Sunflower Residue Incorporation Suppresses Weeds, Enhances Soil Properties and Seed Yield of Spring-Planted Mung Bean

ABSTRACT: Continuous and excessive use of herbicides to control various weed biotypes is posing severe threats to soil and human health. Nevertheless, the strategy of using allelopathic crop residues and water extracts for weed control seems to be a sustainable and friendly option to reduce dependence on synthetic herbicides. In addition to controlling weeds, residues of allelopathic crops positively affected soil health. A two-year field study was carried out to examine the impact of sunflower residues on soil properties, weed dynamics and productivity of mung bean. The study was comprised of five treatments viz., control, sunflower water extracts at 10 and 20 L ha-1, and sunflower residues incorporation at 4 and 6 ton ha-1. Results indicated that application of sunflower water extracts reduced weed density by 5-26% and weed dry weight by 9-31%, while sunflower residue incorporation caused 44-57% reduction in weed density and 58-70% reduction in weed dry weight compared with the control. At mung bean harvest, total nitrogen and organic matter in soil were increased by 86% and 74%, respectively, with the incorporation of sunflower residues at 6 ton ha-1 as compared with the control. In case of soil enzymes, alkaline phosphatase and dehydrogenase were recorded at 186 mg NP g-1 soil h-1 and 38 mg TPF g-1 soil h-1, respectively, when sunflower residue was incorporated at 6 ton ha-1. In conclusion, sunflower residue incorporation at 6 ton ha-1 improved soil health, suppressed weeds and resulted in better seed yield (36%) and profitability (339 $ ha-1) of spring-planted mung bean.

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Sustainable Weed Control and Enhancing Nutrient Use Efficiency in Crops through Brassica (Brassica compestris L.) Allelopathy

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su12145763 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (14) ◽

pp. 5763

Author(s):

Raza Ullah ◽

Zubair Aslam ◽

Mansoor Maitah ◽

Qamar uz Zaman ◽

Safdar Bashir ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Soil Fertility ◽

Soil Properties ◽

Weed Control ◽

Mung Bean ◽

Crop Yields ◽

Nutrient Use Efficiency ◽

Water Extract ◽

Available Phosphorus ◽

Residue Incorporation ◽

The Impact

Weed–crop competition and reduced soil fertility are some of the main reasons for decreased crop yields in Pakistan. Allelopathy can be applied to combat the problems of environmental degradation by reducing pesticide use and through reduction of herbicide-resistant weeds. A two-year field experiment (2014–2015) was conducted to assess the impact of incorporation of various levels of brassica residues and brassica water extract on the growth of mung bean and soil attributes. Two brassica water extract levels (10, 20 L/ha) and two residue levels (4, 6 t/ha) were tested, and a treatment with no water extract and residue incorporation was used as the control. The results showed that the water extract and residue incorporation had diverse impacts on soil fertility indices and weed dynamics, where treatment with 6 t/ha had more significant impacts. Compared with the control, reductions of 61% in dry weight of weeds and 52% in weed density were observed. After cropping, improved soil properties in terms of available potassium, available phosphorus, soil organic matter, and total nitrogen were higher in the rhizosphere (0–15 cm) soil after the treatments of residue incorporation, i.e., 59–91%, 62–84%, 29–45%, and 52–65% higher than the control, respectively. Meanwhile, alkaline phosphatase and dehydrogenase concentrations in the rhizosphere soil were 26–41% and 52–74% higher than with the control, respectively. The highest economic return with a high benefit–cost ratio was recorded with residue incorporation. In conclusion, addition of crop residues at 6 t/ha was the most effective and economical treatment with the highest net benefit rate of returns. This approach can provide a potential alternative for implementing sustainable weed control in mung bean with significant improvement in soil properties and can be a part of sustainable and eco-friendly agriculture.

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Evaluation of Mung Bean Germplasm [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek] for Yield in Transitional Plain of Inland Drainage Zone of Rajasthan, India

Legume Research - An International Journal ◽

10.18805/lr-4543 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Champa Lal Khatik ◽

Kailash Chandra ◽

Mujahid Khan ◽

Ved praksh ◽

Hanuman Singh Jatav ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Seed Yield ◽

Mung Bean ◽

Agricultural Research ◽

Block Design ◽

Soil Health ◽

Vital Role ◽

Research Station ◽

State Farm ◽

Drainage Zone ◽

Farm Profitability

Background: Pulses are leguminous crops which not only increase the soil fertility, its fitness and maintain soil health but also essential to meet the nutritional demand of burgeoning human population particularly in developing countries. Mungbean is a major pulse crop of Zone IIa (Transitional Plain of Inland Drainage Zone) of Rajasthan state. Farm profitability can also be enhanced by augmenting farm productivity. Selection of high yielding genotypes may play a vital role to achieve sustainable high agricultural yield at farmer’s field. Therefore, it is prerequisite to identify the suitable genotypes for this zone since the available varieties were not tested for its adaptability. The current study was aimed to evaluate twelve mung bean genotypes for seed yield with four checks in Zone IIa of Rajasthan.Methods: The mung bean crop was raised during Kharif 2018 and 2019 at Agricultural Research Station, Fatehpur- Shekhawati, Sikar (Rajasthan). Seed yield and its ancillary characters have been observed by following standard protocols. Present experiment was conducted in randomized block design with three replications. The material was sown in a four row plot of 4 m length with a spacing of 30 cm between rows and 10 cm between plants.Result: The performance of genotypes RMG 1098, RMG 1132, RMG 1134, RMG 1139 and RMG 1147 were superior to the zonal, state checks and other tested genotypes. The selected high yielding mung bean genotypes can increase farm output per se and farm profitability by sustaining soil health, fitness and productivity of this region.

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Reduced Herbicide Doses Used Together with Allelopathic Sorghum and Sunflower Water Extracts for Weed Control in Wheat

Journal of Plant Protection Research ◽

10.2478/v10045-012-0045-0 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 52 (2) ◽

pp. 281-285 ◽

Cited By ~ 26

Author(s):

Abdul Razzaq ◽

Zahid Cheema ◽

Khawar Jabran ◽

Mubshar Hussain ◽

Muhammad Farooq ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Triticum Aestivum ◽

Weed Control ◽

Active Substance ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Weed Density ◽

Water Extracts ◽

Maximum Reduction ◽

Spike Number ◽

Biological Yield ◽

Net Benefits

Reduced Herbicide Doses Used Together with Allelopathic Sorghum and Sunflower Water Extracts for Weed Control in WheatWater extracts from allelopathic crops possess the potential to control weeds effectively, especially when used in combination with reduced rates of herbicides. Label doses of different herbicides and their seventy percent reduced doses, were combined with 18 l/ha each of allelopathic sorghum and sunflower water extracts (WE). This combination was sprayed 30 days after sowing (DAS) for weed control in wheat (Triticum aestivum). Maximum reduction in total weed density and dry weight over the control, was recorded in a field sprayed with mesosulfuron + idosulfuron (Atlantis 3.6 WG) at 14.4 g active substance (a.s.)/ha. However, sorghum + sunflower WE each at 18 l/ha combined with doses which had been reduced by 70% of mesosulfuron + idosulfuron (Atlantis 12 EC at 36 g a.s./ha), or metribuzin + phenoxaprop (Bullet 38 SC at 57 g a.s./ha) or mesosulfuron + idosulfuron (Atlantis 3.6 WG at 4.32 g a.s./ha), reduced total weed dry weight by more than 90%, over the control. Sorghum and sunflower water extracts each at 18 l/ha combined with metribuzin + phenoxaprop (Bullet 38 SC at 57 g a.s./ha) produced a maximum number of productive tillers, spikelets per spike, number of grains per spike, biological yield and grain yield. Moreover, this treatment was the most economical along with having the maximum net benefits. The results suggested that weeds can be controlled in wheat, for a higher yield, when a 70% reduced herbicide dose is used in combination with allelopathic sorghum and sunflower water extracts.

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Tank Mixing of Allelopathic Crop Water Extracts with Pendimethalin Helps in the Management of Weeds in Canola (Brassica napus) Field

10.31220/osf.io/4h2kg ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Khawar JABRAN

Keyword(s):

Brassica Napus ◽

Weed Management ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Field Crop ◽

Crop Water ◽

Brassica Napus L ◽

Weed Density ◽

Water Extracts ◽

Allelopathic Effects ◽

Rice Water

A field experiment was conducted to investigate the allelopathic effects of sorghum, sunflower, brassica and rice combined with low rates of pendimethalin for weed management in canola (Brassica napus L.) field. Crop water extracts at 15 L ha-1 each in combination with pendimethalin at 400 and 600 g active ingredient (a.i.) ha-1 were sprayed immediately after sowing. Full dose of pendimethalin 1200 g a.i ha-1 was used as standard. A weedy check was also maintained for comparison. Sorghum and rice water extracts each at 15 L ha-1 combined with 600 g a.i. ha-1 showed maximum (67.58 & 66.21%) reduction in total weed density at 40 and 60 days after sowing (DAS), respectively. All the treatments offered more than 80% reduction in total weed dry weight over control at 40 DAS, while 44.93 to 63.99% reduction in total weed dry weight over control at 60 DAS was recorded in all the treatments. The plots treated with sorghum and sunflower water extracts each at 15 L ha-1 combined with 600 g a.i. ha-1 pendimethalin recorded maximum seed yield (2.604 Mg ha-1), which was 39.99% greater as compared to control. Herbicide dose may be reduced by 50-67% in combination with allelopathic water extracts for effective weed control and higher yields in canola field.

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IMPACT OF WEEDS TO SUNFLOWER UNDER ZERO TILLAGE AND PHOSPHORUS FERTILIZATION

IRAQI JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES ◽

10.36103/ijas.v50i6.836 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 50 (6) ◽

Author(s):

Mohammed & et al.

Keyword(s):

Seed Yield ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Phosphorus Fertilization ◽

Weed Competition ◽

No Tillage ◽

Zero Tillage ◽

Phosphorus Fertilizer ◽

College Of Agriculture ◽

Weed Density ◽

Alternative Site

In order to investigate the effect of no tillage compared with the conventional cultivation and phosphorus fertilization (100, 200 and 300 kg ha-1) P2O5 to the weeds grown in the sunflower field variety Aqmar, a field trial was conducted at the experimental farm (alternative site of College of Agriculture- University of Baghdad) Abu- Ghraib during the spring and fall seasons of 2015. the experiment was carried –out by using R.C.B.D. with in split-split arrangement. The results revealed that un ploughed and un weedy treatments had the lowest means of the dry weight and seeds yield. The results, also revealed a significant increase in the weed density, weed dry weight, seeds yield and its components with the increasing of phosphorus fertilizer from 100 to 300 kg ha-1 in both seasons. It can be concluded, that growing sunflower with was reduced the weed density and its distribution in the field, and this caused to zero weed competition reduction to the crop and consequently increased the seeds yield and its components. However, increased phosphor fertilizer levels raised weeds density, their dry weight and seed yield of sunflower.

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Improvement of Soil Health and System Productivity through Crop Diversification and Residue Incorporation under Jute-Based Different Cropping Systems

Agronomy ◽

10.3390/agronomy11081622 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (8) ◽

pp. 1622

Author(s):

Mukesh Kumar ◽

Sabyasachi Mitra ◽

Sonali Paul Mazumdar ◽

Bijan Majumdar ◽

Amit Ranjan Saha ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cropping Systems ◽

Soil Health ◽

Cropping System ◽

Residue Management ◽

Soil Parameters ◽

Data Set ◽

System Productivity ◽

Sustainability Index ◽

Residue Incorporation ◽

The Impact

Crop diversity through residue incorporation is the most important method for sustaining soil health. A field study was conducted over five consecutive years (2012–2017) to see the impact of residue incorporartions in Inceptisol of eastern India. The main plot treatments had five cropping systems (CS), namely, fallow−rice−rice (FRR), jute−rice−wheat (JRW), jute−rice−baby corn (JRBc), jute−rice−vegetable pea (JRGp), jute−rice−mustard−mungbean/green gram (JRMMu), which cinsisted of four sub-plots with varied nutrient and crop residue management (NCRM) levels, namely crops with no residue +75% of the recommended dose of fertilizers (RDF) (F1R0), crops with the residue of the previous crops +75% RDF (F1R1), crops with no resiude +100% RDF (F2R0), and crops with residue +100% RDF (F2R1). The highest system productivity was obtained for JRBc (15.3 Mg·ha−1), followed by JRGp (8.81 Mg·ha−1) and JRMMu (7.61 Mg·ha−1); however, the highest sustainability index was found with the JRGp cropping system (0.88), followed by JRMMu (0.82). Among the NCRMs, the highest productivity (8.78 Mg·ha−1) and sustainability index (0.83) were recorded in F2R1. Five soil parameters, namely, bulk density, available K, urease activity, dehydrogenase activity, and soil microbial biomass carbon (SMBC), were used in the minimum data-set (MDS) for the calculation of the soil quality index (SQI). The best attainment of SQI was found in the JRGp system (0.63), closely followed by the JRMMu (0.61) cropping system.

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Effect of crop residue incorporation and crop residue quality on soil N2O emissions and respiration - A laboratory measurement approach

10.5194/egusphere-egu2020-17716 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Felix Havermann ◽

Klaus Butterbach-Bahl ◽

Baldur Janz ◽

Florian Engelsberger ◽

Maria Ernfors ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Crop Residue ◽

Crop Residues ◽

C:N Ratio ◽

Emission Factors ◽

Residue Management ◽

Soil N ◽

Residue Quality ◽

Soil Columns ◽

Residue Incorporation ◽

The Impact

Crop residues are a significant source for soil N2O emissions and major component affecting the C storage in arable soils. The balance between C sequestration and N2O emissions is delicate and depends on the type of residues and its management. Thus, residue management might be a feasible option to reduce the GHG footprint of crop production. However, the mitigation potential of residue management is highly variable and strongly affected by the crop residue quality (C and N content, C:N ratio, concentrations of lignin, cellulose and solutes), field management (incorporation depth, amount applied) as well as soil physical and soil biogeochemical properties. In the frame of the EU-ERAGAS project RESIDUEGAS, we investigated the impact of different crop residue qualities on soil respiration and reactive N fluxes as well as soil ammonium (NH4+) and nitrate (NO3-) concentrations in order to test and possibly improve existing IPCC emission factors for GHG emissions from crop residue management.In this study, we used sieved and homogenized soil columns of 8 cm height and 12 cm diameter filled with arable soil taken from a site near Gie&#223;en, Germany. Soil columns were incubated in the laboratory for 60 days at constant soil temperature (15&#176;C) and water-filled pore space (60 %). Residues from nine different crops (oilseed rape, winter wheat, field pea, maize, potato, mustard, red clover, sugar beet, ryegrass) were re-wetted according to field moisture level and incorporated over approx. 0-4 cm topsoil layer one week after soil re-wetting and start of the measurements. The CO2, N2O (as well as NO and NH3) fluxes were measured automatically using a dynamic chamber approach. Soil samples were additionally analyzed for soil NH4+ and NO3- concentrations at specific time steps during the experiment.Re-wetting of the dry soil immediately resulted in a sharp increase of soil N2O and CO2 emissions, which, however, was less pronounced than peak emissions following residue incorporation. Those were 4-5 times higher as compared to soil cores without residue amendment. Elevated emissions were short-lived and declined to background levels within 10 days for N2O and within 30 days for CO2. However, a small but significant period of higher than background N2O emissions was observed in the second half of the incubation period, which might be directly related to the decomposition of slower decomposable organic matter such as lignin and cellulose from crop residues. Generally, the emission magnitude was strongly affected by the crop residue quality, with highest N2O as well as CO2 emissions being calculated for residues with a narrow C:N ratio. However, C:N ratio was not the single explaining factor. The range of calculated emission factors (fraction of cumulatively emitted N2O-N to crop residue N input) over a 60 day period was larger than the range given by IPCC in 2006.

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Effect of Sowing Methods and Sequential Application of Herbicides on Crop Growth, Nodulation, Weed Growth and Economics of Chickpea

Journal of AgriSearch ◽

10.21921/jas.v4i1.7417 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

Author(s):

MANDHATA SINGH ◽

DEOKARAN . ◽

J. S. MISHRA ◽

B. P. BHATT

Keyword(s):

Seed Yield ◽

Weed Management ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Conventional Tillage ◽

Reduced Tillage ◽

Cost Ratio ◽

Weed Density ◽

Benefit Cost Ratio ◽

Weed Control Efficiency ◽

Benefit Cost

Chickpea is highly sensitive crop to weed competition as early stage of growth. A field experiment was conducted during winter season of 2013-14 to 2015-16to know the response of application of sequential application of herbicides under different sowing methods. Results revealed that chickpea sowing in reduced tillage performed better and produced higher number of pods per plant, seed yield and protein yield over conventional tillage. In weed management treatment, sequential application of [email protected] kg a.i./ha pre-em followed by imezethapyr @40 g a.i./ha post-em improve the crop growth and produced higher seed yield (1515 kg/ha) and protein yield. Total weed density and weed dry weight were recorded minimum under reduced tillage at both 30 and 60 days after sowing. Application of pendimethalin @0.75 kg a.i./ha pre-emfollowed by imezethapyr @40 g a.i./ha post-em reduced the total weed density and weed dry weight over other treatments and recorded minimum. Weed control efficiency recorded higher with conventional tillage (70.04%) and closely followed by reduced tillage (70.81%). [email protected] a.i./ha pre-emfbimazethapyr @ 40 g a.i./ha recorded highest weed control efficiency (92.93%) followed by pendimethalin 0.75 kg a.i./ha fbquizalofop ethyl 50 g a.i./ha (85.41%) and pendimethalin 1.0 kg a.i./ha (73.78). Net return of Rs 42265and benefit cost ratio of 1.55 were also recorded higher under reduced tillage. Among weed management pendimethalin1.0 kg a.i./ha pre-em followed by imezethapyr @50 g a/i/ha post-em recorded higher net return (Rs 48782) and benefit cost ratio (1.81).

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Assessment of soil properties by organic matter and EM-microorganism incorporation

Revista Brasileira de Ciência do Solo ◽

10.1590/s0100-06832003000300013 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 27 (3) ◽

pp. 519-525 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

P. J. Valarini ◽

M. C. Díaz Alvarez ◽

J. M. Gascó ◽

F. Guerrero ◽

H. Tokeshi

Keyword(s):

Organic Matter ◽

Soil Properties ◽

Crop Residues ◽

Soil Health ◽

Health Indicators ◽

Field Capacity ◽

Animal Manure ◽

Exchange Capacity ◽

Effective Microorganisms ◽

Fresh Organic Matter

Properties of a claim loam soil, collected in Aranjuez (Madrid) and enriched with organic matter and microorganisms, were evaluated under controlled temperature and moisture conditions, over a period of three months. The following treatments were carried out: soil (control); soil + 50 t ha-1 of animal manure (E50); soil + 50 t ha-1 of animal manure + 30 L ha-1 of effective microorganisms (E50EM); soil + 30 t ha-1 of the combination of various green crop residues and weeds (RC30) and soil + 30 t ha-1 of the combination of various green crop residues and weeds + 30 L ha-1 of effective microorganisms (RC30EM). Soil samples were taken before and after incubation and their physical, chemical, and microbiological parameters analyzed. Significant increase was observed in the production of exopolysaccharides and basic phosphatase and esterase enzyme activities in the treatments E50EM and RC30EM, in correlation with the humification of organic matter, water retention at field capacity, and the cationic exchange capacity (CEC) of the same treatments. The conclusion was drawn that the incorporation of a mixture of effective microorganisms (EM) intensified the biological soil activity and improved physical and chemical soil properties, contributing to a quick humification of fresh organic matter. These findings were illustrated by the microbiological activities of exopolysaccharides and by alkaline phosphatase and esterase enzymes, which can be used as early and integrated soil health indicators.

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Impact of Cropping Systems and Resource Conservation Techniques on Productivity and Profitability of Systems

Indian Journal of Agricultural Research ◽

10.18805/ijare.a-5403 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Shaukat Ali ◽

A. M. Patel ◽

Sangeeta Sharma

Keyword(s):

Crop Residues ◽

Cropping Systems ◽

Farmyard Manure ◽

Cropping System ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Inorganic Fertilizer ◽

Continuous Increase ◽

System Productivity ◽

Residue Incorporation ◽

Equivalent Yield

Background: A suitable cropping system seem to be the possible solution to meet the continuous increase in demand for food, stability of income and diverse requirement of food grains. Selection of suitable cropping system for conservation of resources has prime importance now a day. The cropping systems selected in study have higher potential of production along with incorporable residues during winter. The residues of cotton, castor and mustard crops (Crops in selected cropping systems) have more potential to feed nutrients to soil as compared to burning. So incorporation of such crop residues in to soil helps to recycle the nutrients to correct their deficiencies. Farmyard manure is being used as major source of organic manure in field crops. Thus to maintain the soil health, integrated nutrient management approaches involving FYM and mineral source need to be standardized. So there is need to find out agronomically efficient and economically viable cropping system which can perform better for increasing productivity and profitability with association of conservation of natural resources. Methods: The experiment was laid out in split plot design with three replications. Sixteen treatment combinations comprising of four cropping system treatments viz, C1 : Cotton- Summer Pearlmillet, C2 : Greengram + Kharif Castor (Relay), C3 : Greengram - Mustard - Summer Pearlmillet and C4 : Greengram - Rabi Castor and two residue incorporation treatments viz, R0 : No residue incorporation and R1 : Residue incorporation as well as two fertilizer doses viz, F1 : 100% RDN through inorganic fertilizer and F2 : 75% RDN through inorganic fertilizer + 25% RDN through FYM were evaluated in the study. Result: Cotton - summer pearlmillet cropping system found significantly superior by recording higher pearlmillet equivalent yield, system productivity and system profitability while, total weed count/m2 and total weed dry weight were found the lowest under greengram- kharif castor (relay) cropping system. Residue incorporation secured top position by recording significantly the highest pearlmillet equivalent yield, system productivity and system profitability as well as lowest total weed count/m2 and total weed dry weight. Application of 75% RDN through inorganic fertilizer + 25% RDN through FYM recorded significantly highest pearlmillet equivalent yield, system productivity and system profitability. In case of weed count and weed dry weight, 100% RDN through inorganic fertilizer found significantly superior by recording lowest total weed count/m2 and total weed dry weight.

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