Allelopathic Effect of Some Associated Weeds of Wheat on Germinability and Biomass Production of Wheat Seedlings

ABSTRACT: Weeds associated with crops may impose their phytotoxic effects on crop plants through the release of their allelochemicals and hence seriously reduce crop productivity. The present study was conducted to investigate the allelopathic effect of water soluble phenolics of weeds associated with wheat crop (Vicia sativa, Trigonella polycerata, Lathyrus aphaca, Medicago polymorpha, Melilotus indica) on germinability and biomass production of wheat seedlings by using their water extracts at 2.5% (w/v) and 5% (w/v) concentrations and residues of the same weeds with 0, 15 and 30 d decomposition periods at 2% (w/w) concentration. The results showed that the water extracts of M. indica and V. sativa at 5% concentration imposed the most inhibitory effect on energy of germination (81%) and prolonged time to 50% germination (226%), respectively; by contrast, T. polycerata and M. indica extracts at the same concentration inhibited shoot (8%) and root fresh biomass (64%). However, shoot dry biomass was exalted by the weed extracts at both concentrations with maximum increase (29%) caused by the M.indica extract at 2.5% concentration; however, root dry biomass (46%) and root/shoot ratio (51%) were decreased by M. polymorpha and M. indica extracts at 5% concentration, respectively. Residues of L. aphaca and M. polymorpha with a 30 d decomposition period proved the most toxic regarding energy of emergence (85%) and time to 50% emergence (138%), respectively; while, shoot fresh (41%) and dry biomass (26%) production were hindered mostly by M. indica and M. polymorpha residues with a 30 d decomposition period. There was the highest decrease in root fresh (64%) and dry biomass (64%), and root/shoot ratio (64%) when treatment was performed with V. sativa residues without decomposition. The results show that leachates and residues of weeds inhibit wheat germinability and biomass production through release of allelochemicals, and they are a threat to profitable crop production.

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Discriminating Biomass and Nitrogen Status in Wheat Crop by Spectral Reflectance Using ANN Algorithms

Innovations and Trends in Environmental and Agricultural Informatics - Advances in Environmental Engineering and Green Technologies ◽

10.4018/978-1-5225-5978-8.ch007 ◽

2018 ◽

pp. 156-172

Author(s):

Claudio Kapp Jr. ◽

Eduardo Fávero Caires ◽

Alaine Margarete Guimarães

Keyword(s):

Biomass Production ◽

Precision Agriculture ◽

Spectral Reflectance ◽

Fertilizer Application ◽

Wheat Crop ◽

Nitrogen Status ◽

Propagation Models ◽

Dry Biomass ◽

N Rates

Precision agriculture has the goal of reducing cost which is difficult when it is related to fertilizer application. Nitrogen (N) is the nutrient absorbed in greater amounts by crops and the N fertilizer application presents significant costs. The use of spectral reflectance sensors has been studied to identify the nutritional status of crops and prescribe varying N rates. This study aimed to contribute to the determination of a model to discriminating biomass and nitrogen status in wheat through two sensors, GreenSeeker and Crop Circle, using the resilient propagation and backpropagation artificial neural networks algorithms. As a result, a strong correlation to the sensor readings with the aboveground biomass production and N extraction by plants was detected. For both algorithms a satisfactory model for estimating wheat dry biomass production was established. The best backpropagation and resilient propagation models defined showed better performance for the GreenSeeker and Crop Circle sensors, respectively.

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GROWTH OF FOUR TREE SPECIES ON MEDIA CONTAINING GOLD MINE TAILING OF PT ANTAM UBPE PONGKOR

Journal of Tropical Silviculture ◽

10.29244/j-siltrop.7.3.s72-s76 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 7 (3) ◽

pp. S72-S76

Author(s):

Ulfah Juniarti Siregar ◽

Roisatuz Zakiyah

Keyword(s):

Growth Parameters ◽

Average Diameter ◽

Melia Azedarach ◽

High Concentration ◽

Shoot Ratio ◽

Root Shoot Ratio ◽

Wet Biomass ◽

Dry Biomass ◽

Two Factors ◽

Media Types

PT Antam UBPE Pongkor is a gold mining company that produces waste in the from of tailing mud which contains heavy metal with sufficiently high concentration. The aim of this research was to study the growth of four types of plant, i.e. Casuarina junghuniana, Pinus merkusii, Melia azedarach, and Gmelina arborea in a media containing tailing mud. This research used a completely randomized factorial design with two factors, i.e. types of plant and media. Two kinds of media was used i.e. 1200g tailing and a mixture of 900g tailing and 300g compost. Growth parameters observed were plant diameter, height, number of leaf, leaf lenght and widht, total wet and dry biomass, root-shoot-ratio and number of stomata. Soil and plant analysis was done after four months of experiment. The results showed that plant types have significant effects on all parameters except root-shoot-ratio and plant height. Media types significantly affect plant diameter, wet and dry biomass. Interaction between plant types and media gave sifnificant effect on diameter, wet and dry biomass. G. arborea had the best growth response on all parameters except root-shoot-ratio and plant heigh. Its average diameter was 4.56 mm, leaf lenght 3.67 cm, leaf widht 3.000 cm, total wet biomass 50.21 g, total dry biomass 32.19 g and number of stomata is 89.Key words: C. junghuniana, G. arborea, metal, M. azedarach, tailing, P. merkusii.

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Pengaruh kekeringan terhadap karakteristik pertumbuhan berbagai varietas padi (Oryza sativa L.)

Jurnal Ilmiah Mahasiswa Pertanian ◽

10.17969/jimfp.v3i2.7415 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 3 (2) ◽

pp. 128-135

Author(s):

Anugrah Syaputra ◽

Nurhayati Nurhayati ◽

Cut Nur Ichsan

Keyword(s):

Oryza Sativa ◽

Oryza Sativa L ◽

Root Weight ◽

Shoot Ratio ◽

Root Shoot Ratio ◽

Wet Biomass ◽

Dry Biomass ◽

Shoot Weight ◽

Growth Characters ◽

Plot Design

Abstrak. Padi (Oryza sativa L.) sebagai tanaman penghasil beras dan sumber pangan pokok bagi masyarakat di Indonesia mempunyai kedudukan penting dalam program ketahanan pangan. Kondisi sumber daya yang terbatas maupun keadaan cuaca yang terus berubah berpengaruh terhadap pertumbuhan padi. Perubahan karakter morfologis sebagai bentuk penyesuaian pada kondisi kekeringan dapat dilihat dari daun, serta akarnya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh kekeringan dan varietas terhadap karakteristik pertumbuhan padi. Selain itu juga untuk mengetahui interaksi antara kekeringan dan varietas terhadap karakteristik pertumbuhan padi. Penelitian dilaksanakan di rumah kasa kebun percobaan 1 Fakultas Pertanian Universitas Syiah Kuala Darussalam Banda Aceh, yang berlangsung sejak bulan April hingga Juli 2017. Penelitian ini menggunakan Rancangan Split Plot Design (Rancangan Petak Terpisah; RPT), dengan dua faktor yaitu kekeringan dan varietas. kekeringan menjadi petak utama yang terdiri dari 2 (dua) taraf yaitu pengairan normal, dan kekeringan, sedangkan varietas sebagai anak petak terdiri dari 3 (tiga) varietas yaitu varietas Situ Patenggang, varietas Pula Gajah, dan varietas Sanbei. Parameter pertumbuhan yang diamati terdiri dari tinggi tanaman, lingkar rumpun, jumlah anakan, berat brangkasan basah, berat brangkasan kering, berat tajuk basah, berat tajuk kering, berat kering akar, panjang akar, dan rasio tajuk akar. Hasil perlakuan kekeringan berpengaruh nyata pada tinggi tanaman umur 3 MST dan tidak berpengaruh nyata pada 5, dan 7 MST, lingkar rumpun, jumlah anakan, berat brangkasan basah, berat brangkasan kering, berat tajuk basah, berat tajuk kering, berat kering akar, panjang akar, dan rasio akar tajuk. Varietas berpengaruh sangat nyata terhadap berat brangkasan basah, berat brangkasan kering, berat tajuk basah , berat tajuk kering, berat kering akar, jumlah anakan, dan berpengaruh nyata terhadap lingkar rumpun. Varietas Sanbei memperlihatkan pertumbuhan yang lebih baik dibandingkan dengan varietas Situ Patenggang dan varietas Pula Gajah. Terdapat interaksi yang tidak nyata antara varietas dan kekeringan terhadap karakteristik pertumbuhan padi. Abstract. Rice (Oryza sativa L.) as crop for staple food for the people of Indonesia has an important position in food security programs. The condition of limited resources and weather conditions affect morphological and growth characters to adjust drought conditions. It can be seen on the leaves, and roots. This study aims to determine the effect of drought and varieties on rice growth characteristics. This research was held in screen house of experimental field no.1 of Agricultural Faculty of Syiah Kuala University of Darussalam Banda Aceh, which lasted from April to July 2017. This research used Split Plot Design, with two factors. The main plot for drought consisting of 2 (two) levels namely normal irrigation, and drought. The used of varieties as subplot consists of 3 (three) varieties namely Situ Patenggang varieties, Pula Gajah, and Sanbei. The observed growth parameters consisted of plant height, stem perimeter, number of tillers, wet biomass weight, dry biomass weight, wet shoot weight, dry shoot weight, root dry weight, root length, and root shoot ratio. Result of drought treatment had significant effect on plant height of 3 MST and no significant effect on 5, and 7 MST, stem perimeter, number of tiller, wet biomass weight, dry biomass weight, wet shoot weight, dry biomass weight, dry root weight, root length, and root shoot ratio. Varieties had significant effect on wet biomass weight, dry biomass weight, wet shoot weight, dry shoot weight, dry root weight, number of tillers, and there were very significant effect on the stem perimeter of rice plants. Sanbei variety shown better growth than Situ Patenggang and Pula Gajah. There is no real interaction between varieties and drought on rice growth characters.

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Determination of allelopathic effect of some invasive weed species on germination and initial development of grain legume crops

Pesticidi i fitomedicina ◽

10.2298/pif1003251m ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 25 (3) ◽

pp. 251-259 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Plamen Marinov-Serafimov

Keyword(s):

Seed Germination ◽

Amaranthus Retroflexus ◽

Grain Legume ◽

Allelopathic Effect ◽

Forage Crops ◽

Initial Development ◽

Weed Biomass ◽

Water Extracts ◽

Fresh Biomass ◽

Dry Biomass

During the 2006-2007 period, the allelopathic effect of cold water extracts from Amaranthus retroflexus L., Chenopodium album L., Erigeron canadensis L. and Solanum nigrum L. on seed germination and initial development of Glycine max L., Pisum sativum L. and Vicia sativa L. was studied under laboratory conditions in the Institute of Forage Crops, Pleven. It was found that: water extracts from fresh and dry biomass of A. retroflexus, Ch. album, E. canadensis and S. nigrum had an inhibitory effect on seed germination of G. max, P. sativum and V. sativa, the inhibition rate for the extracts from fresh biomass varying from 28.8 to 81.5% and for the extracts from dry weed biomass it was from 26.8 t? 89.2%; The values of LC50 varied from 13.5 t? 72.2 g l-1 for the extracts from fresh biomass and from 7.0 t? 84.1 g l-1 for the extracts from dry weed biomass and they could be conditionally grouped in the following ascending order: A. retroflexus < S. nigrum < E. canadensis <Ch. album and for extracts from dry biomass: A. retroflexus < E. ?anadensis < Ch. album < S. nigrum; P. sativum was the most sensitive to the allelopathic effect of the extracts from fresh and dry weed biomass - LC50 varied from 13.5 t? 21.6 g l-1, followed by V. sativa - LC50 from 26.0 t? 11.7 g l-1 and G. max had relatively the lowest sensitivity - LC50 was from 46.6 t? 56.7 g l-1.

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Allelopathic properties of knotweed rhizome extracts

Plant Soil and Environment ◽

10.17221/420-pse ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 54 (No. 7) ◽

pp. 301-303 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

N. Vrchotová ◽

B. Šerá

Keyword(s):

Inhibitory Effect ◽

Significant Inhibition ◽

Allelopathic Effect ◽

Japanese Knotweed ◽

Inhibition Effect ◽

Shoot Ratio ◽

Root Shoot Ratio ◽

Bohemian Knotweed ◽

Giant Knotweed ◽

Germinated Seeds

Our objective was to determine which rhizome extract from Japanese knotweed, Giant knotweed or Bohemian knotweed has the most significant inhibition effect on the germinated seeds. The seeds of white mustard were incubated with the extracts for two days under laboratory conditions. We monitored differences in number of germinated seeds, length of radicles, hypocotyls and root/shoot ratio between the control and experimental seeds. Inhibitory effect of extracts from dried knotweed rhizomes was confirmed, but without differences among tested plants. A higher allelopathic effect was revealed in the case of extract from aboveground parts.

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Assessment of Growth, Yield and Fruit Nutritional Composition of Tomato and Sweet Pepper Irrigated with Abattoir Wastewater

Science Letters ◽

10.47262/sl/8.2.132020011 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (2) ◽

Keyword(s):

Plant Height ◽

Nutritional Quality ◽

Crop Production ◽

Growth Yield ◽

Dry Mass ◽

Sweet Pepper ◽

Shoot Ratio ◽

Root Shoot Ratio ◽

Abattoir Wastewater

Recycling of organic-based wastewater for crop production has received worldwide acceptability as a promising alternative to fertilizer use. Hence, this research evaluated growth, yield and nutritional quality of tomato and sweet pepper irrigated with abattoir wastewater (AWW) with the aim of assessing recycling liquid effluent from slaughterhouses for crop production. Each vegetable was cultivated in experimental pots irrigated with 0 (control), 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100% AWW. In tomato, AWW improved plant height, number of branches and leaves, and relative growth rate (RGR) with the maximum values recorded at 100% AWW. Root and shoot dry mass, total biomass and root/shoot ratio were also increased in plants treated with undiluted AWW. In sweet pepper, values of plant height, number of leaves and branches, root length and RGR were higher under AWW treatments than the control with peak values recorded at 100% concentration. The root mass of sweet pepper was increased but the root/shoot ratio was reduced at all AWW concentrations with the highest impact found when AWW was not diluted. While AWW resulted in an increased number of fruits in both crops with the best performance when undiluted, the differences with control were only significant in tomato. Fresh and dry mass of fruit was also significantly increased by AWW in both crops with the highest values recorded at 100% concentration. AWW increased fruit nutrient and heavy metal contents of both vegetables but this increase was nonsignificant compared to control. In conclusion, the application of 20-80% AWW is capable of increasing tomato and sweet pepper production but growing them with undiluted AWW irrigation was the most effective alternative source of fertilizers for improved growth, yield and nutritional quality of vegetables.

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Effects of Single-seed Sowing on Root Growth, Root-shoot Ratio, and Yield inPeanut (Arachis hypogacaL.)

ACTA AGRONOMICA SINICA ◽

10.3724/sp.j.1006.2013.02228 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 39 (12) ◽

pp. 2228 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Ye FENG ◽

Feng GUO ◽

Bao-Long LI ◽

Jing-Jing MENG ◽

Xin-Guo LI ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Root Growth ◽

Single Seed ◽

Shoot Ratio ◽

Root Shoot Ratio ◽

Seed Sowing

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Phytotoxic Effect of Decaying Quackgrass (Agropyron repens) Residues

Weed Science ◽

10.1017/s004317450004594x ◽

1979 ◽

Vol 27 (6) ◽

pp. 595-598 ◽

Cited By ~ 25

Author(s):

T. V. Toai ◽

D. L. Linscott

Keyword(s):

Incubation Temperature ◽

Soil Surface ◽

Water Soluble ◽

Water Extracts ◽

Phytotoxic Activity ◽

Phytotoxic Effect ◽

Effects Of Temperature ◽

Incubation Temperatures ◽

Toxin Formation ◽

Agropyron Repens

We studied the effects of temperature (5, 10, 20, and 30 C) on the phytotoxic activity of decaying quackgrass [Agropyron repens (L.) Beauv.] leaves and rhizomes that were incubated in soils for 0, 1, 2, 4, and 6 weeks. Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) seeds were grown for 96 h in water, water extracts of control soils, and water extracts of soil with quackgrass rhizomes or leaves. Dried quackgrass rhizomes and leaves contained water-soluble toxins that inhibited alfalfa seedling development and growth. There was a strong interaction between incubation time and temperature on the development of additional toxins by decomposing quackgrass. High incubation temperature (30 C) accelerated toxin formation and ultimate decay. Intermediate temperature (20 C) delayed toxin formation and decay. Low incubation temperatures (5 C and 10 C) prevented formation of additional toxin. In all extracts of quackgrass and soil that had been incubated for 6 weeks, normal alfalfa seedling number equaled that in water. However, seedling growth varied with incubation temperatures.Treatment of quackgrass with glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl) glycine] in the greenhouse did not influence the toxicity of decaying quackgrass leaves. The highest toxic effect was noted after 1 week of decay on the soil surface.

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