity ◽  
Acid Soil ◽  
Acid Soils ◽  
Acid Tolerance ◽  
Al Toxicity ◽  
Nutrient Deficiencies ◽  
Al Tolerance ◽  
Phenotypic Analysis ◽  
Soil Media

Some acid soil is potential for the agricultural development. Constraints for soybean production in the acid soils are Aluminum toxicity and macro nutrient deficiencies. Breeding for soybean varieties tolerant to acid soil is needed. This could be made through genetic engineering, by inserting acid tolerance genes into a soybean genome. Thirty one soybean lines (T0) had been obtained by insertion of Al tolerance genes (MaMt2) through an Agrobacterium mediated transformation, which nine of them contained MaMt2 gene based on PCR test. Further evaluation of those lines was carried out in the Biosafety Containment, where four T1 soybean lines were carrying MaMt2 gene, namely line GM2, GM5, GM10 and GM14. The study was aimed to evaluate the degree of tolerance of T2 generation of GM2, GM5, GM10 and GM14 lines to Al toxicity. Results showed that T2 line were able to grow in hygromicin media, indicating that those T2 lines were containing hygromicin resistant gene (hptII). Phenotypic analysis of T2 lines in four acid soil media treatments indicated that all lines could survive and grow on acid soil without liming and adding compost. GM2 line grew best on the acid medium than did other lines.

Aluminum toxicity could be mitigated with boron by altering the metabolic patterns of amino acids and carbohydrates rather than organic acids in trifoliate orange

2019 ◽  
Vol 39 (9) ◽  
pp. 1572-1582 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lei Yan ◽  
Muhammad Riaz ◽  
Yalin Liu ◽  
Yu Zeng ◽  
Cuncang Jiang
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Citric Acid ◽  
Root Growth ◽  
Organic Acids ◽  
Aluminum Toxicity ◽  
Al Toxicity ◽  
Trifoliate Orange ◽  
Al Stress ◽  
Threonic Acid ◽  
Induced Changes

Abstract Aluminum (Al) toxicity is the main constraint of root growth and productivity on arable acidic soil. Although boron (B) is used to ameliorate Al stress, the exact mechanisms underlying the effects of B on Al-induced alteration on root metabolites are poorly understood, especially in the trifoliate orange, which is an important rootstock in China. Therefore, a hydroponics experiment was conducted to explore the mechanisms of B mitigates Al toxicity in roots of citrus by metabolomics. A total of 60 metabolites were identified and analyzed in the present study. The 17 amino acids and 8 sugars were up-regulated in Al-treated roots, mainly histidine, cycloleucine, asparagine, citrulline, raffinose and trehalose, and increased by 38.5-, 8.7-, 6.0-, 6.0-, 7.5- and 6.6-fold, respectively. Meanwhile, significant down-regulation of aspartic acid, isoleucine, glutamic acid and six sugars were indicated under Al stress. Aluminum induced a decrease of nine organic acids, especially l-malic acid, citric acid and threonic acid, by 98.2, 93.6 and 95.1%, respectively. Interestingly, in the presence of Al, B application decreased the contents of asparagine, cycloleucine, citrulline and histidine as well as myo-inositol, raffinose, galactinol and 3,6-anhydro-d-galactose by 52.2, 57.4, 46.7, 63.0, 65.4, 74.3, 62.5 and 55.0%, respectively. However, there was no obvious difference in the organic acid contents in Al-stressed roots treated with B. Conclusively, our results show that B regulates the metabolic patterns of amino acids and carbohydrates and reduces Al toxicity. Nevertheless, B addition did not affect the Al-induced changes in the metabolic modes of organic acids.

scholarly journals Comparative Analyses Reveal Peroxidases Play Important Roles in Soybean Tolerance to Aluminum Toxicity

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 670
Author(s):  
Juge Liu ◽  
Xiangting Wang ◽  
Ning Wang ◽  
Yang Li ◽  
Ting Jin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Candidate Genes ◽  
Aluminum Toxicity ◽  
Acid Soils ◽  
Al Toxicity ◽  
Al Tolerance ◽  
Al Stress ◽  
Important Barrier ◽  
Glycine Max L ◽  
Go Terms ◽  
H2o2 Pretreatment

Aluminum (Al) toxicity is an important barrier to soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) production in acid soils. However, little is known about the genes underlying Al tolerance in soybean. We aim to find the key candidate genes and investigate their roles in soybean tolerance to Al toxicity in this study. Comparative transcriptome analyses of the Al-tolerant (KF) and Al-sensitive (GF) soybean varieties under control and Al stress at 6, 12, and 24 h were investigated. A total of 1411 genes showed specific up-regulation in KF or more up-regulation in KF than in GF by Al stress, which were significantly enriched in the GO terms of peroxidase (POD) activity, transporter activity (including the known Al tolerance-related ABC transporter, ALMT, and MATE), and four families of transcription factors (AP2, C3H4, MYB, WRKY). The expression levels of seven POD genes were up-regulated by Al stress for at least one time point in KF. The H2O2 pretreatment significantly improved Al tolerance of KF, which is likely due to increased POD activity induced by H2O2. Our results suggest that PODs play important roles in soybean tolerance to Al toxicity. We also propose a list of candidate genes for Al tolerance in KF, which would provide valuable insights into the Al tolerance mechanisms in soybean.

scholarly journals Gen dan QTL Pengendali Toleransi Tanaman terhadap Keracunan Aluminium dan Aplikasinya untuk Pemuliaan Tanaman di Indonesia

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 111
Author(s):  
I Made Tasma
Keyword(s):  
Dominant Gene ◽  
Al Toxicity ◽  
Breeding Program ◽  
Genetic Maps ◽  
Single Dominant Gene ◽  
Breeding Methods ◽  
Al Tolerance ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Genomic Technologies

<p>Genetic knowledge of loci controlling Al toxicity tolerance is the key for a successful breeding program in developing Al<br />tolerant cultivars. Tolerance level of crop plants to Al toxicity is genetically controlled. The gene inheritance pattern is mainly<br />resulted from intensive studies of cereal crops, such as wheat, sorghum, maize, and rice. The trait can be controlled by a<br />single dominant gene, a single dominant gene with many alleles, a pair of dominant genes, or by many genes (QTL). The<br />majority of the Al tolerance genes identified so far belongs to two independent groups of gene families, i.e. aluminumactivated<br />malate transporter (ALMT) and multidrug and toxic compound extrusion (MATE), both encoding transport proteins<br />involved in Al-activated organic acid release, mainly citrate and malate. The variations in Al toxicity tolerance phenotypes are<br />strongly correlated with the expressions of such genes in the root apical cells. Many Al tolerance QTLs have been mapped in<br />the genomes of various crop species and were found to be colocated with the ALMT and MATE genes. The genetic maps of<br />the Al tolerance genes and QTLs facilitate breeding programs for developing Al-tolerant cultivars through marker-assisted<br />breeding methods. Al tolerance genes that have been isolated from genetically unrelated species can be used in genetic<br />transformation studies of crop genotypes sexually incompatible to the gene source genotypes. The application of these<br />molecular breeding methods expedites breeding programs to develop crop cultivars tolerance to Al toxicity and acid soils.<br />Genomic technologies by using next-generation sequencing and high-throughput genotyping system accelerate Al toxicity<br />tolerance gene and QTL discoveries of various crop species. The modern genomic technologies also facilitate more<br />comprehensive PGR characterization and utilization to accelerate identification and isolation of the Al tolerance genes and<br />QTLs to be used in a more comprehensive breeding program to support national food self sufficiency and food security<br />programs.</p>

scholarly journals Adaptability Trial of Paspalum conjugatum Berg, Setaria splendida Stapf and Vetiveria zizanoides (L.) Nash on Aluminum Toxicity UJI ADAPTABILITAS Paspalum conjugatum Berg, Setaria splendida Stapf, DAN Vetiveria zizanoides (L.) Nash PADA TOKSISITAS ....

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 211-216
Author(s):  
Jenny Rumondang ◽  
Yadi Setiadi ◽  
Iwan Hilwan
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Root Growth ◽  
Factorial Design ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Quartz Sand ◽  
Soil Compaction ◽  
Aluminum Toxicity ◽  
Al Toxicity ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Sand Mining

Quartz sand mining operated by PT Holcim creates the soil minerals such as aluminum (Al). Setiadi (2012) explained that Al > 3 me/100 g soil is a toxic. Problem safter mining operational PT Holcim Tbk are: 1) Al toxicity. 2) soil compaction; 3) Ca < Mg which lead to stagnant growth. The presence of Al affected root growth, signed by swelling and browning root. Reducing Al concentration needs expensive cost. Thus, other biological alternatives which more effective and cost less are needed.This research objective was to observe plant growth at media which consist of Al toxicity. Using of Paspalum conjugatum, Setaria splendida, and Vetiveria zizanoides where use as plant indicator. The treatment were concentration of micro lime and humic substances complex. The experiment conducted at factorial design.. The resulted shows performances of three grass species planted in tailing soil gave varied result. P. conjugatum was more sensitive to Al than two others, where as S. splendida and V. zizanoides were more adaptive to Al. S. splendida can reduced Al until 61.23% and combination V. zizanoides with lolime 3g/L + HSC 2.5% can reduced Al 60.03%. V. zizanoidesis and S. splendida were potential for phytoremediation (plant which can reduce toxicity in soil).Key words: Alumunium, P. conjugatum, S. splendida, V. zizanoides

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