scholarly journals Growth of Crotalaria juncea L. supplied with mineral nitrogen

2005 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 181-185 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elenira Henrique Miranda Mendonça ◽  
Marlene Aparecida Schiavinato
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Fixation ◽  
Nutrient Solution ◽  
Nitrogenase Activity ◽  
Mineral Nitrogen ◽  
Mineral N ◽  
Crotalaria Juncea ◽  
N Content

Plants of Crotalaria juncea inoculated with Rhizobium were treated with nutrient solution containing 10 or 20mg of either N/NO3 or N/NH4.plant-1.week-1 . The control plants received nutrient solution without N. An investigation was conducted on the effect of these sources of N on growth and nitrogen fixation of plants with 30, 60 and 90 days after sowing (DAS). Those that received mineral N presented higher growth than -N plants, but the presence of nodules occurred in all the treatments. Plants treated with NH4 presented higher N content until 60 days. The highest concentrations of leghemoglobin and protein in nodules were found at 30 DAS and there was no difference in leghemoglobin content between treatments for any age and in protein from 60 DAS. Nitrogenase activity did not vary from 60 to 90 days, with the exception of plants that received 20mg N/NO3, where it was higher at 60 days

scholarly journals Distribution of nitrogen in wheat plant in its late growth stages with regard to organic fertilisation and mineral nitrogen rate

2011 ◽  
Vol 51 (No. 12) ◽  
pp. 553-561 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Čeh-Brežnik ◽  
A. Tajnšek
Keyword(s):  
Green Manure ◽  
Farmyard Manure ◽  
Mineral Nitrogen ◽  
N Recovery ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Mineral N ◽  
N Content ◽  
Organic Fertilisation ◽  
N Rates ◽  
The Impact

In Central Slovenia within a long term static experiment IOSDV we investigated the impact of mineral nitrogen (N) fertilisation (0, 65, 130, 195 kg/ha) on the N content and the N amount in winter wheat (larger roots, stems, spikes and leaves) in EC 81/82 and EC 90/91, employing three systems of management: farmyard manure ploughing in before forecrop maize, straw ploughing in and green manure, no organic fertilisation. At EC 81/82 the N content in larger roots was around twice as high as the N content in stems and around twice as low as the N content in spikes and leaves. There was 80% of the whole N amount in plant located in the spikes and leaves (33–168 kg/ha) in EC 81/82 and 90% in EC 90/91. Calculated N recovery from mineral fertiliser was 68–87%; it increased with the increasing N rates in the system with farmyard manure ploughing in and in the system with no organic fertilisation, but not in the system with straw ploughing in and green manure. Between EC 81/82 and EC 90/91 wheat gained from 4 to 34 kg N/ha, but there were more important translocations of N inside the plants, which were higher at higher mineral N rates. There was a significant impact of management system on the N uptake at the highest mineral N rate.

Effects of root environment on the kinetics of 1st month growth and nodulation of alfalfa

1982 ◽  
Vol 60 (6) ◽  
pp. 888-896 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. D. H. Macdowall
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Nutrient Solution ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nitrogenase Activity ◽  
Plant Root ◽  
N Content ◽  
Shoot Height ◽  
Pot Size ◽  
Solid Substratum ◽  
Soil Mix

Measurements were made of plant, root, and nodule dry matter, nodule number, acetylene reduction by nitrogenase, plant N content, and shoot height of Medicago sativa L. cv. Algonquin and expressed chiefly as rate constants of growth (k1′). The effects of the nature and quantity of solid substratum, of the form and concentration of combined N and of symbiotic and non-symbiotic growth, were compared in optimum growth room conditions. Plants grew at the same maximum k1′ in vermiculite with or without gravel and in a soil mix when supplied with 15 mM NO3− in the nutrient solution. Plant growth was retarded with decreasing pot size but maximum nodule growth k1′ occurred in 7-cm pots. Nodulation and nitrogenase activity showed maximum k1′ with least added N but moderate additions produced larger yields of roots and nodules. Plant growth in dry matter and N content, expressed as k1′, yield, or absolute rate (k1′∙yield), was under no circumstance increased by symbiosis in this phase of exponential growth. Nodulation was completely inhibited by 15 mM NO3− and higher concentrations of N were generally inhibitory. A transient, postgerminative treatment with 15 mM NO3− provided a sustained boost to growth. Combined N supplied as NO2− or NH4+ at 15 mM in the nutrient solution without NO3− suported k1′ values comparable to those obtained with less than 1.5 mM NO3−.

Effects of Nitrate and Ammonium on Nitrogenase (C2H2 Reduction) Activity of Swards of Subterranean Clover, Trifolium subterraneum L

1986 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 257 ◽  
Author(s):  
JH Silsbury ◽  
DW Catchpoole ◽  
W Wallace
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Fixation ◽  
Nitrate Reductase ◽  
Root System ◽  
N2 Fixation ◽  
Nitrogenase Activity ◽  
Alternative Hypothesis ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Mineral Nitrogen ◽  
Soluble Nitrogen ◽  
Split Root System

Small swards of subterranean clover plants were grown under controlled conditions without mineral nitrogen and allowed to establish an effective nitrogen fixation system. Nutrient solutions containing nitrate from 0 to 16 mM or of ammonium from 0 to 5 mM were then applied and changes in nitrogenase activity (NA) estimated by acetylene reduction assay (AR) and the rate of hydrogen evolution (HE) for periods of up to 35 days. In two experiments a split-root system was used to enable mineral nitrogen to be applied to only one-half of a nodulated root system whilst the NA of both halves was monitored. NA by subterranean clover was very sensitive to exogenous mineral nitrogen, concentrations as low as 0.5 mM NO3- suppressing activity significantly, and 3-5 mM stopping it almost completely within 7 days. The degree of inhibition induced by concentrations between 0.5 and 3 mM NO3- was less at a photon irradiance of 1000 compared with 300 �mol quanta s-1 m-2 . Under some conditions NA continued at a reduced but steady rate in the presence of nitrate. NH4+ also markedly depressed NA but a concentration greater than 5 mM was needed to effect the same response. After NO3- was applied to an active symbiosis, nitrate reductase activity increased as NA decreased. Our results do not support the hypothesis of a direct effect of NO3- on nitrogenase due to the accumulation of toxic NO2-. Although our results allow that assimilate might be diverted from the nodules after the application of NO3- thus reducing N2-fixation, an alternative hypothesis is proposed: that nitrogenase and nitrate reductase work in a complementary manner in supplying reduced nitrogen to whole plants, and NO3- depresses N2-fixation through a regulatory system involving the level of soluble nitrogen in the plant. We conclude that nitrogen fixation by subterranean clover in the field may be depressed below its potential due to the presence of soil mineral nitrogen.

scholarly journals The Effect of Meat and Bone Meal (MBM) on Crop Yields, Nitrogen Content and Uptake, and Soil Mineral Nitrogen Balance

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 2307
Author(s):  
Anna Nogalska ◽  
Aleksandra Załuszniewska
Keyword(s):  
Crop Yields ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Mineral Nitrogen ◽  
Soil Mineral N ◽  
Soil Mineral ◽  
Meat And Bone Meal ◽  
Bone Meal ◽  
Mineral N ◽  
N Content ◽  
Total N

A long-term (six year) field experiment was conducted in Poland to evaluate the effect of meat and bone meal (MBM), applied without or with mineral nitrogen (N) fertilizer, on crop yields, N content and uptake by plants, and soil mineral N balance. Five treatments were compared: MBM applied at 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 Mg ha−1, inorganic NPK, and zero-fert check. Mineral N accounted for 100% of the total N rate (158 kg ha−1) in the NPK treatment and 50%, 25%, and 0% in MBM treatments. The yield of silage maize supplied with MBM was comparable with that of plants fertilized with NPK at 74 Mg ha−1 herbage (30% DM) over two years on average. The yields of winter wheat and winter oilseed rape were highest in the NPK treatment (8.9 Mg ha−1 grain and 3.14 Mg ha−1 seeds on average). The addition of 25% and 50% of mineral N to MBM had no influence on the yields of the tested crops. The N content of plants fertilized with MBM was satisfactory (higher than in the zero-fert treatment), and considerable differences were found between years of the study within crop species. Soil mineral N content was determined by N uptake by plants rather than the proportion of mineral N in the total N rate. Nitrogen utilization by plants was highest in the NPK treatment (58%) and in the treatment where mineral N accounted for 50% of the total N rate (48%).

Effects of temperature on germination, emergence and early seedling growth of swards of Mt Barker subterranean clover plants grown with and without nitrate

1984 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 539 ◽  
Author(s):  
JH Silsbury ◽  
D Zuill ◽  
PH Brown
Keyword(s):  
N2 Fixation ◽  
Nitrogenase Activity ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Mineral Nitrogen ◽  
Mineral N ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Closed Canopy ◽  
Early Seedling

Effects of constant temperatures of 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30�C on the germination, emergence and early vegetative growth of Trifolium subterraneum L. cv. Mt Barker grown as swards were examined in temperature-controlled glasshouses and in a growth cabinet. Seedlings were established at a density of about 2000 plants m-2 and grown for up to 70 days. Plants were either inoculated and grown without mineral nitrogen (-N), or supplied with 7.5 mM NO-3 (+ N). Percentage germination and emergence were hardly affected by temperatures of 10-20�C, but at 25�C were reduced to 50%, and at 30�C to about 10%. The rates of germination and emergence were slowest at 10�C, but showed little change with temperature over the range 15-30�C. Time to closed canopy (leaf area index 3) and time to a dry weight of 133 g m-2 were shorter where plants were supplied with NO; than where mineral nitrogen was withheld and a symbiotic system established. Rates of N2-fixation, as measured by acetylene reduction assay, were not markedly affected by temperature over the range 10-25�C. Relative efficiency ranged from about 0.55 at 10, 15, and 20�C to about 0.66 at 25�C. At 30�C nodulation still occurred, but nitrogenase activity was very slight. It is concluded that, where swards of subterranean clover are grown in the absence of any mineral N, a period of N-starvation limits growth during the time taken for symbiotic N2-fixation to become established. Such retardation of growth is small at about 20�C, but becomes more marked at lower and higher temperatures. The establishment of subterranean clover swards in soils of low N status are likely to be retarded following an early (March) or a late (July) start in the growing season. In such cases a 'starter' application of mineral nitrogen may promote the early growth of the legume.

scholarly journals Regulation of Phosphorus Supply on Nodulation and Nitrogen Fixation in Soybean Plants with Dual-Root Systems

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 2354
Author(s):  
Hongyu Li ◽  
Xiangxiang Wang ◽  
Quanxi Liang ◽  
Xiaochen Lyu ◽  
Sha Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Fixation ◽  
Nutrient Solution ◽  
Phosphorus Content ◽  
Nitrogenase Activity ◽  
Root Nodules ◽  
Sand Culture ◽  
Soybean Plant ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Grafting Technique ◽  
Phosphorus Application

Phosphorus (P) is an important nutrient affecting nodulation and nitrogen fixation in soybeans. To further investigate the relationship of phosphorus with soybean nodulation and nitrogen fixation, the seedling grafting technique was applied in this study to prepare dual-root soybean systems for a sand culture experiment. From the unfolded cotyledon stage to the initial flowering stage, one side of each dual-root soybean system was irrigated with nutrient solution containing 1 mg/L, 31 mg/L, or 61 mg/L of phosphorus (phosphorus-application side), and the other side was irrigated with a phosphorus-free nutrient solution (phosphorus-free side), to study the effect of local phosphorus supply on nodulation and nitrogen fixation in soybean. The results are described as follows: (1) Increasing the phosphorus supply increased the nodules weight, nitrogenase activity, ureide content, number of bacteroids, number of infected cells, and relative expression levels of nodule nitrogen fixation key genes (GmEXPB2, GmSPX5, nifH, nifD, nifK, GmALN1, GmACP1, GmUR5, GmPUR5, and GmHIUH5) in root nodules on the phosphorus-application side. Although the phosphorus-application and phosphorus-free sides demonstrated similar changing trends, the phosphorus-induced increases were more prominent on the phosphorus-application side, which indicated that phosphorus supply systematically regulates nodulation and nitrogen fixation in soybean. (2) When the level of phosphorus supply was increased from 1 mg/L to 31 mg/L, the increase on the P– side root was significant, and nodule phosphorus content increased by 57.14–85.71% and 68.75–75.00%, respectively; ARA and SNA were 218.64–383.33% and 11.41–16.11%, respectively, while ureide content was 118.18–156.44%. When the level of phosphorus supply was increased from 31mg/L to 61mg/L, the increase in the regulation ability of root and nodule phosphorus content, ARA, SNA, and ureide content were low for roots, and the value for nodules was lower than when the phosphorus level increased from 1 mg/L to 31 mg/L. (3) A high-concentration phosphorus supply on one side of a dual-root soybean plant significantly increased the phosphorus content in the aboveground tissues, as well as the roots and nodules on both sides. In the roots on the phosphorus-free side, the nodules were prioritized for receiving the phosphorus transported from the aboveground tissues to maintain their phosphorus content and functionality.

scholarly journals Organic Materials and Their Chemically Extracted Humic and Fulvic Acids as Potential Soil Amendments for Faba Bean Cultivation in Soils with Varying CaCO3 Contents

Horticulturae ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (8) ◽  
pp. 205
Author(s):  
Ihab M. Farid ◽  
Mohamed A. El-Ghozoli ◽  
Mohamed H. H. Abbas ◽  
Dalia S. El-Atrony ◽  
Hassan H. Abbas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Humic Substances ◽  
Faba Bean ◽  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Nitrogenase Activity ◽  
Organic Amendments ◽  
Fulvic Acids ◽  
Mineral N ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Factor C

Organic amendments are important sources of nutrients that release upon organic matter degradation, yet the stability of these organics in arid and semi-arid regions is relatively low. In contrast, humic substances (HS) are resistant to biodegradation and can keep nutrients in the soil available for the plant over a long time. Combinations between humic substances (HS) and mineral-N fertilizers are assumed to retain higher available nutrients in soils than those recorded for the sole application of either mineral or organic applications. We anticipate, however, that humic substances might not be as efficient as the organics from which they were extracted in increasing NP uptake by plants. To test these assumptions, faba bean was planted in a pot experiment under greenhouse conditions following a complete randomized design while considering three factors: two soils (calcareous and non-calcareous, Factor A), two organics (biogas and compost, Factor B) and combinations of the organics and their extracts (HA or FA) together with complementary doses of mineral-N ((NH4)2SO4) to attain a total rate of 50 kg N ha−1 (the recommended dose for faba bean plants) (Factor C). Results indicated that nitrogenase activity increased significantly due to the application of the used organics. In this respect, compost manure caused higher nitrogenase activity than biogas manure did. Humic substances raised NP-availability and the uptake by plants significantly; however, the values of increase were lower than those that occurred due to the compost or biogas manure. Moreover, the sole application of the used organics recorded the highest increases in plant biomass. Significant correlations were also detected between NP-availability, uptake and plant biomass. This means that HS could probably retain nutrients in available forms for long time periods, yet nutrients released continuously but slowly upon decomposition of organics seemed more important for plant nutrition.

Studies on compatibility of nitrogen fixation by high-temperature-adapted Rhizobium strains and Vigna radiata genotypes at two moisture levels in calcareous soil

1983 ◽  
Vol 101 (2) ◽  
pp. 377-381 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Rai ◽  
V. Prasad
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Fixation ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Vigna Radiata ◽  
Calcareous Soil ◽  
Nitrogenase Activity ◽  
Summer Season ◽  
Green Gram ◽  
Rhizobium Strains

SUMMARYRhizobium strains adapted to high temperature, and genotypes of green gram, were used to study the symbiotic N2-fixation in a summer season at two moisture levels in calcareous soil. Different interactions between strains and genotypes were observedatthe two moisture levels. At both moisture levels, strain S4 with the green gram genotype S8 showed the greatest grain yield, nitrogenase activity, leghaemoglobin and ethanolsoluble carbohydrate of nodules.

High-temperature-adaptedAzospirillum brasilensestrains: growth and interaction response on associative nitrogen fixation, mineral uptake and yield of cheena (Panicum miliaceumL.) genotypes in calcareous soil

1988 ◽  
Vol 110 (2) ◽  
pp. 321-329 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Rai
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Fixation ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Calcareous Soil ◽  
Nitrogenase Activity ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Cross Resistance ◽  
Mineral Uptake ◽  
Associative Nitrogen Fixation ◽  
Seed Inoculation ◽  
Resistance To Penicillin

SummaryHigh-temperature-adapted strains RAU 1, RAU 2 and RAU 3 ofAzospirillum brasilenseC 7 were isolated from stepwise transfer to higher temperature (30 to 42 °C). One of the strains (RAU 1) showed more growth, greater nitrogenase and hydrogenase activities at 30 and 42 °C than parental and other temperature-adapted strains. This strain also showed growth and more nitrogenase activity from pH 6·5 to 8·0. Strain RAU 1 showed cross-resistance to penicillin (300/µg/ml) but not to streptomycin, kanamycin, viomycin and polymixin B at 30 and 42 °C. It was demonstrated in field plots in calcareous soil that seed inoculation with RAU 1 enhanced mineral uptake of cheena. Inoculation with RAU 1 led to a significant increase in associative nitrogen fixation, dry weight of roots, grain and straw yield of cheena compared with the uninoculated control with or without applied N, but the effect of seed inoculation with high-temperature-adapted strains was variable with different genotypes of cheena.

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