Stressful situations in life, use and abuse of alcohol and drugs by elderly in Monterrey, Mexico

This is a descriptive, qualitative, and correlation study with 112 elderly aged 60 years or older. This study aimed to identify differences in alcohol consumption according to gender and marital status, and differences in the consumption of medical drugs by gender. It also aims to determine differences in stressful life events by gender, and differences in stressful life events associated to alcohol and medical drugs use and abuse, as well as to know their perceptions on the most stressful life events they have experienced. The results showed significant differences in alcohol consumption by gender (U=154.0, p <0.01), in which the consumption was higher for men. It was reported that the medical drugs consumption (Ç2 =5.95, p <0.15) and life stress indexes (U=1038.5, p =0.10) are higher for women. The most stressful life events reported were: their health problems or those of their relatives, family and economic problems.

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The Impact of Stressful Life Events on Excessive Alcohol Consumption in the French Population: Findings from the GAZEL Cohort Study

PLoS ONE ◽

10.1371/journal.pone.0087653 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. e87653 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

Sara L. Tamers ◽

Cassandra Okechukwu ◽

Alex A. Bohl ◽

Alice Guéguen ◽

Marcel Goldberg ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cohort Study ◽

Alcohol Consumption ◽

Life Events ◽

Stressful Life Events ◽

Stressful Life ◽

French Population ◽

Excessive Alcohol Consumption ◽

Excessive Alcohol ◽

The Impact

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Do “Dark” Personality Features Buffer Against Adversity? The Associations Between Cumulative Life Stress, the Dark Triad, and Mental Distress

SAGE Open ◽

10.1177/2158244018822383 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 215824401882238 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Minna Lyons ◽

Kate Evans ◽

Samuli Helle

Keyword(s):

Life Events ◽

Life Stress ◽

Mental Distress ◽

Stressful Life Events ◽

Dark Triad ◽

Stressful Events ◽

Stressful Life ◽

Online Study ◽

The Face ◽

The Impact

Stressful life events have a major impact on adverse mental health outcomes, although not all individuals are equally affected. According to the buffering hypothesis, there may be personality traits that protect individuals against mental distress in the face of adversity, playing thus a moderating role between life stressors and mental distress. In the present online study ( N = 574), Dark Triad of personality (i.e., Machiavellianism, narcissism, and psychopathy) were investigated as moderators between cumulative stressful life events and mental distress (i.e., psychosis, anxiety, and depression). Those who experienced more stressful events during lifetime, and scored higher in Machiavellianism, had higher scores on a psychosis instrument. Narcissism buffered the impact of stressful events on psychosis and depression. The results are discussed in terms of unique profiles associated with each of the traits.

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The revolving door to homelessness. The influence of health, alcohol consumption and stressful life events on the number of episodes of homelessness.

Anales de Psicología ◽

10.6018/analesps.35.2.297741 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 35 (2) ◽

pp. 175-180 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Pablo Roca ◽

Sonia Panadero ◽

Sara Rodríguez-Moreno ◽

Rosa María Martín ◽

José Juan Vázquez

Keyword(s):

Chronic Illness ◽

Alcohol Consumption ◽

Life Events ◽

Stressful Life Events ◽

Homeless People ◽

Revolving Door ◽

Stressful Life ◽

Excessive Alcohol Consumption ◽

Excessive Alcohol ◽

The Impact

Objectives.- To analyse the impact of different variables on repeated episodes of homelessness. Method.- The study was conducted based on data obtained from a representative sample of homeless people in Madrid (Spain) (n = 188). Results.- Suffering from a serious or chronic illness has an effect on the revolving door to homelessness, which is mediated by a highly negative subjective perception of the individual's own health, which is in turn mediated by suffering from a disability. Excessive alcohol consumption has an effect on the revolving door to homelessness, mediated by access to treatment for problems caused by alcohol consumption. Suffering from a serious or chronic illness correlates with having problems caused by excessive alcohol consumption. Experiencing multiple stressful life events has a direct effect on the revolving door to homelessness. Conclusions.- To prevent the revolving door to homelessness, it is necessary to remove the barriers that hinder access to normal health resources which are experienced by people suffering from social exclusion, while implementing ongoing support programmes for homeless people or those at risk of homelessness, which primarily deal with health issues.

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Moderate emotional reactions to stressful life events are associated with lowest risk of increased alcohol consumption: evidence from the Whitehall II study

European Journal of Public Health ◽

10.1093/eurpub/ckz066 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 29 (4) ◽

pp. 754-758

Author(s):

Nadya Dich ◽

Stacey N Doan

Keyword(s):

Alcohol Consumption ◽

Life Events ◽

Emotional Response ◽

Protective Factor ◽

Stressful Life Events ◽

Negative Emotions ◽

Emotional Reactions ◽

Stressful Events ◽

Stressful Life ◽

Major Life

AbstractBackgroundResearch investigating the associations between stress-related negative emotions and alcohol consumption often assumes a linear dose–response relationship. Based on the current theories of emotions, we questioned this assumption and hypothesized that both very low and very high levels of negative emotional response (NER) to stressful life events are related to increased alcohol consumption.MethodsWe used data from Phases 1 (1985–88) and 2 (1989–90) of the British Whitehall II study. At both phases, participants reported on their alcohol consumption, recent stressful events and the NER to the events. Two thousand and sixteen participants without recent stressful events at baseline were selected. Logistic regression was used to model the association between emotional response at baseline and increased frequency of alcohol consumption between the two phases.ResultsThe likelihood of increased alcohol consumption increased with the number of recent stressful events. Among participants with at least one event, 17% increased alcohol consumption, compared with 14% of those who reported no events. Participants with average NER were at lowest risk (14%) of increasing alcohol consumption after major life events. Those with highest NER were significantly more likely to increase alcohol consumption (20%) than those with average NER, but the difference between those with highest NER and those with lowest NER (17%) was not statistically significant.ConclusionsIncreases in alcohol consumption following stressful events are least likely if people experience moderate levels of NER to events. Negative emotions in moderate doses should not be regarded as a risk factor for unhealthy behaviours, but rather a potentially protective factor.

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Stressful life events in early life and suicidal behaviour

European Psychiatry ◽

10.1016/s0924-9338(11)73865-2 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 26 (S2) ◽

pp. 2162-2162

Author(s):

P.A. Saiz

Keyword(s):

Life Events ◽

Suicidal Behaviour ◽

Life Stress ◽

Stressful Life Events ◽

Negative Emotion ◽

Association Studies ◽

Stressful Life ◽

Environment Interaction ◽

Biological Stress ◽

S Allele

There is robust evidence that stressful life events (SLE) are associated with an increase in risk of developing depression. However, humans display wide variation in response to adversity. Caspi et al (2003) reported that a functional length polymorphism (5-HTTLPR) in the promoter of the serotonin transporter gene moderated the influence of SLE on depressive symptoms, major depression, and suicidality, suggesting evidences of a gene-by-environment interaction.Neuroimage data from healthy, non-depressed, s allele carriers of the 5-HTTLPR show an exaggerated amygdale response to threatening visual stimuli as well as reduced gray matter volume in limbic regions critical for processing of negative emotion compared with individuals with the LL genotype. These data suggest a potent modulatory effect of the 5-HTTLPR on amygdala reactivity to environmental threat.In recent years, a growing number of molecular genetic studies have focused on the serotonin system, suggesting that this system may be involved in the pathogenesis of suicidal behaviour. Meta-analytic evidences support a link between the s allele of the 5-HTTLPR and the risk of suicidal behaviour. However, several case-control association studies show an association between the short allele and the violence, the number, and the medical lethality of the attempts.On the other hand, recent data suggest that biological stress reactivity, mediated by the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis, might be a plausible mechanism underlying the association between the 5-HTTLPR genotype and exposure to life stress in predicting psychopathology.In this presentation we discuss data regarding the complex relationship between the above mentioned systems, stress, and suicidal behaviour.

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Aggression, depression, and stressful life events predicting peer rejection in children

Development and Psychopathology ◽

10.1017/s0954579400006878 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 7 (4) ◽

pp. 845-856 ◽

Cited By ~ 34

Author(s):

Stephanie A. Little ◽

Judy Garber

Keyword(s):

Depressive Symptoms ◽

Life Events ◽

Life Stress ◽

Stressful Life Events ◽

Peer Rejection ◽

Sixth Grade ◽

Self Report ◽

Stressful Life ◽

Future Research ◽

Peer Nominations

AbstractThis short-term prospective study examined the contribution of aggression and depression, stressful life events, and their interactions to the prediction of peer rejection. Subjects were 497 fifth- and sixth-grade children who completed questionnaires at two time points separated by approximately 3 months. Levels of peer rejection and aggression were assessed by peer nominations; level of depressive symptoms and number of stressful life events were measured by self-report questionnaires. Controlling for sex and baseline level of peer rejection, aggression directly predicted peer rejection. In contrast, depressive symptoms interacted with life stress to predict peer rejection. Examination of the Depression × Stress interaction revealed that depressive symptoms in children who had experienced high levels of life stress were not associated with increased levels of peer rejection, whereas depressive symptoms in children with low levels of stress were predictive of subsequent peer rejection. Several interpretations of these findings and directions for future research are suggested.

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Stressful Life Events, Differential Vulnerability, and Depressive Symptoms: Critique and New Evidence

Journal of Health and Social Behavior ◽

10.1177/00221465211055993 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 002214652110559

Author(s):

Lewis R. Anderson ◽

Christiaan W.S. Monden ◽

Erzsébet Bukodi

Keyword(s):

Depressive Symptoms ◽

Life Events ◽

Repeated Measures ◽

Life Stress ◽

Stressful Life Events ◽

Stressful Life ◽

Differential Vulnerability ◽

Tentative Evidence ◽

Vulnerability Hypothesis ◽

The Uk

Depressive symptoms are disproportionately high among women and less educated individuals. One mechanism proposed to explain this is the differential vulnerability hypothesis—that these groups experience particularly strong increases in symptoms in response to stressful life events. We identify limitations to prior work and present evidence from a new approach to life stress research using the UK Household Longitudinal Study. Preliminarily, we replicate prior findings of differential vulnerability in between-individual models. Harnessing repeated measures, however, we show that apparent findings of differential vulnerability by both sex and education are artifacts of confounding. Men and women experience similar average increases in depressive symptoms after stressful life events. One exception is tentative evidence for a stronger association among women for events occurring to others in the household. We term this the “female vulnerability to network events” hypothesis and discuss with reference to Kessler and McLeod’s related “cost of caring” hypothesis.

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Threats to Belonging—Stressful Life Events and Mental Health Symptoms in Aging Men—A Longitudinal Cohort Study

Frontiers in Psychiatry ◽

10.3389/fpsyt.2020.575979 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 ◽

Author(s):

Jutta Lindert ◽

Lewina O. Lee ◽

Marc G. Weisskopf ◽

Martin McKee ◽

Susanne Sehner ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cohort Study ◽

Life Events ◽

Life Stress ◽

Stressful Life Events ◽

Adult Life ◽

Stressful Life ◽

Symptoms Of Depression ◽

The Past ◽

Aging Men ◽

The Impact

Objectives: Stressful life events, especially relationship events, are frequent in adult life. We investigated the impact of a variety of stressful life events on symptoms of depression, anxiety, and hostility.Methods: We analyzed data from a large prospective cohort study of men (n = 1,437) in the Boston area (assessed in 1985, 1988, and 1991). Main outcomes were measures of depression, anxiety and hostility symptoms. We used the Elders Life Stress Inventory (ELSI) to measure stressful life events in the past 12 months and examine their association with symptoms of depression, anxiety and hostility. First, we analyzed the association of stressful life events with symptom changes; second, we categorized stressful life events into finance/work, health, relationships, loss, living situations events; and third, we estimated the specific association between relationship events and depression, anxiety and hostility symptoms using multilevel models.Results: The most frequent stressful life events were health, relationship, and financial events. Depression, anxiety, and hostility symptoms were relatively stable among men who did not experience these life events. However, those who reported life events in the past 12 months had a greater increase in symptoms of depression (+0.05; 95% CI: 0.01 to 0.10) and of hostility (+0.05; 95% CI: 0.01 to 0.09) than those who did not. Additionally, we found a significant decrease in hostility (−0.05; 95% CI: −0.08 to −0.01) in those experiencing no life events.Conclusion: Relationship events were more important than any other type of events, and were significantly associated with increased depression and hostility in aging men. Although the effects were small, the results point to a need to understand better the impact of relationships on psychopathology in the aging population.

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Exposure to family stressful life events in autistic children: Longitudinal associations with mental health and the moderating role of cognitive flexibility

Autism ◽

10.1177/13623613211061932 ◽

2022 ◽

pp. 136236132110619

Author(s):

Virginia Carter Leno ◽

Nicola Wright ◽

Andrew Pickles ◽

Rachael Bedford ◽

Anat Zaidman-Zait ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mental Health ◽

Life Events ◽

Cognitive Flexibility ◽

Stressful Life Events ◽

Mental Health Problems ◽

Externalizing Symptoms ◽

Health Problems ◽

Stressful Life ◽

Autistic Children ◽

Family Level

Mental health problems are prevalent in autistic youth, but the underpinning mechanisms are not well explored. In neurotypical youth, stressful life events are an established risk factor for mental health problems. This study tested longitudinal bidirectional associations between family-level stressful life events and mental health problems and whether these were moderated by cognitive flexibility, in a cohort of autistic children ( N = 247). Family-stressful life events, assessed using the parent-reported Family Inventory of Life Events and Changes, and mental health problems, assessed using the teacher-reported Child Behavior Checklist Internalizing and Externalizing Symptoms subscales, were measured at multiple points between 7 and 11 years. Analyses showed no significant pathways from internalizing or externalizing symptoms to family-stressful life events or from family-stressful life events to internalizing or externalizing symptoms. There was some evidence of moderation by cognitive flexibility; the family-stressful life events to internalizing symptoms pathway was non-significant in the group with typical shifting ability but significant in the group with clinically significant shifting problems. Information about family-level stressful life event exposure and cognitive flexibility may be helpful in identifying autistic youth who may be at higher risk of developing mental health problems. Established risk factors for mental health problems in neurotypical populations are relevant for understanding mental health in autistic youth. Lay abstract Experiencing stressful life events, such as a parent having had serious illness, parental divorce, bullying and victimization, is known to increase risk for mental health difficulties in neurotypical children. However, few studies have looked at whether stressful life events have a similar impact in autistic youth and if any individual characteristics may moderate the impact of said life events. In this study, we tested whether in autistic children aged 7–11 years, exposure to family-level stressful life events predicted later mental health symptoms (and vice versa). We also tested whether associations between stressful life events and mental health symptoms differed depending on the child’s level of cognitive flexibility. We found stressful life events only predicted internalizing symptoms (such as anxiety and depression) in children with clinically significant difficulties in cognitive flexibility (as rated by their parents). Mental health symptoms did not predict future exposure to stressful life events. Results suggest that information about exposure to stressful life events and cognitive inflexibility may be helpful in identifying autistic children who may be at risk of developing anxiety and depression symptoms.

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Psychopathology and early life stress in migrant youths: an analysis of the ‘Growing up in Ireland’ study

Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine ◽

10.1017/ipm.2018.53 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 36 (3) ◽

pp. 177-185

Author(s):

S. Cotter ◽

C. Healy ◽

D. Ni Cathain ◽

P. Williams ◽

M. Clarke ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Life Events ◽

Life Stress ◽

Stressful Life Events ◽

Early Life Stress ◽

Stressful Events ◽

Stressful Life ◽

Growing Up ◽

Policy Makers ◽

Significant Difference ◽

The Relationship

ObjectivesMigrant youths endure many challenges. Such challenges can be stressful and lead to psychological difficulties. We investigated the relationship between migration, psychopathology and stressful events in children and adolescents. We hypothesised that migrant youths would show higher levels of psychopathology and more stressful life events than non-migrant youths.MethodUsing the Child cohort (Cohort ‘98) of the ‘Growing up in Ireland’ study we investigated psychopathology, as measured by the Strengths and Difficulties questionnaire (SDQ) at age 9 and 13 and stressful life events in migrant and non-migrant youths.ResultsThere was no significant difference between the proportion of migrant and non-migrant youths reporting psychopathology in childhood (p>0.05) or adolescence (p>0.05). Analysis of the SDQ subscales revealed that a significantly greater proportion of migrant youths had hyperactivity problems in childhood (p = 0.04) but a greater proportion of non-migrant youths had emotional problems in early adolescence (p = 0.04). We found that migrant youths experienced significantly more stressful life events than their non-migrant counterparts (p<0.01), however, once ‘Moving house/country‘ was removed as a stressor, there was no difference between the groups (p>0.27).ConclusionsContrary to our hypothesis, we observed that there were few differences between migrant and non-migrant youths in the levels of psychopathology. Migrant youths experienced a greater number of stressful life events, however, this was attributable to stressors relating to moving. An increased understanding of the factors promoting resilience, as demonstrated by the migrant youths, could aid health professionals and policy makers to effectively tailor interventions for mental health promotion.

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