Effects of weight loss on the cardiac parameters of obese dogs

Obesity is one of the most frequent nutritional problems in companion animals and can lead to severe health problems in dogs and cats, such as cardiovascular diseases. This research aimed to evaluate the structural and functional cardiac changes after weight loss in obese dogs. Eighteen obese healthy dogs were assigned into three different groups, according with their initial body weight: Group I (dogs up to 15 kg), Group II (dogs weighing between 15.1 and 30 kg), and Group III (dogs weighing over 30 kg). The animals were submitted to a caloric restriction weight-loss program until they lose 15% of the body weight. The M-mode echocardiogram, electrocardiogram, and blood pressure evaluations were performed before the diet has started and after the dogs have reached the target weight. Data showed a decrease in left ventricular free wall thickness during diastole and systole in Group III, decrease in the systolic blood pressure in Group III, and also in the mean blood pressure in Group II. It was possible to conclude that the weight loss program can reverse structural cardiac changes such as left ventricle eccentric hypertrophy in dogs weighing more than 30 kg, and decrease the arterial blood pressure in obese dogs.

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Moxonidine-based combination antihypertensive therapy in patients with metabolic syndrome

CARDIOVASCULAR THERAPY AND PREVENTION ◽

10.15829/1728-8800-2012-3-36-46 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 11 (3) ◽

pp. 36-46

Author(s):

E. V. Tishina ◽

V. B. Mychka ◽

M. A. Saidova

Keyword(s):

Blood Pressure ◽

Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Combination Therapy ◽

Interventricular Septum ◽

Visceral Obesity ◽

Left Ventricular ◽

Group Iii ◽

Urine Albumin ◽

Group I ◽

Group Ii

Aim. To assess the effects of moxonidine-based combination therapy on clinical status, laboratory parameters, and target organs in patients with metabolic syndrome (MS). Material and methods. In total, 60 MS patients with Stage 1-2 arterial hypertension (AH) were randomised into 3 groups. Group I was administered moxonidine (0,2-0,4 mg/d) and amlodipine (5-10 mg/d); Group II received moxonidine (0,2-0,4 mg/d) and hydrochlorothiazide (12,5 mg/d); Group III was treated with moxonidine (0,2-0,4 mg/d) and enalapril (10-20 mg/d). At baseline and after 24 weeks of treatment, the following characteristics were assessed: waist circumference (WC), body mass index (BMI), 24-hour blood pressure monitoring (BMP) parameters, left ventricular myocardial mass index (LVMMI), E/A ratio, isovolumetric relaxation time (IVRT), deceleration time (DT) of early diastolic velocity, peak Em velocity at interventricular septum and lateral wall levels, E/Em ratio (myocardial tissue Doppler echocardiography), pulse wave velocity (PWV) between descending aorta and aortic bifurcation levels (ultrasound method), and stiffness index β of ascending aorta. In addition, lipid, carbohydrate, and purine metabolism parameters were assessed; glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was calculated (MDRD method); and urine albumin levels were measured. Results. In Group I (moxonidine + amlodipine), target blood pressure (BP) levels were achieved in 70% of the patients. Systolic BP (SBP) levels, LVMMI, and DT decreased by 19,3±11,4 mm Hg, 4,4 g/m2 (p=0,09), and 10,6 ms (p<0,05), respectively. The increase in E/A ratio and Em annular velocity (Em av) reached 0,4 (p<0,05) and 1,4 cm/s (p<0,05), respectively, while E/Em av ratio decreased by 0,8 (p<0,05), and PWV decreased by 1,6 ms (p<0,05). The BMI decrease reached 0,7 kg/m2 (p<0,05). In Group II (moxonidine + hydrochlorothiazide), target BP levels were achieved in 40% of the participants, with a decrease in SBP levels by 14,7 mm Hg (p<0,05). DT was reduced by 9,4 ms (p<0,05), E/A ratio increased by 0,1 (p<0,05), while PWV, BMI, and GFR decreased by 1,3 m/s (p<0,05), 0,8 kg/m2 (p<0,05), and 5,6 ml/min/1,73 m2 (p<0,05), respectively. In Group III (moxonidine + enalapril), 60% of the patients achieved target BP levels, and SBP levels were reduced by 21,1 mm Hg (p<0,05). LVMMI decreased by 5,1 g/m2 (p<0,05), Em av increased by 0,3 cm/s (p<0,05), while the respective reduction in PWV, WC, and BMI reached 1,1 m/s (p<0,05), 1,8 cm (p<0,05), and 0,5 kg/m2 (p<0,05). All three groups demonstrated a significant reduction in urine albumin levels. Conclusion. The moxonidine-based combination therapy effectively reduced the levels of BP and urine albumin. The combination of moxonidine with amlodipine or enalapril improved cardiac structure and function, as well as renal excretory function. The combination of moxonidine and hydrochlorothiazide, however, negatively affected renal excretion. All three variants of combination therapy were metabolically neutral and demonstrated beneficial effects on visceral obesity.

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Nephro protection property of double blockade versus single blocked of RAAS in delaying the progression of CKD

International Journal of Advances in Medicine ◽

10.18203/2349-3933.ijam20182135 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 5 (3) ◽

pp. 748

Author(s):

Arvind Gupta ◽

Upma Narain ◽

Romar Dabu

Keyword(s):

Blood Pressure ◽

Phase Iii ◽

P Value ◽

Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone System ◽

Renin Angiotensin ◽

Group Iii ◽

Arterial Blood ◽

Group I ◽

Group Ii ◽

Protection Property

Background: Dual renin angiotensin aldosterone system blockade using angiotensin receptor blockers in combination with angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors is reported to improve proteinuria in non-diabetic patients.Methods: A prospective observational study was done on 810 non-diabetic chronic kidney disease patients during July 2012 to August 2014 to compare the nephro protection property of double blockade and single blocked of renin angiotensin aldosterone system in delaying the progression of chronic kidney disease.Results: At the end of 24 months urinary protein excretion rate of group I and group III were compared by using student t-test and p value (0.0001) was found significant. Similarly, on comparing group II and group III, p value (0.003) was again significant. Mean arterial blood pressure of group I and group III were statistically significant (<0.0496) while comparing group II and group III, p value (0.0419) was again significant.Conclusions: The study concludes that the use of double renin angiotensin aldosterone system blockade therapy is more effective than monotherapy at reducing albuminuria and proteinuiria, and in decreasing blood pressure at the same time not causing significant deterioration in glomerular filtration rate. Newer potassium lowering therapies can effectively and safely correct hyperkalemia and maintain normokalemia in patients receiving background treatment with renin angiotensin aldosterone system blockade. However, the use of new potassium binders for cardiovascular and renal risk reduction with combined renin angiotensin aldosterone system blockade therapy will require phase III trials.

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Sargassum crasifolium Extract Could Prevent the Decrese in the Thyroxine Hormone and the Body Weight Loss of Javanese Randu Goats during Transportation

Journal of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences ◽

10.22146/jfps.850 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 335-343

Author(s):

Claude Mona Airin ◽

Amelia Hana ◽

Sarmin ◽

Pudji Astuti ◽

Amir Husni ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Weight Loss ◽

Body Weight ◽

Vitamin B1 ◽

Body Weight Loss ◽

The Body ◽

Control Group ◽

Group Iii ◽

Group I ◽

Before And After ◽

Group Ii

Thyroxine hormone (T4) was one of the hormones related to metabolism rate. Animal transportation could be stressor interfering metabolism. Sargassum crasifoium was one of brown algae species that contained some important nutrients and also flavonoids. The study aimed at finding out the effect of the Sargassum on the decrase in thyroxine hormone and body weight loss. It used 9 Javanese Randu goats that were classified into 3 treatment groups. Group I served as control, Group II was treated with 450 mg/kg BW of Sargassum estract and Group III was treated with vitamin B1. All of the goats were transported for 12 hours using pickup truck at the speed of 60 km/hour. Blood samples were drawn before the transportation, during loading, 6 hours after the transportation and at the end of the transportation, while the body weight of the goats was weighed before and after the transportation. The results of the study showed that the T4 hormone decreased in the Group I and increased in the Group III during the transportation, while it was stable in the Group II. The biggest percentage of the body weight loss took place to the Group III (0.13%), while the smallest percentage took place to the Group II (0.063%). Statistical analysis showed that the Sargassum extract did not have any significant effect (p>0.05) on both the thyroxine hormone and the body weight loss during the transportation. Based on the results of the study it could be concluded that the Sargassum extract could stabilize the thyroxine hormone during the transportation so that it could prevent the body weight loss

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Oxygen Fraction Adjustment According to Body Surface Area during Extracorporeal Circulation

The Heart Surgery Forum ◽

10.1532/hsf.1325 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 18 (3) ◽

pp. 098

Author(s):

Cem Arıtürk ◽

Serpil Ustalar Özgen ◽

Behiç Danışan ◽

Hasan Karabulut ◽

Fevzi Toraman

Keyword(s):

Body Temperature ◽

Surface Area ◽

Body Surface Area ◽

Body Surface ◽

Extracorporeal Circulation ◽

Group Iii ◽

Oxygen Fraction ◽

Arterial Blood ◽

Group I ◽

Group Ii

Background: The inspiratory oxygen fraction (FiO2) is usually set between 60% and 100% during conventional extracorporeal circulation (ECC). However, this strategy causes partial oxygen pressure (PaO2) to reach hyperoxemic levels (>180 mmHg). During anesthetic management of cardiothoracic surgery it is important to keep PaO2 levels between 80-180 mmHg. The aim of this study was to assess whether adjusting FiO2 levels in accordance with body temperature and body surface area (BSA) during ECC is an effective method for maintaining normoxemic PaO2 during cardiac surgery.Methods: After approval from the Ethics Committee of the University of Acıbadem, informed consent was given from 60 patients. FiO2 adjustment strategies applied to the patients in the groups were as follows: FiO2 levels were set as 0.21 × BSA during hypothermia and 0.21 × BSA + 10 during rewarming in Group I; 0.18 × BSA during hypothermia and 0.18 × BSA + 15 during rewarming in Group II; and 0.18 × BSA during hypothermia and variable with body temperature during rewarming in Group III. Arterial blood gas values and hemodynamic parameters were recorded before ECC (T1); at the 10th minute of cross clamp (T2); when the esophageal temperature (OT) reached 34°C (T3); when OT reached 36°C (T4); and just before the cessation of ECC (T5).Results: Mean PaO2 was significantly higher in Group I than in Group II at T2 and T3 (P = .0001 and P = .0001, respectively); in Group I than in Group III at T1 (P = .02); and in Group II than in Group III at T2, T3, and T4 (P = .0001 for all). Conclusion: Adjustment of FiO2 according to BSA rather than keeping it at a constant level is more appropriate for keeping PaO2 between safe level limits. However, since oxygen consumption of cells vary with body temperature, it would be appropriate to set FiO2 levels in concordance with the body temperature in the rewarming period.

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Seasonal variations in wool growth and heat tolerance of sheep. I. Wool growth

Australian Journal of Agricultural Research ◽

10.1071/ar9600075 ◽

1960 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 75 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

M Wodzicka

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Day Treatment ◽

The Other ◽

Seasonal Rhythm ◽

Group Iii ◽

Wool Growth ◽

Group I ◽

The Mean ◽

Group Ii ◽

The Difference

The monthly wool growth of three groups of rams was studied at Beltsville, Maryland. Group I received natural daylight (at 38° 53' N.) and was shorn monthly. Group II had a 7:17 hours of daylight to hours of darkness rhythm and was shorn every 6 months, once in winter and once in summer. Group III received natural daylight and was likewise shorn every 6 months. The rams of all groups produced more wool in summer than in winter. This difference was significant (P<0.001). The mean body weight and food intake were both greater in the winter months, which indicated that the seasonal rhythm of wool growth was not a consequence of poorer feeding in winter. The rams which were shorn monthly (group I) grew considerably more wool than the other two groups, but the difference was not statistically significant. The short-day treatment of group II did not increase the annual wool production nor decrease the seasonal rhythm of wool growth. The balance of evidence from this and other experiments indicates that temperature rather than light controls the seasonal rhythm of wool growth.

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Suppression of Mesangial-Cell Proliferation by Trapidil in Glomerulonephritis Induced by Anti-Thymocyte Serum in Rats

Journal of International Medical Research ◽

10.1177/030006059502300607 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 23 (6) ◽

pp. 458-466 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

M S Razzaque ◽

M Cheng ◽

T Taguchi

Keyword(s):

Cell Proliferation ◽

Body Weight ◽

Single Dose ◽

Growth Factor ◽

Mesangial Cell ◽

Platelet Derived Growth Factor ◽

Group Iii ◽

Group I ◽

Mesangial Cell Proliferation ◽

Group Ii

Trapadil (Mochida Pharmaceuticals, Japan), an antiplatelet drug, suppresses the growth of several cell types and is thought to antagonize platelet-derived growth factor. The effects of trapidil on mesangial-cell proliferation in glomerulonephritis induced by anti-thymocyte serum in Wistar rats were investigated. Control rats were treated with phosphate-buffered saline (group I); group II rats were injected with a single dose of anti-thymocyte serum (8 ml/kg body weight), and group III rats were treated with both a single dose of anti-thymocyte serum (8 ml/kg body weight) and with trapidil (5 mg/kg body weight/day). Three rats in each group were killed on day 3, and the other three on day 10. Control rats showed no significant histological changes on day 3 or day 10. In group II, on day 3, there was a marked decrease in glomerular cell numbers, with mesangiolysis. Histologically severe mesangial-cell proliferation with expansion of mesangial areas was noted on day 10. None of the rats in group III showed mesangial alterations, histologically, indicating that mesangial-cell proliferation was suppressed by trapidil. This suppression may result from antagonism of the binding of platelet derived growth factor to the specific surface receptors in the mesangial cells. Trapidil may have clinical value in the treatment of mesangial-cell proliferative glomerular diseases.

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Functional adaptation to reduced renal mass in early development

AJP Renal Physiology ◽

10.1152/ajprenal.1982.242.2.f190 ◽

1982 ◽

Vol 242 (2) ◽

pp. F190-F196 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

R. L. Chevalier

Keyword(s):

Renal Mass ◽

Left Kidney ◽

Extracellular Fluid ◽

Functional Adaptation ◽

Fluid Loss ◽

Group Iii ◽

Arterial Blood ◽

India Ink ◽

Group I ◽

Group Ii

To determine whether reduced renal mass in the newborn results in acceleration of normal renal development, the response to unilateral nephrectomy (N) before 36 h of age was compared with sham-operated (S) guinea pigs during the period of most rapid nephron maturation. Studies were performed at 7-13 days (group I) and 19-25 days (group II). Mean arterial blood pressure (AP), left kidney glomerular filtration rate (LKGFR), and urine sodium excretion (UNaV) were measured. Superficial single nephron GFR (sSNGFR) and proximal fractional water reabsorption (FRH2O) were measured by micropuncture, and the number of glomeruli (NG) was determined by India ink perfusion. In view of the susceptibility of the neonate to extracellular fluid loss, groups I and II were plasma infused to maintain euvolemia and group II was compared with 19- to 25-day-old hydropenic animals (group III). Increase in body weight with age was unaffected by neonatal N. In group IN, the compensatory increase in sSNGFR was greater than SNGFR for deeper nephrons, which normally contribute most to GFR at this age. In group IIN there was an 80% adaptive increase in LKGFR that could not be entirely explained by the rise in SNGFR. Since NG in group IIN was greater than in group IIS and similar to that in adulthood, the enhanced adaptation in LKGFR in group IIN may be due in part to earlier recruitment of a population of underperfused glomeruli. FRH2O did not change significantly with age and did not differ in N and S groups. Animals in group III developed a rise in hematocrit during the experiment, and AP, LKGFR, and UNaV were lower in group IIIN than in group IIN. It is concluded that following N at birth, the sequence of renal functional maturation is accelerated while glomerulotubular balance is preserved. As a result of these adaptative changes, homeostasis is maintained and body growth proceeds without impairment.

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GAMBARAN MIKROSKOPIK GINJAL TIKUS WISTAR (RATTUS NORVEGICUS) SETELAH DIINDUKSI DENGAN GENTAMISIN

JURNAL BIOMEDIK (JBM) ◽

10.35790/jbm.4.3.2012.800 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 4 (3) ◽

Author(s):

Poppy M Lintong ◽

Carla F Kairupan ◽

Priska L N Sondakh

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Epithelial Cells ◽

Wistar Rats ◽

Periodic Acid ◽

Basal Membrane ◽

Tubular Epithelial Cells ◽

Periodic Acid Schiff ◽

Group Iii ◽

Group I ◽

Group Ii

Abstract: Gentamycin, a frequently used aminoglycoside antibiotics, has a nephrotoxic effect to human beings and animals. The purpose of this research was to find out the microscopic changes of wistar rat kidneys after gentamycin induction. This was an experimental study, using five adult wistar rats, divided into three groups. Group I was the control group; group II consisted of two rats, injected with gentamycin 0,3 ml/day (dose of 60 mg/kg body weight/day) intraperitoneally for seven days; and group III consisted of two rats, injected with gentamycin 0,3 ml/day intraperitoneally for 10 days. Group I and II were terminated at day-8, and group III at day-11. Their kidneys were processed for microscopic slides, stained with hematoxylin eosin and Periodic Acid Schiff. In microscopic evaluation, group II and III showed oedema, necrosis, apoptosis, and basal membrane destruction of tubular epithelial cells. Group III also showed fat vacuoles in these epithelial cells (macrovesicular fatty changes). Conclusion: wistar rats injected with gentamycin 60 mg/kg body weight/day for 7 and 10 days showed oedema, necrosis, apoptosis, and basal membrane destruction of tubular epithelial cells; and macrovesicular fatty changes after 10 days of gentamycin.Key words: gentamycin, necrosis tubular epithelial cells, fatty changesAbstrak: Gentamisin termasuk antibiotik golongan aminoglikosida berspektrum luas yang bersifat nefrotoksik terhadap manusia dan hewan. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk melihat perubahan mikroskopik struktur ginjal tikus Wistar setelah diberikan gentamisin. Metode penelitian eksperimental dengan menggunakan lima ekor tikus Wistar dewasa yang dibagi atas tiga kelompok. Kelompok I tanpa perlakuan; kelompok II terdiri dari dua ekor tikus perlakuan yang diinjeksi dengan gentamisin 0,3 ml/hari (dosis 60 mg/kgBB/hari) secara intraperitonial selama tujuh hari; dan kelompok III terdiri dari dua ekor tikus perlakuan yang diinjeksi dengan gentamisin 0,3 ml/hari secara intraperitonial selama 10 hari. Tikus Wistar kelompok I dan II diteminasi hari ke-8, sedangkan kelompok III diterminasi hari ke-11. Ginjal tikus kelompok I -III kemudian dibuat preparat histopatologik dengan pengecatan rutin hematoksilin eosin dan Periodic Acid Schiff (PAS). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan tikus Wistar perlakuan yang diberikan gentamisin 0,3 ml/hari selama 7 sampai 10 hari secara mikroskopik memperlihatkan pembengkakan, nekrosis, apoptosis, dan destruksi membrana basalis sel epitel tubulus; dan pada hari ke-10 terlihat vakuol-vakuol lemak pada sel epitel sehingga inti terdesak ke tepi (perlemakan makrovesikuler). Simpulan: pemberian gentamisin pada tikus Wistar dengan dosis 60 mg/kg BB/hari selama 7-10 hari menunjukkan pembengkakan, nekrosis, apoptosis sel epitel tubulus, dan membrana basalis tubulus rusak; dan setelah hari ke-10 juga terlihat perlemakan makrovesikuler.Kata kunci: gentamisin, nekrosis sel epitel tubulus, perlemakan makrovesikuler

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Efficacy of Computer-Assisted Management of Respiratory Failure in Neonates

PEDIATRICS ◽

10.1542/peds.78.1.139 ◽

1986 ◽

Vol 78 (1) ◽

pp. 139-143 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Waldemar A. Carlo ◽

Lucia Pacifico ◽

Robert L. Chatburn ◽

Avroy A. Fanaroff

Keyword(s):

Respiratory Failure ◽

Computer Program ◽

Computer Assisted ◽

Blood Gas ◽

Arterial Blood Gas ◽

Group Iii ◽

Arterial Blood ◽

Group I ◽

Group Ii ◽

Assisted Management

We modified an algorithm for mechanical ventilation of infants with respiratory distress syndrome to create an interactive user-friendly computer program. To determine the effectiveness of this computer program, we evaluated the correction of deranged arterial blood gases in three groups of neonates: group I, treated before the introduction of the computer into the nursery; group II, managed by pediatric residents with the guidance of the computer program; group III, treated after the introduction of the computer into the nursery but managed without consideration of the computer output. Arterial blood gas values improved more frequently in the neonates managed with computer consultation (group II, 65/75, 87%) than in both control groups (group I, 37/57, 65%, P < .005; and group III, 46/63, 73%, P < .05). Furthermore, increases in ventilatory support in the presence of normal arterial blood gas values occurred only in patients managed without computer guidance. In a teaching institution, more effective care of neonates with respiratory failure may be facilitated by computer-assisted management of mechanical ventilators.

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Effects of Propofol, Ketamine and their Combination (ketofol) as Total Intravenous Anesthesia (TIVA) on Haematological, Serum Biochemical and Hormonal Profile in the Surgical Management of Canine Patients

Indian Journal of Animal Research ◽

10.18805/ijar.b-4268 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Basanta Saikia ◽

Kushal Konwar Sarma ◽

Kalyan Sarma

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Anaesthetic Agent ◽

Anaesthetic Machine ◽

Hormonal Profile ◽

Group Iii ◽

Anaesthetic Agents ◽

Group I ◽

Biochemical Evaluation ◽

Serum Biochemical ◽

Group Ii

Background: The non-availability of the sophisticated anaesthetic machine and the necessary equipment to administer inhalant anaesthetic in the field hospitals make their use practically unfeasible for the field veterinarians. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of propofol, ketamine and their combination ‘Ketofol’ as a TIVA on certain haematological, serum biochemical and hormonal profiles in atropine and xylazine premedicated dogs. Methods: The study was conducted in eighteen clinical cases of dogs of either sex. The animals were randomly divided into three groups with six animals in each group. All the three groups were premedicated with Atropine sulphate @ 0.04mg/kg body weight and xylazine HCl @ 0.5mg/kg body weight intramuscularly. In group-I, propofol @ 5mg/kg body weight, in group-II, ketamine @ 5mg/kg body weight and in group-III, ketofol @ 4mg/kg body weight was administered intravenously for induction after 15 minutes of pre-anesthetic administration. Surgical anaesthesia was maintained for 90 minutes in all three groups viz. group-I, group-II and group-III with propofol @ 2.5mg/kg. b.w., ketamine @ 2.5mg/kg b.wt. and ketofol @ 2mg/kg b.wt. respectively by intermittent bolus injection (IBI) technique. Haematological, serum biochemical and hormonal profile were evaluated before administration of the anaesthetic agent (0 minutes) then at 15, 30, 60 and 90 minutes during and after administration of anaesthetic agents. Result: The study revealed that Hb, PCV and TEC were significantly decreased in all the groups at 60 mints and 30 mints respectively. The biochemical evaluation revealed that blood glucose level was significantly increased in all the groups until the end of the experiment. BUN and creatinine value was a significant increase in group-I and group-II than group-III at different time intervals up to the end of the experiment. In all the groups’ alanine aminotransferase (ALT) values significantly increased up to 60th minutes during TIVA whereas AST value was significantly increased in group-II at 30th and 60th minute of the experiment in compare to group-I and group-III. A higher level of cortisol values was recorded in group-I animals for the entire period of observation. There were no changes observed in the case of T3. Transient variables of haemato-biochemical have been reported following propofol, ketamine and their combination (ketofol) as total intravenous anaesthesia (TIVA). Thus, it has been concluded that diligent monitorization and electrolyte support are essential during the period of anaesthesia.

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