scholarly journals Biochemical and histological changes in liver ofNectomys squamipes naturally infected bySchistosoma mansoni

2013 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 519-524 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sócrates Fraga da Costa Neto ◽  
Vinicius Menezes Tunholi Alves ◽  
Victor Menezes Tunholi Alves ◽  
Juberlan Silva Garcia ◽  
Marcos Antônio José dos Santos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Liver Glycogen ◽  
Serum Glucose ◽  
Hepatic Glycogen ◽  
South American ◽  
Wild Rodents ◽  
Histological Changes ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Phases Of Development ◽  
Liver Fragments ◽  
Glucose Formation

The South American water rat Nectomys squamipes is a wild mammal reservoir of Schistosoma mansoni in Brazil. In the present study, wild rodents were collected in the field and categorized into two groups: infected and uninfected by S. mansoni. Blood was collected to analyze changes in the serum glucose level (mg/dL) and liver fragments were used to determine the hepatic glycogen content (mg of glucose/g tissue). The histological examination showed inflammatory granulomatous lesions in different phases of development in the liver of rodents naturally infected with S. mansoni, in some cases with total or partial occlusion of the vascular lumen. Early lesions were characterized by the presence of inflammatory infiltrate around morphologically intact recently deposited eggs. Despite the significance of these histological lesions, the biochemical changes differed in extent. N. squamipes naturally infected byS. mansoni showed no variation in hepatic glycogen reserves. These findings were accompanied by a significant increase in plasma glucose contents, probably as a consequence of amino acids deamination, which are degraded, resulting in the formation of intermediates used as precursors for the glucose formation, without compromising the reserves of liver glycogen. In the wild, naturally infected N. squamipes can maintainS. mansoni infections without undergoing alterations in its carbohydrate metabolism, which minimizes the deleterious effects of S. mansoni.

scholarly journals Physical training reverses changes in hepatic mitochondrial diameter of Alloxan-induced diabetic rats

2018 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriel Keine Kuga ◽  
Rafael Calais Gaspar ◽  
Vitor Rosetto Muñoz ◽  
Susana Castelo Branco Ramos Nakandakari ◽  
Leonardo Breda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Physical Training ◽  
Hepatic Metabolism ◽  
Liver Glycogen ◽  
Serum Glucose ◽  
Diabetic Rats ◽  
Hepatic Glycogen ◽  
Sedentary Control ◽  
Exercise Protocol ◽  
Training Protocol

ABSTRACT Objective To investigate the effects of physical training on metabolic and morphological parameters of diabetic rats. Methods Wistar rats were randomized into four groups: sedentary control, trained control, sedentary diabetic and trained diabetic. Diabetes mellitus was induced by Alloxan (35mg/kg) administration for sedentary diabetic and Trained Diabetic Groups. The exercise protocol consisted of swimming with a load of 2.5% of body weight for 60 minutes per day (5 days per week) for the trained control and Trained Diabetic Groups, during 6 weeks. At the end of the experiment, the rats were sacrificed and blood was collected for determinations of serum glucose, insulin, albumin and total protein. Liver samples were extracted for measurements of glycogen, protein, DNA and mitochondrial diameter determination. Results The sedentary diabetic animals presented decreased body weight, blood insulin, and hepatic glycogen, as well as increased glycemia and mitochondrial diameter. The physical training protocol in diabetic animals was efficient to recovery body weight and liver glycogen, and to decrease the hepatic mitochondrial diameter. Conclusion Physical training ameliorated hepatic metabolism and promoted important morphologic adaptations as mitochondrial diameter in liver of the diabetic rats.

Temporal patterns of tissue glycogen, glucose, and glycogen phosphorylase activity prior to hibernation in freeze-tolerant chorus frogs, Pseudacris triseriata

2008 ◽  
Vol 86 (10) ◽  
pp. 1095-1100 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steve C. Dinsmore ◽  
David L. Swanson
Keyword(s):  
Glycogen Phosphorylase ◽  
Threshold Level ◽  
Liver Glycogen ◽  
Critical Threshold ◽  
Hepatic Glycogen ◽  
Phosphorylase Activity ◽  
Continuous Increase ◽  
Glycogen Accumulation ◽  
Chorus Frogs ◽  
Glycogen Stores

Freezing survival may differ among winters in chorus frogs ( Pseudacris triseriata (Wied-Neuwied, 1838)), and low freezing survival is associated with low hepatic glycogen stores. The pattern of prehibernation liver glycogen accumulation in chorus frogs is unknown. Frogs might accumulate hepatic glycogen stores until a threshold level sufficient for winter survival is attained, after which frogs enter hibernation (critical threshold hypothesis). According to this model, frogs active late in the season should only be those with low hepatic glycogen stores. Alternatively, hepatic glycogen levels might continue to increase throughout the fall as long as frogs remain active (continuous increase hypothesis). We tested these hypotheses by measuring liver and leg muscle glycogen, glucose, and glycogen phosphorylase activities in chorus frogs throughout the fall prehibernation period in southeastern South Dakota. Hepatic glycogen levels were significantly related to date and increased throughout the fall period, consistent with the continuous increase hypothesis. This suggests that hepatic glycogen levels do not serve as a cue for entrance into hibernation. Liver phosphorylase activity did not vary significantly with progression of the fall season and activity was lower than in winter, suggesting that the winter increment of phosphorylase activity requires some stimulus during hibernation (e.g., low temperatures).

Contribution of net hepatic glycogenolysis to glucose production during the early postprandial period

1996 ◽  
Vol 270 (1) ◽  
pp. E186-E191 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. F. Petersen ◽  
T. Price ◽  
G. W. Cline ◽  
D. L. Rothman ◽  
G. I. Shulman
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Glycogen Content ◽  
Hepatic Glucose Production ◽  
Liver Volume ◽  
Glucose Production ◽  
Liver Glycogen ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Hepatic Glycogen ◽  
Resonance Spectroscopy ◽  
13C Nuclear Magnetic Resonance

Relative contributions of net hepatic glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis to glucose production during the first 12 h of a fast were studied in 13 healthy volunteers by noninvasively measuring hepatic glycogen content using 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Rates of net hepatic glycogenolysis were calculated by multiplying the change in liver glycogen content with liver volume determined by magnetic resonance imaging. Rates of gluconeogenesis were calculated as the difference between rates of glucose production determined with an infusion of [6,6-2H]-glucose and net hepatic glycogenolysis. At 6 P.M. a liquid mixed meal (1,000 kcal; 60% as glucose) was given, to which [2-2H]glucose was added to trace glucose absorption. Hepatic glycogen content was measured between 11 P.M. and 1 A.M. and between 3 and 6 A.M. At 11 P.M. the concentration was 470 mM and it decreased linearly during the night. The mean liver volume was 1.47 +/- 0.06 liters. Net hepatic glycogenolysis (5.8 +/- 0.8 mumol.kg body wt-1.min-1) accounted for, on average, 45 +/- 6% and gluconeogenesis for 55 +/- 6% of the rate of whole body glucose production (12.6 +/- 0.6 mumol.kg body wt-1.min-1). In conclusion, this study shows that, even early in the phase of the postabsorptive period when liver glycogen stores are maximal, gluconeogenesis contributes approximately 50% to hepatic glucose production.

scholarly journals Glucose metabolism in the newborn rat. Hormonal effects in vivo

1973 ◽  
Vol 134 (4) ◽  
pp. 899-906 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keith Snell ◽  
Deryck G. Walker
Keyword(s):  
Cyclic Amp ◽  
Intraperitoneal Injection ◽  
Actinomycin D ◽  
Specific Radioactivity ◽  
Liver Glycogen ◽  
Newborn Rats ◽  
Dibutyryl Cyclic Amp ◽  
Lactate Formation ◽  
Glucose Formation

1. The concentrations of liver glycogen and plasma d-glucose were measured in caesarian-delivered newborn rats at time-intervals up to 3h after delivery after treatment of the neonatal rats with glucagon, dibutyryl cyclic AMP, cortisol or cortisol+dibutyryl cyclic AMP. Glycogenolysis was promoted by glucagon or dibutyryl cyclic AMP in the third hour after birth but not at earlier times. Cortisol and dibutyryl cyclic AMP together (but neither agent alone) promoted glycogenolysis in the second hour after birth, but no hormone combination was effective in the first postnatal hour. 2. The specific radioactivity of plasma d-glucose was measured as a function of time for up to 75 min after the intraperitoneal injection of d-[6-14C]glucose and d-[6-3H]glucose into newborn rats at delivery and after treatment with glucagon or actinomycin D. Glucagon-mediated hyperglycaemia at this time was due to an increased rate of glucose formation and a decreased rate of glucose utilization. Actinomycin D prevented glucose formation and accelerated the rate of postnatal hypoglycaemia. 3. The specific radioactivity of plasma l-lactate and the incorporation of 14C into plasma d-glucose was measured as a function of time after the intraperitoneal injection of l-[U-14C]lactate into glucagon- or actinomycin D-treated rats immediately after delivery. The calculated rates of lactate formation were unchanged by either treatment, but lactate utilization was stimulated by glucagon administration. Glucagon stimulated and actinomycin D diminished 14C incorporation into plasma d-glucose. 4. The factors involved in the initiation of glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis in the rat immediately after birth are discussed.

scholarly journals Comparative Study on Antidiabetic Effect of Ethanolic Extract of Jute Leaf on Neonatal Streptozotocin- Induced Type-2 Diabetic Model Rat

2020 ◽  
pp. 60-71
Author(s):  
Md. Mahabub Ali ◽  
Md. Asrafuzzaman ◽  
Md. Mahedi Hassan Tusher ◽  
Md. Hafizur Rahman ◽  
Md. Tanvir Rahman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Lipid Profile ◽  
Ethanolic Extract ◽  
Liver Glycogen ◽  
Serum Glucose ◽  
Water Control ◽  
Citrate Buffer ◽  
Diabetic Model ◽  
Type 2 Diabetic

Aim: Functional food and their bioactive compounds have been considered as a new approach for the prevention and management of type 2 diabetes and its complications. According to this approach current study was carried out as an elucidation of antidiabetic properties of Corchorus capsularis and Corchorus olitorius varieties of jute leaf (ethanolic extract) on nSTZ-induced type-2 diabetic rats. Methodology: The type-2 diabetic model rat was developed by a single intraperitoneal injection of freshly prepared STZ (90 mg/kg/10 ml) in sterile citrate buffer (0.1 M, pH 4.5) to rat pups (48 hour old). After three months, OGTT was performed to select diabetic (FSG > 6.5mmol/L and after 90 min of glucose load > 14 mmol/L) experimental rats. The rats were randomly divided into four groups [DWC, GT, Ext-1 and Ext-2 represent, diabetic water control, glybenclamide treated (20 mg/5 ml/kg body weight), C. capsularis treated and C. olitorius treated group (1.25 g/10 ml/kg body weight) respectively]. One group was kept with normal rats [normal water control, NWC]. The treatment was given once daily or 28 consecutive days. Fasting serum glucose, liver glycogen and lipid profile were estimated by using standard methods. Results: The results showed that Ext-1 and Ext-2 treated groups gradually decreased serum glucose level (7.15 ±0.67 to 5.94 ± 1.19 and 7.20 ± 0.93 to 5.28 ±1.03 respectively) and reducing effect by Ext-2 was significant (p=0.001). Both extract showed lower liver glycogen level compared with GT group [5.0±2.5 Vs 17.7±6.5 (Ext-1 vs GT) and 7.5±6.4 Vs 17.7±6.5 (Ext-2 vs GT)] and even Ext-1 manifested significant effect (p=0.05). Additionally, lipid profile estimation revealed no significant improvement by the consumption of both the extracts. Conclusion: On the basis of current investigations, it may be concluded that both variety of jute’s leaf demonstrated hypoglycemic properties in Type 2 diabetic model rats; further in-depth studies are recommended to explore the exact mechanism(s) of hypoglycemic effect.

Plasma glucose concentration determines direct versus indirect liver glycogen synthesis

1986 ◽  
Vol 251 (5) ◽  
pp. E584-E590 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. H. Lang ◽  
G. J. Bagby ◽  
H. L. Blakesley ◽  
J. L. Johnson ◽  
J. J. Spitzer
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Glucose ◽  
Glucose Concentration ◽  
Infusion Rate ◽  
Glycogen Synthesis ◽  
Liver Glycogen ◽  
Glucose Infusion ◽  
Glucose Infusion Rate ◽  
Hepatic Glycogen ◽  
Glucose Load ◽  
Indirect Pathway

In the present study hepatic glycogenesis by the direct versus indirect pathway was determined as a function of the glucose infusion rate. Glycogen synthesis was examined in catheterized conscious rats that had been fasted 48 h before receiving a 3-h infusion (iv) of glucose. Glucose, containing tracer quantities of [U-14C]- and [6-3H]glucose, was infused at rates ranging from 0 to 230 mumol X min-1 X kg-1. Plasma concentrations of glucose, lactate, and insulin were positively correlated with the glucose infusion rate. Despite large changes in plasma glucose, lactate, and insulin concentrations, the rate of hepatic glycogen deposition (0.46 +/- 0.03 mumol X min-1 X g-1) did not vary significantly between glucose infusion rates of 20 and 230 mumol X min-1 X kg-1. However, the percent contribution of the direct pathway to glycogen repletion gradually increased from 13 +/- 2 to 74 +/- 4% in the lowest to the highest glucose infusion rates, with prevailing plasma glucose concentrations from 9.4 +/- 0.5 to 21.5 +/- 2.1 mM. Endogenous glucose production was depressed (by up to 40%), but not abolished by the glucose infusions. Only a small fraction (7-14%) of the infused glucose load was incorporated into liver glycogen via the direct pathway irrespective of the glucose infusion rate. Our data indicate that the relative contribution of the direct and indirect pathways of hepatic glycogen synthesis are dependent on the glucose load or plasma glucose concentration and emphasize the predominance of the indirect pathway of glycogenesis at plasma glucose concentrations normally observed after feeding.

Effects of Epinephrine on Carbohydrate Metabolism in Underfed and ad Libitum-Fed Rats

1957 ◽  
Vol 190 (2) ◽  
pp. 239-242
Author(s):  
B. N. Spirtos ◽  
R. G. Stuelke ◽  
N. S. Halmi
Keyword(s):  
Carbohydrate Metabolism ◽  
Blood Sugar ◽  
Blood Lactate ◽  
Liver Glycogen ◽  
Hepatic Glycogen ◽  
Commercial Diet ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Sugar Levels ◽  
Fasted Rats

Rats fed 10 gm of a commercial diet for 4–5 weeks and fasted for 24 hours showed less rise in liver glycogen and blood sugar levels in response to the injection of epinephrine than did ad libitum-fed-fasted rats. Gastrocnemius glycogen levels were found to be higher in underfed-fasted animals and fell to the same extent as in ad libitum fed-fasted animals when epinephrine was given. Blood lactate concentrations, however, rose less markedly in the underfed-fasted group. This may have been at least partly responsible for the diminished rise in hepatic glycogen and blood sugar.

scholarly journals In vitro culture from mature seeds of Passiflora species

2004 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 108-113 ◽  
Author(s):  
Flavia Guzzo ◽  
Stefania Ceoldo ◽  
Filippo Andreetta ◽  
Marisa Levi
Keyword(s):  
In Vitro Culture ◽  
Fruit Juice ◽  
Zygotic Embryo ◽  
South American ◽  
Zygotic Embryo Culture ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
American Tropics ◽  
Mature Seeds ◽  
Continuous Source

The genus Passiflora comprises hundred species, mainly native of the South American tropics and rainforests, which are grouped into 21 subgenera. Some species are widely studied for their economic importance and are chiefly cultivated for production of fruit juice. To obtain a continuous source of material for a screening of secondary metabolites, zygotic embryo culture was attempted for 62 Passiflora species, starting from seeds mainly collected in the wild. Twenty nine of these species produced calli, which had very different growth rates. Plants were successfully regenerated from calli of 13 different species. For 25 of the responsive species this is the first report of in vitro culture.

Are wild rodents attracted to lure laboratory rats?

2014 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 108
Author(s):  
A C Gsell ◽  
M N H Seabrook-Davison ◽  
D H Brunton
Keyword(s):  
Early Detection ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Wild Rodents ◽  
Laboratory Rats ◽  
Male And Female Rats ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Wild Rats ◽  
Developing Rat ◽  
Free Status

invasions to New Zealand’s unique biodiversity, ‘pest-free’ offshore and mainland island refuges have been created. The success of this approach depends on the long term maintenance of the pest-free status of these refuges. Because the occurrence of rodent incursions is an on-going risk, early detection and elimination of invading animals is crucial. We conducted field-based experiments to determine if lures of live female and male laboratory Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus) held in cages in the wild, and lures consisting of urine-soaked rodent bedding could be used to detect the presence of wild rodents. We found that the use of live rodents and bedding significantly increased the probability of detecting wild rodents, although we were not able to determine the sex, age or number of wild rodents attracted to each live rodent station. We also found that wild rats were equally attracted to the scent of male and female rats i.e., lures and bedding. Our approach provides potential as a tool for early detection of rodents in vulnerable refuges and we suggest that further research is needed to investigate the feasibility of developing rat scented monitoring stations.

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