Search for sources of resistance to Meloidogyne enterolobii in commercial and wild tomatoes

ABSTRACT Meloidogyne enterolobii (=M. mayaguensis) is an emerging plant pathogen capable of inducing root galls and yield reduction in a wide range of host species. This pathogen has also been reported as a global threat for tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) crop production mainly due to its ability to overcome the resistance meditated by the Mi-1 gene. Despite the potential importance of this nematode, sources of resistance to M. enterolobii are not yet available for breeding purposes. The main objective of the present work was to evaluate a large Solanum (section Lycopersicum) germplasm (comprising nine species and one botanic variety) aiming to identify useful sources of resistance to M. enterolobii. In the first screening assay, 101 accessions and the susceptible standard S. lycopersicum ‘Santa Cruz’ were inoculated and evaluated under controlled conditions. The phenotypic criteria used for evaluation were the number of root galls, gall index, number of eggs, and the reproduction factor. Plants of the 20 selected accessions were cultivated in 0.4 L pots filled with sterile soil. Inoculation procedures were identical to the first assay, but with higher inoculum pressure (3,300 eggs per plant). Three accessions with superior tolerance levels to M. enterolobii were identified viz. S. lycopersicum ‘Yoshimatsu’, S. lycopersicum ‘CNPH 1246’ and S. pimpinelifolium CGO 7650 (= CNPH 1195). These accessions were re-evaluated against a distinct M. enterolobii population as well as against two other root-knot nematode species (M. javanica and one M. incognita race 1). Under higher inoculum pressure, ‘Yoshimatsu’ was found to be resistant to M. javanica and M. incognita race 1, but susceptible to M. enterolobii from guava. The other two sources displayed susceptibility to all three nematodes. Additional germplasm screening is needed since no source of stable genetic resistance to M. enterolobii was found so far.

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Sources of resistance to Fusarium wilt and root-knot nematode in indigenous chickpea germplasm

Plant Genetic Resources ◽

10.1017/s1479262112000263 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 10 (3) ◽

pp. 258-260 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Mohar Singh ◽

Z. Khan ◽

Krishna Kumar ◽

M. Dutta ◽

Anju Pathania ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fusarium Wilt ◽

Rating Scale ◽

Resistance Breeding ◽

Practical Method ◽

Root Knot Nematode ◽

Sources Of Resistance ◽

Chickpea Wilt ◽

Breeding Programmes ◽

Race 1 ◽

Moderately Resistant

Fusarium wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum, Schlecht. emend. Snyd. & Hans. f. sp. ciceri is prevalent in most chickpea-growing countries and is a major devastating disease. Host plant resistance is the most practical method of disease management. Indigenous chickpea germplasm reveals a heterogeneous genetic make-up and the response of resistance to wilt is an unexplored potential source for disease resistance. There are 70 indigenous germplasm lines selected on the basis of their agronomic performance and diverse areas of collections in the country. Of these, four accessions had a highly resistant score of 1 and six had a score of 3 using a 1–9 rating scale, indicating their level of resistance to Fusarium wilt (race 4). Other germplasm accessions of chickpea were found to be moderately resistant to highly susceptible disease reaction. Likewise, the same set of germplasm was also screened for Meloidogyne incognita (race 1) using pot culture under controlled condition. Only one accession was found to be resistant to this pest. These resistant gene sources can be utilised effectively for race-specific chickpea wilt and root-knot resistance breeding programmes.

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Resistance sources to root-knot nematode Meloidogyne enterolobii in Solanum species

Emirates Journal of Food and Agriculture ◽

10.9755/ejfa.2020.v32.i4.2096 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 303

Author(s):

Jadir Borges Pinheiro ◽

Giovani Olegario da Silva ◽

Jhenef Gomes de Jesus ◽

Danielle Biscaia ◽

Raphael Augusto de Castro e Melo

Keyword(s):

Solanum Species ◽

Experimental Unit ◽

Egg Mass ◽

Root Knot Nematode ◽

Sources Of Resistance ◽

Second Stage ◽

Randomized Design ◽

Meloidogyne Enterolobii ◽

Plant Grown ◽

Reproduction Factor

The objective of this work was to prospect sources of resistance to root-knot nematode Meloidogyne enterolobii in Solanum species with potential to be used as rootstocks for cultivated Solanaceae. Nine accessions of Solanum sessiliflorum, 27 accessions of S. lycocarpum, 21 accessions of S. acanthodes, 22 accessions of S. scinericum and 26 accessions of S. scuticum for resistance to M. enterolobii. Rutgers and Nemadoro tomatoes were used as susceptible and resistant controls, respectively. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse at Embrapa Vegetables, Brasília-DF, Brazil, in a completely randomized design with six replications. The experimental unit was a represented by a single plant grown in a plastic pot containing 3 L of substrate. 4000 eggs and eventual juveniles of second stage M. enterolobii were inoculated per pot. At 119 days after inoculation, gall index (Gi), egg mass index (EMI), number of eggs per root gram (NE) and reproduction factor (Fr) were evaluated. Data were subjected to analysis of variance and grouping of treatments by Scott-Knott. It was verified that S. acanthodes and S. Lycocarpum are species with high resistance to M. enterolobii, with accessions being classified identified as immune. S. scuticum also has great potential, as several resistant accessions were identified, although some accessions were quite susceptible; whereas for S. subinerme only 4 resistant accessions were identified, although all others presented a reproduction factor much lower than tomato cv. Nemadoro as control; and all evaluated S. sessiliflorum accessions were susceptible.

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Evaluation of eggplant and gilo genotypes and interspecific hybrids as to root-knot nematode resistance

Colloquium Agrariae ◽

10.5747/ca.2021.v17.n2.a427 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 17 (2) ◽

pp. 30-38

Author(s):

Jadir Borges Pinheiro ◽

Giovani Olegario da Silva ◽

Jhenef Gomes de Jesus ◽

Danielle Biscaia ◽

Raphael Augusto de Castro e Melo

Keyword(s):

Interspecific Hybrids ◽

Nematode Resistance ◽

Small Scale ◽

Production Volume ◽

Root Knot Nematode ◽

Sources Of Resistance ◽

Randomized Design ◽

Meloidogyne Enterolobii ◽

Completely Randomized Design ◽

Significant Production

In Brazil, eggplant and gilo are important for the economy of small-scale farms located mainly in the southeast states and other regions, with a significant production volume year-round in the wholesale local markets. However, these species are very susceptible to root-knot nematodes, and there are few or almost none known sources of resistance. The objective of this studywas to prospect sources of resistance to root-knot nematodesin eggplant, scarlet eggplant (gilo), as well in interspecific hybrids between these species and with wildSolanumspecies, to be used as rootstocks. In the first experiment, in 2013,10 eggplant accessions, a hybrid between eggplant andgilo, and a Solanum stramonifoliumxeggplanthybrid, were evalu41atedfor theirreaction to Meloidogyne enterolobii. In the second, in 2016, 20 accessions of gilowere evaluated for their reaction to M. incognita, M. javanica,and M. enterolobii.. And in the third experiment,in 2017,one access and two experimental eggplant hybrids, and one Solanum scuticumx eggplant hybrid, were evaluated for their reaction to M. incognita, and M. enterolobii. All the trials were stablished inagreenhouse, and characters related to root infection were evaluated in a completely randomized design with six replications of one plant per pot, usinga 1.5 L pots filled with a mixedsubstrate inoculated with each nematode species.Itwas found thatall eggplant accessions were susceptible to M. incognitaand M. enterolobii, however, BER 3150 presented lower susceptibility to M. incognita. The gilogenotypes CNPH 056, CNPH 070, CNPH 220,and CNPH 363 shownbetter response to M. incognitaand M. javanicathan the susceptibility pattern, the tomato 'Rutgers'. Other giloaccessions CNPH 070, CNPH 219,and CNPH 387 showed better or equivalent response thanthe resistant tomato 'Nemadoro' for M. enterolobii.4-the BER EG203 x S. scuticuminterspecific hybrid can be recommended as a rootstock for eggplant susceptible to M. incognita, as well the wild S. stramonifoliumvar. inerme species for M. enterolobii.

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Inheritance of Resistance to the Peanut Root-knot Nematode in Capsicum chinense

Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science ◽

10.21273/jashs.125.5.615 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 125 (5) ◽

pp. 615-618

Author(s):

Richard L. Fery ◽

Judy A. Thies

Keyword(s):

Resistance Gene ◽

Dominant Gene ◽

Inheritance Of Resistance ◽

Capsicum Chinense ◽

Root Knot Nematode ◽

Sources Of Resistance ◽

Resistant Parent ◽

Backcross Populations ◽

Race 1 ◽

Allelism Tests

Greenhouse experiments determined the inheritance of resistance to the peanut root-knot nematode [Meloidogyne arenaria (Neal) Chitwood race 1] in Capsicum chinense Jacq. germplasm lines PA-353 and PA-426. Evaluation of parental, F1, F2, and backcross populations of the crosses PA-353 × PA-350 and PA-426 × PA-350 (PA-350 is a susceptible cultigen) indicated that resistance in both C. chinense germplasm lines was conditioned by a single dominant gene. Evaluation of the F1 × resistant parent backcross populations in the cytoplasm of their respective resistant and susceptible parents indicated that the cytoplasm of the resistant parent is not needed for full expression of resistance. Allelism tests indicated that the dominant resistance gene in both PA-353 and PA-426 is allelic to a resistance gene in C. annuum L. `Carolina Cayenne'. However, these allelism tests did not demonstrate conclusively that the M. arenaria race 1 resistance gene in C. chinense is the N gene that conditions resistance to the southern root-knot nematode [Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid & White) Chitwood] in C. annuum. The ease and reliability of evaluating plants for resistance to root-knot nematodes and the availability of simply inherited sources of resistance makes breeding for peanut root-knot nematode resistance a viable objective in C. chinense breeding programs.

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Geographical Distribution of Genetic Diversity in Arachis hypogaea

Peanut Science ◽

10.3146/i0095-3679-28-2-8 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 28 (2) ◽

pp. 80-84 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

C. C. Holbrook ◽

T. G. Isleib

Keyword(s):

Disease Resistance ◽

Arachis Hypogaea ◽

Leaf Spot ◽

Germplasm Collection ◽

Cercospora Arachidicola ◽

Root Knot Nematode ◽

Sources Of Resistance ◽

Arachis Hypogaea L ◽

Race 1 ◽

The U.S

Abstract The U.S. maintains a large (> 8000 accessions) and genetically diverse collection of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) germplasm. It is costly to screen all accessions within this collection for traits that could be useful in cultivar development. The objective of this research was to identify countries of origin that are rich sources of resistance to important peanut diseases. This would allow peanut breeders to focus their efforts on smaller subsets of the germplasm collection. Accessions in the peanut core collection were evaluated for resistance to late (Cercosporidium personatum Berk. & M. A. Curtis) and early (Cercospora arachidicola Hori) leaf spot, tomato spotted wilt Tospovirus (TSWV), the peanut root-knot nematode [Meloidogyne arenaria (Neal) Chitwood race 1], and Cylindrocladium black rot (CBR)[Cylindrocladium crotalarie (Loos) Bell & Sobers]. These data then were examined to determine if genes for resistance clustered geographically. Several geographical areas that appear to be rich sources for disease-resistant genes were identified. China had a relatively large number of accessions with resistance to the peanut root-knot nematode. Peru appeared to be a rich source of material with resistance to CBR. Resistance to late leaf spot was more frequent than expected in accessions from Bolivia and Ecuador. Bolivia was also a valuable source of resistance to early leaf spot. Early leaf spot resistance also was more prevalent than expected in accessions from India, Nigeria, and Sudan. India, Israel, and Sudan were valuable origins for material with resistance to TSWV. Accessions with multiple disease resistance were most common in India, Mozambique, and Senegal. This information should enable plant breeders to utilize more efficiently the genes for disease resistance that are available in the U.S. germplasm collection.

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Characteristics of the gene pool of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) for resistance to loose smut in the forest-steppe of Western Siberia

Vavilov Journal of Genetics and Breeding ◽

10.18699/vj19.524 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 23 (5) ◽

pp. 551-558

Author(s):

E. A. Orlova ◽

N. P. Baechtold

Keyword(s):

Spring Wheat ◽

Resistance Genes ◽

Gene Pool ◽

Yield Reduction ◽

Environmental Damage ◽

Forest Steppe ◽

Loose Smut ◽

Sources Of Resistance ◽

The West ◽

Wide Range

Among the many diseases of spring wheat caused by pathogenic fungi, loose smut Ustilago tritici (Pers.) Jens. remains to be a dangerous disease with a wide range of distribution. In fields where there is no control over the emergence and spread of the disease, the yield reduction can be up to 10 %, and in the case of highly susceptible varieties, up to 40–50 %. Taking into account the increasing cost of seed protectants and their environmental damage, the cultivation of varieties resistant to loose smut is still the most affordable way to protect plants, reducing the pesticide load on agrocenoses. The crucial point in breeding for resistance is the use of resistant varieties as parental forms. The aim of our research was to isolate samples of spring wheat that are immune to loose smut against the background of artificial infection of plants with a population specific to the West Siberian region. The article presents the results of long-lasting studies of 350 genotypes of spring wheat of different ecological and geographical origin for resistance to disease. Physiological specialization of races was carried out on the basis of a differentiating set consisting of six varieties of soft wheat and three varieties of durum spring wheat. The obtained results in combination with literature data reveal changes in the racial composition of the pathogen population over the past 30–35 years. Varieties of foreign and domestic selection resistant to the West Siberian population of loose smut have been identified. Based on the analysis of pedigree samples, highly and practically resistant to loose smut, we concluded that in breeding for immunity to U. tritici, the same sources of resistance genes are most often used. Among the gene pool of spring wheat of foreign selection, the largest number of genotypes resistant to loose smut is assigned to the countries of the North American geographical zone (USA, Canada, Mexico). These are largely samples containing Ut1 genes, genes from spring wheat ‘Thatcher’ and its sister line ‘DC II-21-44’. Resistance genes in Russian wheat varieties can be traced from cultivars Beloturka, Poltavka, Selivanovsky Hare (using Saratovskaya 29 and its derivatives), and genes from wheatgrass lines AGIS 1 and Grecum 114.

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Resistance of Watermelon Germplasm to the Peanut Root-knot Nematode

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.38.7.1417 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 38 (7) ◽

pp. 1417-1421 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

Judy A. Thies ◽

Amnon Levi

Keyword(s):

Citrullus Lanatus ◽

Germplasm Collection ◽

Plant Introduction ◽

Root Knot Nematode ◽

Sources Of Resistance ◽

Race 1 ◽

Gall Index ◽

Moderately Resistant ◽

The U.S ◽

Greenhouse Tests

Root-knot nematodes [Meloidogyne arenaria (Neal) Chitwood, Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid & White) Chitwood, and Meloidogyne javanica (Treub) Chitwood] are serious pests of watermelon [Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai var. lanatus] in the southern United States and worldwide. Watermelon cultivars with resistance to any of these nematode pests are not available. Therefore, we evaluated all accessions of Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad.(21) and Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai var. citroides (L.H. Bailey) Mansf.(88), and about 10% of C. lanatus var. lanatus (156) accessions from the U.S. Plant Introduction (PI) Citrullus germplasm collection for resistance to M. arenaria race 1 in greenhouse tests. Only one C. lanatus var. lanatus accession exhibited very low resistance [root gall index (GI) = 4.9] and 155 C. lanatus var. lanatus accessions were susceptible (GI ranged from 5.0 to 9.0, where 1 = no galls and 9 = ≥81% root system covered with galls). All C. colocynthis accessions were highly susceptible (GI range = 8.5 to 9.0). However, 20 of 88 C. lanatus var. citroides accessions were moderately resistant with a GI range of 3.1 to 4.0; overall GI range for the C. lanatus var. citroides accessions was 3.1 to 9.0. Resistance to M. arenaria race 1 identified in the C. lanatus var. citroides accessions was confirmed on a subset of accessions in a replicated greenhouse test. The results of our evaluations demonstrated that there is significant genetic variability within the U.S. PI Citrullus germplasm collection for resistance to M. arenaria race 1 and also identified C. lanatus var. citroides accessions as potential sources of resistance.

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Resistance in Peanut Cultivars and Breeding Lines to Three Root-Knot Nematode Species

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis-92-4-0631 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 92 (4) ◽

pp. 631-638 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

W. B. Dong ◽

C. C. Holbrook ◽

P. Timper ◽

T. B. Brenneman ◽

Y. Chu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Durable Resistance ◽

Nematode Species ◽

Nematode Resistance ◽

Root Knot Nematode ◽

Sources Of Resistance ◽

Breeding Lines ◽

Sequence Characterized Amplified Region ◽

Race 1 ◽

Meloidogyne Spp ◽

Peanut Cultivars

Three major species of root-knot nematode infect peanut: Meloidogyne arenaria race 1, M. hapla, and M. javanica race 3. Sources of resistance to all three nematodes are needed for developing novel peanut cultivars with broad resistance to Meloidogyne spp. Cultivars and breeding lines of peanut were evaluated for resistance to M. arenaria, M. hapla, and M. javanica in the greenhouse and in the laboratory. Twenty-six genotypes with some resistance to M. arenaria, M. javanica, or M. hapla were identified from 60 accessions based on average eggs per gram of root and gall index relative to a susceptible control. Among these, 14 genotypes were moderately to highly resistant to all three species, 5 genotypes were resistant to M. arenaria and M. javanica, 2 genotypes were resistant to M. javanica and M. hapla, 1 genotype was resistant M. arenaria alone, and 4 genotypes were resistant to M. hapla alone. Reproduction of M. arenaria on lines NR 0817, C724-19-11, and D108 was highly variable, indicating that these genotypes likely were heterogeneous for resistance. COAN, NemaTAM, C724-25-8, and the M. arenaria-resistant plants of C724-19-11 contained the dominant sequence-characterized amplified region marker (197/909) for nematode resistance. Results with the molecular markers indicate that the high resistance to M. arenaria in GP-NC WS 6 may be different from the resistance in COAN, NemaTAM, and C724-25-8. Resistance to M. arenaria was correlated with resistance to M. javanica in peanut, whereas resistance to M. hapla was not correlated with the resistance to either M. arenaria or M. javanica. The resistant selections should be valuable sources for pyramiding resistance genes to develop new cultivars with broad and durable resistance to Meloidogyne spp.

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IDENTIFICATION OF SOURCES OF RESISTANCE TO Meloidogyne enterolobii IN ACEROLA1

Revista Caatinga ◽

10.1590/1983-21252021v34n415rc ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 34 (4) ◽

pp. 879-886

Author(s):

JOHN LENNON FERRREIRA DOS SANTOS ◽

FLÁVIO DE FRANÇA SOUZA ◽

JERÔNIMO CONSTANTINO BOREL ◽

JOSÉ MAURO DA CUNHA E CASTRO ◽

ALEXANDRE SANDRI CAPUCHO

Keyword(s):

Mixed Model ◽

Block Design ◽

Root Knot Nematode ◽

Sources Of Resistance ◽

Second Stage ◽

Randomized Block Design ◽

Meloidogyne Enterolobii ◽

Resistance Reaction ◽

Gall Index ◽

Resistant Rootstock

ABSTRACT In Brazil, acerola trees infested by Meloidogyne enterolobii present lower yield and fruit quality. The use of rootstocks resistant to this pathogen is one of the alternatives to overcome this problem. This study aimed to assess the reaction of 22 acerola accessions to M. enterolobii, aiming to identify at least one resistant rootstock. The experiment was carried out in a randomized block design with 10 replications and each plot consisting of 10 plants. Each plant was inoculated with 350 eggs and second-stage juveniles of M. enterolobii, with the gall index (GI) and reproduction factor (RF) being determined after 90 days. The variables were analyzed using the mixed model methodology (REML/BLUP). The accessions ACO-13, ACO-14, ACO-18, and BRS Apodi stood out with four to six plants showing resistance reaction to the root-knot nematode, but the assessment of accessions should be performed under a higher density inoculum and longer time.

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Meloidogyne enterolobii, a threat to crop production with particular reference to sub-Saharan Africa: an extensive, critical and updated review

Nematology ◽

10.1163/15685411-bja10076 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-39

Author(s):

Raymond Lesley Collett ◽

Mariette Marais ◽

Mieke Daneel ◽

Milad Rashidifard ◽

Hendrika Fourie

Keyword(s):

Crop Production ◽

Management Strategies ◽

Molecular Techniques ◽

Sub Saharan Africa ◽

Crop Damage ◽

Future Research ◽

Root Knot Nematode ◽

Meloidogyne Enterolobii ◽

Nematode Parasitism ◽

Sub Saharan

Summary Crop damage inflicted by Meloidogyne enterolobii justifies an updated literature review focusing on recent discoveries about its identification, biology and management. Since its description in 1983, M. enterolobii has become a pest of great concern, particularly due to its virulence, which renders controlling this nematode pest a challenge. The global distribution of M. enteroblii is summarised, with emphasis placed on limited research done for the species in sub-Saharan Africa where food production and security is threatened by root-knot nematode parasitism. Novel advances in methods used to detect M. enterolobii are touched upon, especially the improvement in advanced molecular techniques that complements shortcomings in morphology and morphometic approaches. Despite these exciting developments, the employment of effective management strategies to combat the species remains problematic. Future research on various aspects of M. enterolobii is crucial, with focus to be placed on the use of available resources to contain damage caused by this species.

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