scholarly journals Pyrethroid toxicity in silver catfish, Rhamdia quelen

2012 ◽  
Vol 32 (12) ◽  
pp. 1297-1303 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francisco P. Montanha ◽  
Luciana A.G. Galeb ◽  
Jorge D. Mikos ◽  
Luciana N. Ganeco ◽  
Tiago P. Pereira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Embryonic Development ◽  
Sublethal Concentration ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Average Weight ◽  
Hatching Rate ◽  
Silver Catfish ◽  
Rhamdia Quelen ◽  
Fish Tank ◽  
Average Size ◽  
Sublethal Concentrations

This study aimed to determine both the lethal and sublethal concentrations of Cypermethrin in young Silver Catfish (Brazilian "Jundiá", Rhamdia quelen) on aquatic environment during 96 hours, as well as to determine the Cypermethrin and Deltamethrin sublethal concentrations during the initial embryonic development period of Rhamdia quelen, and to verify their respective rates of fertilization, hatching and survival. Pyrethroid nowadays is a widely used insecticide, which presents a high toxicity to fish. In order to determine lethal and sublethal concentrations, 120 silver catfish were used; each one had an average weight of 59.58±4.50g and an average size of 20.33±2.34cm. Concentrations used were 0, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 5.0, 10.0, 15.0 and 20.0mg of Cypermethrin per liter of water (mg/L). Fish were exposed to the product in 30-liter fish tanks. In each fish tank there were four fishes and the product was applied three times, i.e., a total of twelve fish were exposed to the product at each application, and a total of 120 fish during the entire experiment (n=120). In order to determine the Cypermethrin and Deltamethrin sublethal concentrations during the initial embryonic development, ovulation induction was performed on female fishes using hormones, and then and egg collection was performed. The eggs were then hydrated and fertilized in Cypermethrin and Deltamethrin in different concentrations: 0.001, 0.01, 0.1, 1.0 and 10.0mg/L of Cypermethrin and 0.001, 0.01, 0.1, 0.5 and 1.0mg/L of Deltamethrin, in addition to the control group (0mg/L). After fertilization, the eggs were kept in containers with the respective pesticides of Cypermethrin and Deltamethrin until hatching, when hatching rate was verified. Then the alevins, from the hatching, were kept on their respective concentrations of Cypermethrin and Deltamethrin so that the survival rate could be analyzed regarding the tested insecticides, during both 12-hour and 24-hour periods. Concerning the sublethal and lethal concentrations, Silver Catfish was sensitive to the tested concentrations of Cypermethrin, showing symptoms of poisoning, such as loss of balance, swimming alteration, dyspnea (they kept their mouths and opercula open), upright swimming and sudden spiral swimming movements. The intensity of such symptoms varied in proportion to the concentration used. The concentrations above 3.0mg/L were considered lethal to the species, since every animal exposed to concentrations between 3.0 and 20.0mg/L had died, while concentrations between 1.0 and 2.5mg/L were considered sublethal. Lethal concentration of Cypermethrin to Silver catfish, in 96 hours, was 1.71 milligram per liter of water. Concerning the sublethal concentration of Cypermethrin and Deltamethrin during the initial embryonic development, the results show that both pyrethroids had significantly decreased the analyzed parameters when comparing them with the control group. It was concluded that, even with the fish being more resistant to pyrethroids in comparison with other species, both the young animals and the ones in stage of embryonic development were susceptible to the effects of these pesticides.

scholarly journals Toxicity and Sublethal Effect of Farnesyl Acetate on Diamondback Moth, Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae)

Insects ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 109
Author(s):  
Norazila Yusoff ◽  
Idris Abd Ghani ◽  
Nurul Wahida Othman ◽  
Wan Mohd Aizat ◽  
Maizom Hassan
Keyword(s):  
Plutella Xylostella ◽  
Sublethal Effects ◽  
Diamondback Moth ◽  
Sublethal Effect ◽  
Sublethal Concentration ◽  
Pupal Weight ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Hatching Rate ◽  
Egg Hatching ◽  
Female Ratio

The diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae), is the most important pest of cruciferous vegetables worldwide. In this study, we evaluated the properties of selected farnesyl derivative compounds against P. xylostella. The toxicity and sublethal concentration (LC50) of farnesyl acetate, farnesyl acetone, farnesyl bromide, farnesyl chloride, and hexahydrofarnesyl acetone were investigated for 96 h. The leaf-dip bioassays showed that farnesyl acetate had a high level of toxicity against P. xylostella compared to other tested farnesyl derivatives. The LC50 value was 56.41 mg/L on the second-instar larvae of P. xylostella. Then, the sublethal effects of farnesyl acetate on biological parameters of P. xylostella were assessed. Compared to the control group, the sublethal concentration of farnesyl acetate decreased pupation and emergence rates, pupal weight, fecundity, egg hatching rate, female ratio, and oviposition period. Furthermore, the developmental time of P. xylostella was extended after being exposed to farnesyl acetate. Moreover, the application of farnesyl acetate on P. xylostella induced morphogenetic abnormalities in larval–pupal intermediates, adults that emerged with twisted wings, or complete adults that could not emerge from the cocoon. These results suggested that farnesyl acetate was highly effective against P. xylostella. The sublethal concentration of farnesyl acetate could reduce the population of P. xylostella by increasing abnormal pupal and adults, and by delaying its development period.

scholarly journals Characterization, Knockdown and Parental Effect of Hexokinase Gene of Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) Revealed by RNA Interference

Genes ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 1258
Author(s):  
Muhammad Shakeel ◽  
Juan Du ◽  
Shang-Wei Li ◽  
Yuan-Jin Zhou ◽  
Naeem Sarwar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sequence Similarity ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Cnaphalocrocis Medinalis ◽  
Average Weight ◽  
Hatching Rate ◽  
Energy Regulation ◽  
Rnai Technology ◽  
Pupal Mortality ◽  
Dsrna Injection

Hexokinase (HK) is a key enzyme in chitin biosynthesis in insects and plays an important role in development and energy regulation. It also performs a crucial role in the synthesis of Glucose-6-phosphate and its putative functions are studied via injection of dsRNA corresponding to the hexokinase gene from Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (CmHK). This study was designed to analyze the characteristics and expression patterns of HK-related genes in various tissues of C. medinalis at different developmental stages. The CmHK ORF is a 1359 bp in length, encoding a protein of 452 amino acids, with homology and cluster analysis showing that CmHK shares an 85.11% sequence similarity with hexokinase from Ostrinia furnacalis.CmHK was highly expressed in the ovary and in the fifth instar larvae. Injection of dsCmHK significantly suppressed mRNA expression (73.6%) 120 h post-dsRNA injection as compared to a control group. The results demonstrated an increased incidence of larval and pupal mortality of 80% and 78%, respectively, with significant variation in the sex ratio between males (68.33%) and females (35%), overt larval deformities, and a reduction in average weight gain observed 120 h post-dsRNA injection. In addition, dsCmHK-injected C. medinalis showed a significant reduction in ovulation per female and larval hatching rate, along with increased larval and pupal mortality and variation in male and female emergence over three generations (G1, G2, and G3). Taken together, the outcomes of the study provide a foundation to study gene function and a new dimension to control C. medinalis by transgenic RNAi technology.

scholarly journals Physiological responses of Rhamdia quelen (Siluriformes: Heptapteridae) to anesthesia with essential oils from two different chemotypes of Lippia alba

2017 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Carine de Freitas Souza ◽  
Matheus Dellaméa Baldissera ◽  
Joseânia Salbego ◽  
Jane Mello Lopes ◽  
Rodrigo de Almeida Vaucher ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Gases ◽  
Control Fish ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Anesthesia Induction ◽  
Electrolyte Balance ◽  
Plasma Parameters ◽  
Silver Catfish ◽  
Lippia Alba ◽  
Rhamdia Quelen ◽  
Recovery Times

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to evaluate if Lippia alba has different chemotypes according to the chemical composition of the essential oil (EO) considering collection site, and if the EO may have different effects on blood and plasma parameters in silver catfish, Rhamdia quelen, during and immediately after anesthesia. The citral (EO-C) and linalool (EO-L) chemotypes were identified, and both presented similar anesthetic effects for silver catfish. Fish were exposed to two concentrations of each EO, which induced slow and fast anesthesia (100 and 300 µL L-1, respectively). Blood ions did not change at any time of anesthesia induction and recovery and, therefore, the electrolyte balance was not altered. Blood gases oscillated through all exposure and recovery times, but there was an increase in pO2 after 10 min recovery in fish anesthetized with EO-C. Glucose increased in fish exposed to both EOs when compared with the control group. Overall, exposure to both EOs (except 100 µL L-1 EO-L at most times) reduced plasma cortisol levels compared to the control and/or ethanol groups. However, as plasma creatinine levels in fish anesthetized with EO-C were higher than control fish, the use of EO-L is preferable.

Exposure to Sublethal Concentrations of Copper Changes Biochemistry Parameters in Silver Catfish, Rhamdia quelen, Quoy & Gaimard

2014 ◽  
Vol 92 (4) ◽  
pp. 399-403 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandra Pretto ◽  
Vania Lucia Loro ◽  
Vera M. Machado Silva ◽  
Joseânia Salbego ◽  
Charlene Cavalheiro de Menezes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Silver Catfish ◽  
Rhamdia Quelen ◽  
Sublethal Concentrations

scholarly journals Biochemical parameters of silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen) after transport with eugenol or essential oil of Lippia alba added to the water

2017 ◽  
Vol 77 (4) ◽  
pp. 696-702 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Salbego ◽  
C. Toni ◽  
A. G. Becker ◽  
C. C. Zeppenfeld ◽  
C. C. Menezes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oil ◽  
Thiobarbituric Acid ◽  
Acetylcholinesterase Activity ◽  
Protein Carbonyl ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Routine Practice ◽  
Silver Catfish ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Lippia Alba ◽  
Rhamdia Quelen

Abstract The transport of live fish is a routine practice in aquaculture and constitutes a considerable source of stress to the animals. The addition of anesthetic to the water used for fish transport can prevent or mitigate the deleterious effects of transport stress. This study investigated the effects of the addition of eugenol (EUG) (1.5 or 3.0 µL L–1) and essential oil of Lippia alba (EOL) (10 or 20 µL L–1) on metabolic parameters (glycogen, lactate and total protein levels) in liver and muscle, acetylcholinesterase activity (AChE) in muscle and brain, and the levels of protein carbonyl (PC), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and nonprotein thiol groups (NPSH) and activity of glutathione-S-transferase in the liver of silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen; Quoy and Gaimard, 1824) transported for four hours in plastic bags (loading density of 169.2 g L–1). The addition of various concentrations of EUG (1.5 or 3.0 µL L–1) and EOL (10 or 20 µL L–1) to the transport water is advisable for the transportation of silver catfish, since both concentrations of these substances increased the levels of NPSH antioxidant and decreased the TBARS levels in the liver. In addition, the lower liver levels of glycogen and lactate in these groups and lower AChE activity in the brain (EOL 10 or 20 µL L–1) compared to the control group indicate that the energetic metabolism and neurotransmission were lower after administration of anesthetics, contributing to the maintenance of homeostasis and sedation status.

scholarly journals Effect of Sublethal Dose of Dichlorvos on the Biochemical Parameters of African Catfish

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Achikanu CE ◽  
Ani ON
Keyword(s):  
Total Protein ◽  
Biochemical Parameters ◽  
Liver Enzymes ◽  
Clarias Gariepinus ◽  
Sublethal Dose ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Average Weight ◽  
African Catfish ◽  
Serum Total Protein ◽  
Sublethal Concentrations

The present study investigated the effects of sublethal concentrations of dichlorvos on liver marker enzymes (aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase), acid phosphatase (ACP), serum total protein (STP), bilirubin, urea and creatinine in African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus) juveniles at sub acute period under laboratory conditions. A total of 90 juveniles of Clarias gariepinus with average weight and length of 200.15 ± 0.09g and 26.00 ± 0.00cm respectively were kept in three experimental groups of 30 per group in triplicate of 10 fishes. Groups 1 and 2 were exposed to dichlorvos at dosages of 21 and 43mg/l respectively and group 3 served as control for 15 experimental days. Analyses were carried out on days 1, 5, 10 and 15. From the results, there was no significant changes in the biochemical parameters tested on day 1 of the experiment but levels of the liver enzymes, ACP and bilirubin increased significantly (p<0.05) on other experimental days when compared with the control group. However, there was insignificant increase in the urea level and also a non-significant decrease in the creatinine and Serum total protein (STP) levels of the experimental groups when compared with the control group. From the analyses and observations made, we conclude that the administration of sublethal concentrations of dichlorvos to African catfish induced some damages to the liver which affected the levels of the liver enzymes and the increase in ACP level is indicative of carcinogenicity.

scholarly journals Effect of the cryopreservation method used, the embryonic stage and the use of conjugated linoleic acid isomers on the cryotolerance of in vitro-produced bovine embryos

2015 ◽  
Vol 36 (6Supl2) ◽  
pp. 4297
Author(s):  
Luciana Simões Rafagnin Marinho ◽  
Lain Uriel Ohlweiler ◽  
Marcos Henrique Barreta ◽  
Paulo Bayard Dias Gonçalves ◽  
Joana Claudia Mezzalira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Linoleic Acid ◽  
Embryonic Development ◽  
Mrna Expression ◽  
Cell Number ◽  
Development Rate ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Hatching Rate ◽  
Bovine Embryos ◽  
Blastocyst Development

<p>Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) might be able to improve the cryotolerance of <em>in vitro-</em>produced (IVP) embryos. The effect of two CLA isomers on the cryotolerance of bovine IVP embryos, as well as that of the stage of embryonic development and the method used for cryopreservation was evaluated by three experiments. In Experiment 1, oocytes (n = 3,917) were fertilized <em>in vitro </em>and cultured with 0, 50, 100, or 200 ?M <em>trans-</em>10<em>, cis-</em>12 (t10, c12 CLA). In Experiment 2, fertilized oocytes (n = 2,131) were cultured with 100 ?M t10, c12 or <em>cis-</em>9<em>, trans-</em>11 (c9<em>, </em>t11 CLA), or a combination of both isomers. The embryos were vitrified at the blastocyst (BL) or the expanded blastocyst (EB) stage. In Experiment 3, oocytes (n = 1,720) were fertilized and cultured with or without 100 ?M t10, c12 CLA, and the blastocysts were vitrified or frozen. Blastocyst development rate as well as the rates of re-expansion and hatching after thawing was recorded. Moreover, the mean cell number and mRNA expression of acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC1) and stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD1) as well as fatty acid synthase (FASN) multienzyme complex were determined. In Experiment 1, the highest concentration of t10, c12 CLA that did not reduce blastocyst development rate was 100 ?M. In Experiment 2, the rates of re-expansion and hatching among the EBs obtained through IVP after supplementation with t10, c12 CLA (73.1% and 57.7%), with c9, t11 CLA (80.0% and 68.6%), with the combination (78.3% and 52.2%), and with the control group (85.4% and 58.3%) were similar. At the BL stage, the rates of re-expansion and hatching were lower than those at the EB stage, and CLA combination allowed a hatching rate (8.0%) lower than that observed in the control group (40.0%). In Experiment 3, the hatching rates for vitrified EBs (vitrified control; 67.4%) and vitrified CLA EBs (65.8%) were higher than those obtained for frozen EBs, exposed (13.3%) or not exposed (28.6%) to CLA. In addition, in Experiment 3, the hatching rate was higher at the EB stage in vitrified groups, while the rates of BL and EB were similar in frozen groups, thus proving that vitrification was more efficient than freezing for IVP bovine embryos. In Experiment 3, CLA isomer t10, C12 did not influence the embryonic cell number or mRNA expression of ACC1 and SCD1 enzymes, but decreased the mRNA expression of FASN. In conclusion, 100 ?M CLA did not affect subsequent embryonic development. However, neither CLA isomer improved the cryotolerance of IVP bovine embryos.</p>

scholarly journals Amblyomma auricularium (Acari: Ixodidae): underwater survival of the non-parasitic phase of feeding females

2014 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 387-392 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iwine Joyce Barbosa de Sá-Hungaro ◽  
Vanessa de Almeida Raia ◽  
Michele da Costa Pinheiro ◽  
Carla Carolina Dias Uzedo Ribeiro ◽  
Kátia Maria Famadas
Keyword(s):  
Petri Dish ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Average Weight ◽  
Hatching Rate ◽  
Egg Incubation ◽  
Immersion Period ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Petri Dishes ◽  
Parasitic Phase

To determine the effects of immersion in water on the biological parameters of engorged females of the tick species Amblyomma auricularium, 60 females were distributed in six groups, each comprising 10 individuals. The control group – G1 (not immersed) was fixed dorsally in a Petri dish and incubated at 27 ± 1°C and 80% RH. The other groups were subjected to immersion periods of 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours, and the sixth group to continuous immersion. After the immersion period, the females were placed in Petri dishes to begin laying. Eggs were collected every 72 hours and kept in biological chambers. All the groups showed significant differences (p <0.05) during the pre-oviposition period. The laying period and the average weight of overall posture did not change. The egg incubation period also did not differ significantly, but the hatching rate in the group immersed for 96h showed a significant difference. Thus, immersion for up to 96 hours does not impair the survival of A. auricularium females, although it may delay egg laying and reduce the number of offspring.

The Effect of Sublethal Concentrations of the Molluscicide Triphenyl Lead Acetate on Biomphalaria glabrata (Say) and on the Development of Schistosoma mansoni in the Snail

1972 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. R. Hira ◽  
G. Webbe
Keyword(s):  
Infection Rate ◽  
Lead Acetate ◽  
Biomphalaria Glabrata ◽  
Treated Group ◽  
Sublethal Concentration ◽  
The Other ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Sublethal Concentrations ◽  
Limited Period

1. B. glabrata exposed to the sublethal concentrations (0·04 ppm, 0·03 ppm and 0·02 ppm) of TPLA died from the effects of the molluscicide over a period of time. Most of the deaths occurred between the 10th and 35th days after treatment, showing that although TPLA is slow acting, its effect is not continuous but restricted to a limited period of time.2. 0·01 ppm of TPLA was chosen as a sublethal concentration to study the effect of the molluscicide on the development of S. mansoni in B. glabrata.3. 240 B. glabrata were infected with S. mansoni, and 40 of these were treated with 0·01 ppm of TPLA 4 days before infection. The remaining 200 were divided into 5 groups of 40 each, one group being maintained as a control and the other four treated 2, 10,15 and 20 days postinfection respectively. Other suitable controls for comparison were also maintained.4. The infection rate in all groups was high, and comparison with the control showed that there was no significant difference in infection rate between the treated groups and the control group at the 5% level. However, the infection rate in the preinfection treated group was lower than in the control group and significant at the 10% level.

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