scholarly journals Amino acid digestibility and poultry feed formulation: expression, limitations and application

2010 ◽  
Vol 39 (suppl spe) ◽  
pp. 279-287 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wayne L. Bryden ◽  
Xiuhua Li
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Protein Quality ◽  
Poultry Feed ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Ileal Digestibility ◽  
Feed Formulation ◽  
Amino Acid Availability ◽  
Sources Of Variation

The nutritional value or quality of dietary proteins used for poultry feed formulation varies: amino acid availability is an important measure of protein quality. Determination of ileal digestibility values has become the preferred method for estimating amino acid availability. This review discusses the different approaches to the expression of digestibility results, including correction for endogenous loss and the derivatisation of standardised values. Sources of variation in values include, the assay protocol, anti-nutritional factors in feedstuffs and feed milling. Feed formulating with ileal digestibility values should allow higher dietary inclusion levels of protein feedstuffs of lower quality provided that values of different feedstuffs are additive, the age of the bird and the use of feed enzymes are considered. An Australian data set of "ileal digestible amino acid values in feedstuffs for poultry" that has recently be published is described. This overview is intended to stimulate interest in the generation and application of ileal digestibility as a method for estimating amino acid availability in poultry nutrition.

Determination of the Protein Quality of Three New Northern Adapted Cultivars of Common and Miso Type Soybeans by Amino Acid Analysis†

1997 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 1161-1168 ◽  
Author(s):  
Constantinos G. Zarkadas ◽  
Harvey D. Voldeng ◽  
Zi Ran Yu ◽  
Victor K. Choi
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Amino Acid Analysis ◽  
Protein Quality

scholarly journals Assessment of the nutritional quality of proteins: the use of ‘ileal’ digestibilities of amino acids as measures of their availabilities

1979 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 559-571 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. C. Achinewhu ◽  
D. Hewitt
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Nutritional Value ◽  
Protein Quality ◽  
Protein Isolate ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Amino Acid Availability ◽  
Analysis Technique ◽  
Bean Protein

1. A comparative study was made of two biological techniques for assessing protein quality in wheat and barley, and in a soya-bean-protein isolate both as received, and after being heat damaged by autoclaving. Amino acid digestibility was determined by the ‘ileal’ analysis technique while amino acid availability was measured in growth assays. Some chemical and microbiological tests were also done.2. Heat treatment of the soya-bean-protein isolate caused little change in amino acid composition but the digestibility of all amino acids and the availability of lysine and methionine were severely reduced, lysine being most affected. The reduced availability of lysine was not entirely attributable to impaired digestibility.3. The amino acids in wheat and barley were highly digestible. The availability of methionine and lysine in barley and of methionine in wheat was high, whereas the availability of lysine in wheat was apparently much lower.4. The results showed that for methionine, digestibility values are a fair measure of the availability. In heat-damaged soya-bean-protein isolate however, digestibility of lysine over-estimated the availability, indicating that amino acid digestibility may sometimes provide a misleading indication of nutritional value.

scholarly journals Comparative Analysis of Minerals, Heavy Metals and Amino Acids Compositions of the Seeds and Juice of Cucumis metuliferus

2020 ◽  
pp. 31-42
Author(s):  
Onuabuchi Nnenna Ani ◽  
Cosmas Ezekaibeya Achikanu ◽  
Chukwuebuka Kenechukwu Onyishi
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Protein Quality ◽  
Amino Acid Content ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Food Supplement

The aim of this study was to compare the minerals, heavy metals and amino acids compositions of the seeds and juice of Cucumis metuliferus. The minerals and heavy metals content were evaluated using FS240AA agilent atomic absorption spectrometer according to the method of American Public Health Association while the amino acids content was evaluated using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). From the mineral analysis, concentrations of calcium (23.416 ppm), aluminum (0.094 ppm), manganese (0.242 ppm) and iron (1.243 ppm) were higher in the juice than in the seeds with respective values of 20.084 ppm, 0.079 ppm, 0.221 ppm and 0.934 ppm while the concentrations of magnesium (29.749 ppm), zinc (4.184 ppm), copper (0.125 ppm), sodium (8.927 ppm) and potassium (7.594 ppm) were higher in the seeds than in the juice with respective values of 20.592 ppm, 1.271 ppm, 0.030 ppm, 8.594 ppm and 6.833 ppm. The juice had higher concentrations of heavy metals such as arsenic (20.082 ppm), lead (4.135 ppm), cobalt (0.178 ppm), silver (0.074 ppm), selenium (7.246 ppm) and mercury (4.609 ppm) as against the seed with respective values of 0.578 ppm, 1.455 ppm while cobalt, silver, selenium and mercury were not detected. However, the concentrations of cadmium (0.389 ppm), chromium (0.545 ppm) and nickel (0.288 ppm) were higher in the seeds than in the juice with respective values of 0.082 ppm, 0.252 ppm and 0.016 ppm. From the result of amino acid analysis, 18 amino acids were found in both the seeds and juice which include 9 essential and 9 non-essential amino acids respectively. The qualitative composition of amino acids in both the seeds and the juice was same, but the quantitative contents differed although non-significantly from each other with prevalence of amino acids in the seeds. Aspartate was the most abundant of the amino acids found while cysteine was the least.  These results suggest that the seeds and juice of Cucumis metuliferus contain adequate essential minerals which are beneficial to human health. The contaminant levels of heavy metals highlights the necessity on the quality and safety concerns about their use and handling. The amino acids analysis showed that both the seeds and juice of Cucumis metuliferus are good sources of amino acid and could be used as food supplement. The amino acid content may also provide useful information for determination of the protein quality of Cucumis metuliferus.

scholarly journals Determination of Dietary Amino Acid Digestibility in Humans

2019 ◽  
Vol 149 (12) ◽  
pp. 2101-2109 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul J Moughan ◽  
Robert R Wolfe
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Quality Evaluation ◽  
Protein Quality ◽  
Amino Acid Uptake ◽  
Acid Uptake ◽  
Ileal Digestibility ◽  
Growing Pig ◽  
Adult Humans ◽  
Dietary Amino Acid

ABSTRACT Dietary amino acid digestibility is a fundamental measure of importance in protein quality evaluation. Determining amino acid digestibility in humans, as the disappearance of an amino acid across the total digestive tract, has been discredited. Extensive cecal and colonic microbial metabolism renders fecal estimates of amino acids misleading. True ileal amino acid digestibility determined at the end of the small intestine predicts amino acid uptake more accurately. Given that ileal digestibility determination cannot be undertaken routinely in humans, a pig-based assay has been developed and validated. The growing pig values for digestibility, however, relate to healthy adult humans and there is a need to be able to determine amino acid digestibility for humans with specific physiological states. To this end, isotope-based methods for determining dietary amino acid digestibility indirectly show promise but remain to be fully validated.

scholarly journals Presence of Unabsorbed Free Amino Acids at the End of the Small Intestine of Humans and Pigs: Potential Implications for Amino Acid Bioavailability

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 530-530
Author(s):  
Nikkie van der Wielen ◽  
Sonja de Vries ◽  
Walter Gerrits ◽  
Kim Jannink ◽  
Paul Moughan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Protein Quality ◽  
Free Form ◽  
Ileal Digestibility ◽  
Funding Sources ◽  
Single Meal ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Sizable Fraction

Abstract Objectives The protein quality digestible indispensable amino acid scores (DIAAS) require determination of amino acid (AA) bioavailability, which is often quantified as the net disappearance of dietary AAs at the end of the small intestine, so-called true ileal digestibility. It is often assumed that bioavailability is mainly influenced by protein breakdown and that free AAs are completely absorbed by the small intestine. However, some studies report substantial amounts of free AAs in the unabsorbed protein fraction present in terminal ileal digesta. This study quantified free AAs in ileal digesta of humans and pigs and estimated their impact on AA bioavailability. Methods Two studies were performed with 3 diets, i.e., zein, whey or protein-free. In study 1, ileal digesta of 8 human ileostomates was collected over 9 hours after ingestion of a single meal. In study 2, 12 pigs were fed 7 days with one of the 3 diets and ileal digesta was collected over 9 h on the last 2 days according to a standardized digestibility protocol. Total and free AA content were analyzed in ileal digesta. Results All ileal digesta contained free AAs. If the analyzed free AAs would have been absorbed in the small intestine the bioavailability for whey, which was > 95%,  would only increase 0.4%-unit on average for the different AAs in humans and 0.1%-unit in pigs. For zein protein, which is ∼70% bioavailable, the impact of unabsorbed free AAs on bioavailability was on average 2.3 ± 1.2%-unit in humans and 3.5 ± 5.1%-unit in pigs. In both species, the biggest impact was seen for the free essential AA threonine; its potential absorption could increase threonine bioavailability of zein by 6.6 ± 4.0%-units for humans and  6.6 ± 8.6%-units for pigs. Moreover, for both species the proportion of threonine in free form, relative to total threonine, was significantly higher in ileal digesta after ingestion of zein compared to whey or the protein-free condition (p < 0.05). Conclusions Our results show that not all free AAs are fully absorbed by the end of the small intestine. When the AA bioavailability of a protein is low, these unabsorbed AAs can be a quantitatively sizable fraction of ingested AAs. Funding Sources Proteos project, funded by a consortium of food companies and food sectors, coordinated by Global Dairy Platform, USA.

scholarly journals Amino acid availability in poultry—in vitro and in vivo measurements

1999 ◽  
Vol 50 (5) ◽  
pp. 889 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Ravindran ◽  
Wayne L. Bryden
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Protein Quality ◽  
Poultry Feed ◽  
In Vitro Assays ◽  
Total Amino Acid ◽  
Amino Acid Availability ◽  
Amino Acid Contents ◽  
In Vivo Growth

Methodology to evaluate the protein quality or amino acid availability in feed ingredients for poultry using in vitro (enzymic, chemical, or microbiological assays), indirect in vivo (plasma amino acid assays), or direct in vivo (growth or digestibility assays) measurements has been reviewed. The specific applications and limitations of these methods are examined. In vitro assays are useful in providing information on heat damage in selected protein sources under defined conditions, and on relative ranking of different samples, but they cannot form the basis of practical feed formulations. While growth assays remain the only direct means of confirming nutritional relevance of values obtained by other procedures, in vivo digestibility assays appear to be most useful, at present, to estimate amino acid availability. Amino acid digestibility assays in poultry should be based on the analysis of digesta from the terminal ileum rather than excreta, because of the variable and modifying effects of hindgut microflora. Techniques used to estimate endogenous amino acid losses in poultry are discussed. The needs for correction of endogenous losses in amino acid digestibility calculations and the relative merits of apparent and true digestible amino acid systems are still being debated. It is, however, clear that both digestible amino systems are superior to the total amino acid system currently employed to formulate practical diets. Digestible amino acid values are likely to form the basis of poultry feed formulations in the future. In particular, there is an urgent need for more precise information on the variation in digestible amino acid contents of locally grown ingredients and on the factors causing this variation (e.g. variety, location, season, agronomic practices, processing, etc.).

Assessment of the protein quality of fourteen soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] cultivars using amino acid analysis and two-dimensional electrophoresis

2007 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 129-146 ◽  
Author(s):  
Constantinos G. Zarkadas ◽  
Christine Gagnon ◽  
Stephen Gleddie ◽  
Shahrokh Khanizadeh ◽  
Elroy R. Cober ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Glycine Max ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Amino Acid Analysis ◽  
Protein Quality ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Two Dimensional Electrophoresis ◽  
Glycine Max L ◽  
Dimensional Electrophoresis

scholarly journals EFFECT OF STORAGE TIME ON THE QUALITY OF SMOKED HETEROCLARIAS

2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 30
Author(s):  
Ayodeji Ahmed Ayeloja ◽  
W. A. Jimoh ◽  
T. O. Uthman ◽  
M. O. Shittu
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Storage Time ◽  
Protein Quality ◽  
Storage Period ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Vulnerable Groups ◽  
Average Weight ◽  
Duration Of Storage

Effect of storage time on the quality of smoked heteroclarias was studied. 108 samples of heteroclarias (average weight 210 + 15g) was used. Analysis carried out include: proximate, mineral composition (Ca, Na, Fe and Mg), biochemical, amino acid and sensory evaluation. Data obtained was subjected to Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) while the sensory data was subjected to nonparametric test (Kruskal Wallis test). Smoked heteroclarias have good nutritional quality in terms of proximate, mineral and amino acids all of which decrease with increase in duration of storage at ambient temperatures. Glutamic acid  was the most predominant amino acid and the highest non-essential amino acid (NEEA), lysine was the most predominant EAA. There was higher concentration of non-essential amino acids than essential amino acids, EAA/NEAA ratio (0.86 – 0.93) recorded indicates that the fish have excellent protein quality; its the predicted protein efficiency ratio (P-PER) ranged between 3.44-3.61 and its biological value ranged between 79.84 -75.04. Its chemical score and TEAA decrease with increase in storage time. Its texture quality reduced significantly (χ2 = 12.207, p<0.01) with increased storage period. It is therefore recommended that smoked heteroclarias be consumed as soon as it is smoked and regularly for good healthy conditions especially among children, aged and other vulnerable groups.

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