Experimental swainsonine poisoning in goats ingesting Ipomoea sericophylla and Ipomoea riedelii (Convolvulaceae)

Ipomoea sericophylla and Ipomoea riedelii cause a glycoprotein storage disease in goats. This paper reports the experimental poisoning in goats by dried I. sericophylla and I. riedelii containing 0.05% and 0.01% swainsonine, respectively. Three groups with four animals each were used. Group 1 received daily doses of 2g/kg body weight (bw) of dried I. sericophylla (150mg of swainsonine/kg). Goats from this group had clinical signs 36-38 days after the start of ingestion. Group 2 received dried I. riedelii daily doses of 2g/kg of I. riedelii (30mg of swainsonine/kg) for 70 days. No clinical signs were observed, therefore the swainsonine dose was increased to 60mg/kg for another 70 days. Goats from Group 2 had clinical signs 26-65 days after increase in swainsonine dose to 60mg/kg. Group 3 was used as control. In these experiments the minimum toxic dose was 60mg/kg which represents 0.0004% of the dry matter in goats ingesting 1.5% bw of the dry matter. For goats ingesting 2%-2.5% bw of dry matter this dose would be 0.00024%-0.0003% of the dry matter. After the end of the experiment two goats were euthanized and another six were observed for recovery of clinical signs. Four goats that continued to consume swainsonine containing plant for 39-89 days after the first clinical signs had non reversible signs, while two goats that ingested the plant for only 15 and 20 days after the first clinical signs recovered completely. These and previous results indicate that irreversible lesions due to neuronal loss occur in goats that continue to ingest the plants for about 30 days after the first clinical signs. Clinical signs and histological lesions were similar to those reported previously for goats poisoned by swainsonine containing plants. No significant alterations were found in packed cell volume, red and white blood cell counts, hemoglobin and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentrations, mean corpuscular volume, and serum levels of glucose, total protein, and albumin, and the serum activities of gamma glutamyl transferase and aspartate aminotransferase. Swainsonine concentration of 0.05% in I. sericophylla and 0.01% in I. riedelii are different from samples of these plants used in previous experiments, which contained 0.14% and 0.5% swainsonine, respectively, demonstrating a wide variation in the toxicity of different samples.

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Evaluation of Hematological and Biochemical Changes in Dromedary Camel during the Different Stages of Lactation

Mansoura Veterinary Medical Journal ◽

10.35943/mvmj.2020.21.320 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 21 (3) ◽

pp. 121-124

Author(s):

Ahmed El-Sayed

Keyword(s):

Organic Phosphorus ◽

Hemoglobin Concentration ◽

Controlled Study ◽

Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin ◽

Dromedary Camel ◽

Gamma Glutamyl Transferase ◽

Corpuscular Hemoglobin ◽

Stage Of Lactation ◽

Group 2 ◽

Glutamyl Transferase

Objective: To assess the potential hematobiochemical alterations in healthy dromedary camel during the different stages of lactation. Design: Randomized controlled study. Animals: Fifteen healthy female dromedary camels, with mean body weight of 499.6 kg and mean age of 20 years. Procedures: Camels were categorized into 3 groups' according to their stage of lactation: group 1, early lactation (1-3 months), group 2, mid-lactation (four-6 months) and group3, late lactation (≥ 7 months). Blood samples were collected from every animals for hematological and biochemical evaluation. Results: Total erythrocyte count (TEC), hemoglobin (Hb), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), total leukocytes (TLC), lymphocytes, neutrophils, monocytes, Calcium, glucose, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) confirmed significant (p < 0.05) variation between different stages of lactation. However, non-notable (p > 0.05) dissimilarity were located in packed cell volume (PCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), in organic phosphorus (P), magnesium (Mg), cholesterol, total protein (TP), albumen, globulin, blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine kinase (CK) in the course of different ranges of lactation, Conclusion and clinical relevance: The results of this investigation may be useful as reference guide for dromedary camel to evaluate the metabolic health status at different stages of lactation.

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Photosensitization in Cattle Caused by Spontaneous and Experimentally Ingestion of Stryphnodendron fissuratum

Acta Scientiae Veterinariae ◽

10.22456/1679-9216.81829 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 46 (1) ◽

pp. 8

Author(s):

Neylisa Dario Lazaro ◽

Flavia Barbieri Bacha ◽

Rayane Chitolina Pupin ◽

Juliana Paniago Lordello de Paula ◽

Paula Velozo Leal ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Clinical Signs ◽

Chronic Phase ◽

Serum Levels ◽

Skin Lesions ◽

Gamma Glutamyl Transferase ◽

Disease Evolution ◽

Blood Samples ◽

Histopathological Lesions ◽

Glutamyl Transferase ◽

Natural Outbreak

Background: Stryphnodendron fissuratum is a tree from the Brazilian Cerrado. Its fruit is toxic to cattle and can cause clinical digestive signs, hepatogenous photosensitization, and abortion. Cases of poisoning in cattle, goats and guinea pigs have been experimentally reproduced; however, photosensitization could not be reproduced. The aim of this work was to describe an outbreak of natural poisoning and experimental reproduction in cattle, both with hepatogenous photosensitization.Materials, Methods & Results: Its described and natural outbreak and an experimental poisoning. In the outbreak, three bovines in the acute phase and three in the chronic phase were examined. Blood samples were collected from all of these animals in order to measure serum levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), urea, and creatinine. The first three animals underwent necropsy and histopathological evaluation. The experiment was conducted with two nine-month-old calves that received an oral paste made with crushed S. fissuratum fruits mixed with water. These fruits were collected at a farm at which cattle poisoning cases had occurred. Blood samples were collected in order to measure serum levels of AST, GGT, urea, and creatinine, before plant administration and then daily during the experimental period. Skin biopsies were taken before plant administration and new one after the first signs of skin lesions. The natural outbreak affected 52 of 160 bovine (31 calves and 21 cows) in the lot. Two calves and 14 cows died. Clinical signs consisted of depression, ataxia, incoordination, behavioral changes, decubitus, and death. One animal that died and 36 others that recovered had photodermatitis. Necropsy findings in the animals consisted of bad corporal condition, pale kidneys, evidence of liver lobular pattern, dry rumen contents, and full bladder. In two animals, fruit seeds were found in the rumen, and one animal had ulcers and transmural edema in the abomasum. Microscopically, mild to moderate renal tubular distension, accumulation of proteinaceous material in lumen with mild to moderate swelling, and epithelial necrosis. In the liver, swelling of hepatocytes and moderate bile stasis was detected. Enzymes values in all evaluated bovines were higher than those considered normal for the species. Experimentally, both calves became ill and one died. The clinical signs were apathy, inappetence, wobbling, weight loss, and goosebumps. One of them had jaundice, tearing, photophobia, ear skin detachment, and ulcers at the muzzle, nostrils and ventral face of the tongue. This animal was euthanized in extremis, and the necropsy findings showed generalized jaundice, evidence of increased liver lobular pattern, thick bile, pale kidneys, and esophageal, tongue, and epiglottal ulcers. Microscopically, the lesions were similar to those described during the natural outbreak. The skin biopsy from the calf that recovered showed perivascular edema and mild eosinophilia.Discussion: The diagnosis was made based on clinical signs, necropsy findings, histopathological lesions, and epidemiological analysis. Experimentally, the plant was toxic at the administered doses. Photosensitization was the most common clinical sign during the natural outbreak and until now, has never been experimentally reproduced. Based on histopathological lesions observed in this study, we can consider that is from hepatogenous origin. The results showed that the kidney lesions have an important role during the pathogenesis caused by this poisoning and during disease evolution.

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Antioxidant and Hepatoprotective Effects of Methanolic Extracts of Zilla spinosa and Hammada elegans Against Carbon Tetrachlorideinduced Hepatotoxicity in Rats

Open Chemistry ◽

10.1515/chem-2018-0021 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 16 (1) ◽

pp. 133-140 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Riaz Ullah ◽

Mansour S. Alsaid ◽

Abdelaaty A. Shahat ◽

Almoqbil Abdulaziz Naser ◽

Abdullah A. Al-Mishari ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Liver Toxicity ◽

Unmet Need ◽

Serum Levels ◽

Control Group ◽

Gamma Glutamyl Transferase ◽

Methanolic Extracts ◽

Group 5 ◽

Group 2 ◽

Glutamyl Transferase ◽

Antioxidant Effects

AbstractThe detoxification, metabolism, and excretion of various endogenous and exogenous materials occur mainly in the liver. Liver diseases are a global concern, and classified as chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, and hepatosis. The development of safe hepatoprotective agents remains an unmet need. Therefore, we investigated the antioxidant effects of methanolic and n-hexane fractions of Zilla spinosa (ZSM and ZSH, respectively) and Hammada elegans (HEM and HEH, respectively) against carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced liver toxicity in rats. Antioxidant activity was studied by the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. The rats were divided into 11 groups (n=6)–group, 1 (control), group 2 (CCl4 only), group 3 (CCl4+silymarin 10 mg/kg), group 4 (CCl4+HEM 250 mg/kg), group 5 (CC14+HEM 500 mg/kg), group 6 (CCl4+HEH 250 mg/kg), group, 7 (CCl4+HEH 500 mg/kg), group, 8 (CCl4+ZSM 250 mg/kg), group 9 (CCl4+ZSM 500 mg/kg), group 10 (CCl4+ZSH 250 mg/kg), and group 11 (CCl4+ZSH 500 mg/kg). Serum levels of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, gamma glutamyl transferase, and total bilirubin were measured. The extent of hepatic injury was histopathologically assessed. Treatment with ZSM and ZSH at 250 and 500 mg/kg did not significantly affect biochemical results compared with the CCl4 only group. However, treatment with both HEM and HEH at 250 and 500 mg/kg provided significant (p<0.001) results compared with the CCl4 only group. These results were consistent with histological findings. HEM and HEH at 250 μg/mL significantly inhibited DPPH radical formation by 38.E6 and 35.65%, rerpectively. However antioxidant effects of ZSM and ZSH were insignificant.

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Clinical and pathologic features of acute bovine liver disease in Australia

Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation ◽

10.1177/10406387211025829 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 104063872110258

Author(s):

Eve M. Manthorpe ◽

Ian V. Jerrett ◽

Grant T. Rawlin ◽

Lucy Woolford

Keyword(s):

Liver Disease ◽

Clinical Signs ◽

Bovine Liver ◽

Gamma Glutamyl Transferase ◽

Reticular Pattern ◽

Pathologic Features ◽

Histologic Lesion ◽

Massive Necrosis ◽

Glutamyl Transferase ◽

Lactating Dairy Cattle

Acute bovine liver disease (ABLD) is a sporadic hepatic disease affecting cattle in southern Australia, characterized histologically by striking periportal hepatocellular necrosis. The cause of ABLD is unknown; however, the seasonality and acute presentation of outbreaks suggest mycotoxin involvement. We describe here the clinical and pathologic findings of ABLD in 45 naturally affected cattle from 13 outbreaks occurring from 2010 to 2019 in Victoria, Australia. Outbreaks occurred in herds located along the southern coastal plain of Victoria and were observed most frequently in lactating dairy cattle. Clinical signs commonly included a combination of mild photosensitization, progressive neurologic signs, and hypogalactia, which preceded death by ≤ 48 h. All affected animals had marked elevations in activities of glutamate dehydrogenase, aspartate aminotransferase, and gamma-glutamyl transferase. At autopsy, the most common lesions were serosal petechiae and/or gastrointestinal hemorrhage, and hepatomegaly with a pronounced hepatic reticular pattern. The principal histologic lesion was widespread—severe periportal hepatocellular coagulative necrosis and erythrocyte pooling—which often extended to massive necrosis. Lesions in other organs were uncommon. Our study of ABLD suggests involvement of a potent hepatotoxin that is either directly cytopathic or requires bioactivation by periportal-specific enzymes.

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Cell Loss from the Nucleus Basalis of Meynert in Alzheimer's Disease

Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences / Journal Canadien des Sciences Neurologiques ◽

10.1017/s0317167100037070 ◽

1986 ◽

Vol 13 (S4) ◽

pp. 435-440 ◽

Cited By ~ 45

Author(s):

R. Doucette ◽

M. Fisman ◽

V.C. Hachinski ◽

H. Mersky

Keyword(s):

Paraffin Section ◽

Neuronal Loss ◽

Cell Loss ◽

Nucleus Basalis ◽

Nucleus Basalis Of Meynert ◽

Cell Counts ◽

Group 3 ◽

Group 2 ◽

Death Group ◽

Group 1

Abstract:We examined the degree of neuronal loss from the nucleus basalis of Meynert (nbM) in two groups of Alzheimer patients differing in the degree of intellectual impairment. Significant cell loss from the nbM was found only in the more severely demented group of patients. Mean cell counts (per lOu, paraffin section) were compiled separately for the anterior, intermediate and posterior subdivisions of the human nbM in three groups of subjects: Group 1 (N = 4) was severely demented and was untestable on the Extended Scale for Dementia (ESD) for at least the last two years of life; Group 2 (N = 4) was less demented and had completed at least one ESD test within 12 months of death; Group 3 (five controls) had died of non-neurological causes. In Group 2 there was a small (but insignificant) trend toward cell loss in the anterior subdivision, and a normal complement of neurons in both the intermediate and posterior subdivisions. There was, however, significant cell loss from all subdivisions of Group 1. How these cell counts may relate to the severity of the dementia is discussed.

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Serum Levels of Glutamate-Pyruvate Transaminase, Glutamate-Oxaloacetate Transaminase and Gamma-Glutamyl Transferase in 1494 Patients with Various Genotypes for the Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Gene

Journal of Clinical Medicine ◽

10.3390/jcm9123923 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (12) ◽

pp. 3923

Author(s):

José María Hernández Pérez ◽

Ignacio Blanco ◽

Agustín Jesús Sánchez Medina ◽

Laura Díaz Hernández ◽

José Antonio Pérez Pérez

Keyword(s):

Liver Damage ◽

Serum Levels ◽

Gamma Glutamyl Transferase ◽

Glutamate Oxaloacetate Transaminase ◽

Glutamate Pyruvate Transaminase ◽

Gamma Glutamyl ◽

Glutamate Pyruvate ◽

Alpha 1 Antitrypsin ◽

Glutamyl Transferase ◽

Normal Genotype

Background: Patients with liver disease associated with alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency (AATD) are homozygous for the Z mutation, leading to chronic liver damage. Objective: To assess the serum levels of glutamate-oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT), glutamate-pyruvate transaminase (GPT), and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) in patients with different genotypes for the alpha-1 antitrypsin (AAT) gene. Methods: Patients (n = 1494) underwent genotyping of the SERPINA1 gene, together with a determination of AAT and GOT and GPT and GGT transaminase levels. Patients with a deficient allele (n = 476) and with a normal genotype were compared. Results: A statistically significant association was found between deficient genotypes and GOT (p < 0.0003), GPT (p < 0.002), and GGT (p < 0.006). Comparing GOT levels in patients with PI*Z deficient variant versus those with normal genotype, an odds ratio (OR) of 2.72 (CI: 1.5–4.87) (p < 0.0005) was obtained. This finding was replicated with the PI*Z allele and the GPT values (OR = 2.31; CI: 1.45–3.67; p < 0.0003). In addition, a statistically significant association was found between liver enzymes and AAT values. Conclusion: The PI*Z allele seemed to be a risk factor for the development of liver damage. AAT deficient genotypes were associated with GOT, GPT, and GGT altered values. Low AAT levels were associated with high GPT and GGT levels.

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Hematological and serum chemical characteristics of the Iberian lynx (Lynx pardina) in southwestern Spain

Canadian Journal of Zoology ◽

10.1139/z91-127 ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 69 (4) ◽

pp. 840-846 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

J. F. Beltrán ◽

M. Delibes ◽

F. Recio ◽

C. Aza

Keyword(s):

Blood Cell ◽

Serum Levels ◽

Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin ◽

Base Line ◽

Lynx Lynx ◽

Adult Males ◽

Corpuscular Hemoglobin ◽

Cell Counts ◽

Capture Method ◽

Juvenile Males

Hematological and serum chemical values were determined for 16 wild Iberian lynxes, Lynx pardina (5 adult males, 4 adult females, 4 juvenile males, and 3 juvenile females) captured with box traps and coil-spring traps. The results include reference values, analysis of sex and age differences, and data on the influence of capture method on blood values. Males had higher red blood cell counts (p = 0.03) and packed cell volumes (p = 0.06) than females, which presented higher mean corpuscular hemoglobin levels (p = 0.08) and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentrations (p = 0.07) than males. Juveniles had higher serum levels of alkaline phosphatase (p = 0.01), urea (p = 0.02), and cholesterol (p = 0.02) and lower levels of creatinine (p = 0.07) than adults. Four hematological variables (mean platelet volume, platelet size distribution, white blood cell count, and mean corpuscular volume) and two serum variables (concentrations of amylase and calcium) were influenced by capture method. The use of standard procedures to assess base-line blood values in wild carnivores is encouraged.

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Evolving liver inflammation in biochemically normal individuals with anti-mitochondria antibodies

Autoimmunity Highlights ◽

10.1186/s13317-019-0120-x ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Danielle Cristiane Baldo ◽

Alessandra Dellavance ◽

Maria Lucia Gomes Ferraz ◽

Luis Eduardo C. Andrade

Keyword(s):

Liver Fibrosis ◽

Rat Kidney ◽

Surrogate Marker ◽

Serum Levels ◽

Autoimmune Response ◽

Primary Biliary Cholangitis ◽

Gamma Glutamyl Transferase ◽

Normal Individuals ◽

Glutamyl Transferase

Abstract Background Anti-mitochondria autoantibodies (AMA) occur in > 95% primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) patients. Biochemically normal AMA-positive (BN/AMA+) individuals, occasionally noticed by indirect immunofluorescence (IIF) on HEp-2 cells and confirmed in AMA-specific assays, may represent early stages of PBC. The Enhanced Liver Fibrosis (ELF) score is a surrogate marker for liver fibrosis. This prospective study investigated the ELF score in BN/AMA+ individuals and PBC patients, considering autoantibody avidity and serum levels along the years. Methods 327 samples from 35 PBC and 59 BN/AMA+ were prospectively obtained in average 3.83 (range 0.50–7.40) years apart. Samples were tested by IIF on rat-kidney (IIF-AMA), western-blot for AMA (WB-AMA), and ELISA for antibodies against pyruvate-dehydrogenase (PDC-E2), gp210, sp100 and CENP-A/B. Anti-PDC-E2 avidity was determined by 6 M urea-elution ELISA. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP), gamma glutamyl transferase (ɣGT) and ELF score were measured by automated methods. Results Along the follow-up period BN/AMA+ subjects and PBC patients presented significant increase in serum anti-PDC-E2 (mean 10.45% and 8.86% per year; respectively), anti-PDC-E2 avidity (3.02% and 4.94%/year) and ELF score (3.24% and 2.71%/year). IIF-AMA and ɣGT increased in BN/AMA+ (6.59% and 2.36%) and decreased in PBC (− 4.89%/year and − 3.88%/year). In BN/AMA+ individuals there was positive correlation of ELF with IIF-AMA titer (r = 0.465; p < 0.001) and with anti-PDC-E2 levels (r = 0.239; p < 0.001). Expansion of autoantibody targets along time occurred in 39% BN/AMA+ and 49% PBC patients. The frequency of BN/AMA+ with high probability of having established PBC increased from 7 to 14%. Conclusions BN/AMA+ individuals present an orchestrated increase in ELF score and humoral autoimmune response over time, indicating an opportunity for early therapeutic intervention and prevention in autoimmunity.

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Sildenafil, a phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitor, offers protection against carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity in rat

Journal of Basic and Clinical Physiology and Pharmacology ◽

10.1515/jbcpp-2017-0011 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 29 (1) ◽

pp. 29-35 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Olorunfemi R. Molehin ◽

Anne A. Adeyanju ◽

Stephen A. Adefegha ◽

Oluwasanmi O. Aina ◽

Blessing A. Afolabi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Carbon Tetrachloride ◽

Density Lipoprotein ◽

Serum Levels ◽

Selective Inhibition ◽

Guanosine Monophosphate ◽

Control Group ◽

Gamma Glutamyl Transferase ◽

Protective Agent ◽

Glutamyl Transferase ◽

Phosphodiesterase 5

AbstractBackground:Elevation of phosphodiesterase-5 (PDE5) activity converts cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) to 5′-GMP, a mechanism that could be associated with drug-mediated hepatotoxicity. This study investigated whether selective inhibition of PDE5 by sildenafil could offer protection against hepatotoxicity induced by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4).Methods:CCl4(0.5 mL/kg) was administered intraperitoneally to induce hepatotoxicity. The control group received normal saline. Sildenafil (5 mg, 10 mg, and 20 mg/kg, p.o.) was administered to CCl4-treated rats.Results:CCl4significantly increased the serum levels of gamma glutamyl transferase (γ-GT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and reduced total protein (TP) (p<0.05). Pretreatment with sildenafil moderately reduced ALP, AST, and ALT activities with modest increase in TP level. CCl4-induced changes in the antioxidant status of the liver were significantly improved by sildenafil, especially at the lowest dose of 5 mg/kg by elevating the levels of reduced glutathione (GSH), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and preventing lipid peroxidation (p<0.05). Sildenafil did not significantly alter the total cholesterol and triglyceride levels. However, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) level was significantly increased by sildenafil (p<0.05).Conclusions:The results from this study suggest that sildenafil, when used at low doses, may be a useful pharmacological protective agent against CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity.

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