What is known about Tritrichomonas foetus infection in cats?

Abstract Tritrichomonas foetus is a parasite that has been definitively identified as an agent of trichomonosis, a disease characterized by chronic diarrhea. T. foetus colonizes portions of the feline large intestine, and manifests as chronic and recurrent diarrhea with mucus and fresh blood, which is often unresponsive to common drugs. Diagnosis of a trichomonad infection is made by either the demonstration of the trophozoite on a direct fecal smear, fecal culture and subsequent microscopic examination of the parasite, or extraction of DNA in feces and amplification by the use of molecular tools. T. foetus is commonly misidentified as other flagellate protozoa such as Giardia duodenalis and Pentatrichomonas hominis. Without proper treatment, the diarrhea may resolve spontaneously in months to years, but cats can remain carriers of the parasite. This paper intends to serve as a source of information for investigators and veterinarians, reviewing the most important aspects of feline trichomonosis, such as trichomonad history, biology, clinical manifestations, pathogenesis, world distribution, risk factors, diagnosis, and treatment.

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Coinfection withTritrichomonas foetusandGiardia duodenalisin Two Cats with Chronic Diarrhea

Case Reports in Veterinary Medicine ◽

10.1155/2016/5705168 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 2016 ◽

pp. 1-5

Author(s):

Sergio A. Zanzani ◽

Alessia L. Gazzonis ◽

Paola Scarpa ◽

Emanuela Olivieri ◽

Hans-Jörg Balzer ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mixed Infection ◽

Real Time Pcr ◽

Fecal Sample ◽

Chronic Diarrhea ◽

Giardia Duodenalis ◽

Giemsa Stain ◽

Tritrichomonas Foetus ◽

Pcr Assay ◽

History Of

A Tritrichomonas foetusandGiardia duodenalismixed infection was diagnosed in two Maine Coon cats aged six months. One of them presented a history of chronic liquid diarrhea and of several unsuccessful treatments. In both cats,G. duodenalisand trichomonads were detected in fecal smears from freshly voided feces; the presence ofT. foetuswas confirmed by a real-time PCR assay. The cats completely recovered after treatment with ronidazole. In a refrigerated fecal sample collected from the cat with chronic diarrhea, drop-shaped trichomonad pseudocysts smaller thanG. duodenaliscysts were detected. They appeared brownish or light-bluish when stained with Lugol’s solution or with Giemsa stain, respectively, and their morphological features were similar to those expressed by bovineT. foetuspseudocystsin vitro. Existence of pseudocysts even in feline trichomonads is noteworthy as they could represent a form of protozoan resistance due to unfavorable conditions whose detection in refrigerated feces can be a useful clue for clinicians.

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Association between Endoscopic Findings Vs. Serology Findings of Patients with Suspected Celiac Disease

Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International ◽

10.9734/jpri/2021/v33i56a33915 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 301-307

Author(s):

Anwar Hussain Abbasi ◽

Khawaja Ishfaq Ahmed ◽

Nadeem Yousuf ◽

Mahjabeen Fatima Qureshi ◽

Muhammad Shahzeb Shaikh ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Celiac Disease ◽

Chronic Diarrhea ◽

Villous Atrophy ◽

Clinical Manifestations ◽

Final Analysis ◽

Normal Mucosa ◽

Diagnostic Value ◽

Endoscopic Evaluation ◽

Drug Induced ◽

Endoscopic Findings

Objective: To determine the association between endoscopic findings vs. serology findings of patients with suspected celiac disease Methods: All the suspected cases (based on their clinical manifestations) of celiac disease were initially recruited having age >14 years and <40 years of both gender. Patients who did not willing to participate, patients already taking gluten diet for more than 3 months, patients with other causes of chronic diarrhea and alternate diagnosis like thyrotoxicosis, whipple’s disease, giardiasis, patients with drug induced diarrhea, patients in whom we cannot perform endoscopy, pregnant women, and patients already diagnosed cases of celiac disease were excluded from this study. Celiac disease was confirmed based on positive anti-tTG antibodies. Endoscopic evaluation of duodenum was performed in all positive cases. Results: A total of 50 patients were recruited for final analysis. Diagnostic accuracy of endoscopy was 34.6%. Young population (31.14±6.07 years) with females predominance (72%, n=36) were more common than males. The most common symptoms were presence of chronic diarrhea (74%, n=37) followed by abdominal pain (52%, n=26), nausea & vomiting (34%, n=17), and least common was presence of constipation (2%, n=1). On endoscopic evaluation, out of 50 positive anti-tTG antibodies cases, 24 had normal mucosa while partial villous atrophy observed in 15 (30%) cases and total villous atrophy observed in 11 cases (22%). Conclusions: Celiac disease was more prevalent in young females and patients usually presents with history of chronic diarrhea. Anti-tTG antibodies have more diagnostic value than duodenal endoscopy. Villous atrophy was found in more than 50% of the patients who were diagnosed with celiac disease.

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Cystic fibrosis and celiac disease - multifaceted and similar

Folia Medica ◽

10.2478/folmed-2013-0033 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 55 (3-4) ◽

pp. 87-89 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Nelly D. Genkova ◽

Ivan V. Yankov ◽

Miroslava N. Bosheva ◽

Benjamin L. Anavi ◽

Dafina G. Grozeva ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cystic Fibrosis ◽

Celiac Disease ◽

Chronic Diarrhea ◽

Serological Test ◽

Clinical Manifestations ◽

Duodenal Mucosa ◽

Gluten Free ◽

Immunological Tests ◽

Targeted Screening ◽

Sweat Tests

ABSTRACT Celiac disease and cystic fibrosis share a number of clinical manifestations. The comorbidity rate of these diseases is low: 1:200000. We present a case of a child aged 1 year and 5 months, born to a mixed-marriage parents, with concomitant cystic fibrosis and celiac disease manifesting initially with chronic diarrhea. Diagnosis of cystic fibrosis was made on the basis of changes in pulmonogram and three positive sweat tests with the malabsorption managed. Celiac disease was demonstrated through immunological tests (serological test of anti-transglutaminase antibodies of IgA class), histological tests (altered duodenal mucosa) and the therapeutic effect of a gluten-free diet. This case is the first ever reported case of a child with concomitant cystic fibrosis and celiac disease in Bulgaria. The case suggests the need for targeted screening for celiac disease in children with cystic fibrosis.

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The condundrum of feline trichomonosis – The more we learn the ‘trickier’ it gets

Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery ◽

10.1177/1098612x17693499 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 19 (3) ◽

pp. 261-274 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

Jody L Gookin ◽

Katherine Hanrahan ◽

Michael G Levy

Keyword(s):

Chronic Diarrhea ◽

Safety Margin ◽

Pcr Amplification ◽

Evidence Base ◽

Domestic Cat ◽

Tritrichomonas Foetus ◽

Specific Primers ◽

Clinical Resistance ◽

Comprehensive Examination ◽

Species Specific

Practical relevance: Trichomonosis of the large intestine of the cat was described as a cause of chronic diarrhea over 20 years ago. The trichomonad was identified as Tritrichomonas foetus, with a genotype that is distinct from venereal T foetus of cattle. Clinical challenges: Despite multiple means for diagnosis of the infection, including light microscopy, protozoal culture and PCR amplification using species-specific primers, tests with even greater sensitivity are needed. Feline trichomonosis is resistant to all commonly used antiprotozoal drugs. Ronidazole is currently the only drug demonstrated to be effective in eliminating the infection from cats; however, this drug has a narrow safety margin and clinical resistance is increasingly recognized. The more we learn about trichomonosis in cats, the more complicated and controversial the infection has become, ranging from what we should call the organism to whether we should even bother trying to treat it. Global importance: Feline trichomonosis is recognized to occur worldwide and is regarded as one of the most common infectious causes of colitis in the domestic cat. The infection is widespread in catteries and shelters; and, while remission of diarrhea may occur over time, persistence of the infection is common. Evidence base: This review provides a comprehensive examination of what is currently known about feline trichomonosis and pinpoints areas, based on the authors’ opinion, where further research is needed.

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Occurrence of enteroparasites in day care centers in Botucatu (São Paulo State, Brazil) with emphasis on Cryptosporidium sp., Giardia duodenalis and Enterobius vermicularis

Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo ◽

10.1590/s0036-46652006000500006 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 48 (5) ◽

pp. 269-273 ◽

Cited By ~ 23

Author(s):

Thaís Batista de Carvalho ◽

Lídia Raquel de Carvalho ◽

Luciene Maura Mascarini

Keyword(s):

Maternal Education ◽

Family Income ◽

Complex Structure ◽

Giardia Duodenalis ◽

Enterobius Vermicularis ◽

Day Care Centers ◽

Paulo State ◽

Three Samples ◽

Intestinal Parasitism ◽

Fecal Smear

The occurrence of the enteroparasites was verified in 279 children (0 to 6 years) of four municipal day cares of Botucatu/SP. Three samples of each child's feces were collected and processed by the methods of Hoffman-Pons-Janner, Faust and Ritchie and subsequent coloration of the fecal smear by the methods of Auramina-O and Ziehl-Neelsen modified for diagnosis of Cryptosporidium sp. and Graham method for diagnosis of Enterobius vermicularis. Of the analyzed children we verified a prevalence of intestinal parasitism in 53.40%, and the most frequent parasite was Giardia duodenalis (26.88%). Significant association was verified among enteroparasitosis, family income, maternal education and age; the lowest enteroparasite frequency occurred in children of families with larger income and higher education. It was observed that G. duodenalis is more prevalent in children from 0 to 4 years and E. vermicularis is more frequent in children between three and four years old. The high enteroparasite prevalence in day cares suggests complex structure in its epidemiology, where factors beyond sanitation should be considered.

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Giardia duodenalis genotypes among schoolchildren and their families and pets in urban and rural areas of Sinaloa, Mexico

The Journal of Infection in Developing Countries ◽

10.3855/jidc.8223 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 11 (02) ◽

pp. 180-187 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Patricia Catalina García-Cervantes ◽

María Elena Báez-Flores ◽

Francisco Delgado-Vargas ◽

Martha Ponce-Macotela ◽

Yukifumi Nawa ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Rural Areas ◽

Family Members ◽

Clinical Manifestations ◽

Giardia Duodenalis ◽

Health Concern ◽

Pet Dogs ◽

Pcr Rflp ◽

Northwestern Mexico ◽

Urban And Rural Areas ◽

First Time

Introduction: Giardiasis is a human health concern worldwide, especially among schoolchildren. Giardia duodenalis genotypes A and B are infective to humans, but their zoonotic potential remains controversial. In Mexico, the most prevalent genotype is A, but B was also detected in southeastern Mexico. In Sinaloa state, northwestern Mexico, giardiasis is highly prevalent, but Giardia genotypes have been poorly studied. Methodology: This study aimed to investigate the distribution and clinical-epidemiological correlation of G. duodenalis genotypes in schoolchildren and their families and pets in urban and rural areas of Sinaloa state, Mexico. Results: Among 395 schoolchildren (274 urban, 121 rural), 76 (49 urban, 27 rural) were infected with G. duodenalis. In total, 22 families (15 urban, 7 rural) of infected schoolchildren, consisting of 60 family members (41 urban, 19 rural) and 21 pet dogs (15 urban, 6 rural) were examined; 10 family members (5 urban, 5 rural) and 5 pet dogs (3 urban, 2 rural) of 10 families (6 urban, 4 rural) were infected. After PCR-RFLP analyses of vsp417 and gdh genes, genotype prevalence among infected urban schoolchildren was 79.5% AI, 12.8% AII, and 7.7% mixed AI+B. However, only AI genotype was found in family members and pets. In the rural area, only the AI genotype was detected. Genotypes were not correlated with clinical manifestations. Conclusions: This paper shows the presence of B genotype in northwestern Mexico for the first time. Detection of AI genotype in dogs suggested the possible role of dogs as the reservoir for human giardiasis in Sinaloa, Mexico.

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Detection of enteric agents into a cats’ shelter with cases of chronic diarrhea in Southern Brazil

Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira ◽

10.1590/1678-5150-pvb-5987 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 39 (8) ◽

pp. 630-634

Author(s):

Ana Cristina S. Mósena ◽

Dafne L. Cruz ◽

Cláudio W. Canal ◽

Sandra M.T. Marques ◽

Stella F. Valle ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Viral Infections ◽

Chronic Diarrhea ◽

Free Access ◽

Tritrichomonas Foetus ◽

Southern Brazil ◽

Domestic Cats ◽

Factors Associated ◽

Cryptosporidium Spp ◽

Helminth Eggs ◽

First Finding

ABSTRACT: This study carried out a survey about enteropathogenic agents in domestic cats’ shelter as a stage of investigation for the intermittent chronic diarrhea. Individual fecal samples from 39 cats with free access to the external environment were submitted to parasitological examination, parvovirus, and coronavirus by PCR, and Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia spp. and Tritrichomonas foetus by real-time PCR. From the cats evaluated, 30 (76.9%) were positive for one or more enteric agents, and coinfections were observed in 11 cats samples (28.2%). Helminth eggs were observed in 48.7% of cats (19/30), 16 (41%) were positive for parvovirus or coronavirus and 25.6% (10/30) were infected by protozoa. From the positives for protozoa, five cats were positive to T. foetus (12.82%). The first finding of this protozoan through PCR was in the southern Brazil, and the second was in the whole country. Chronic diarrhea in cats may be multifactorial in shelter animals where the population density is high and the control of parasitic, and viral infections are deficient. Moreover, it is due to poor hygiene conditions in these shelters. The factors associated with the proliferation of infectious diseases in shelters are correlated with new pathogens infections such as T. foetus.

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Advances in Human B19 Erythrovirus Biology

Journal of Virology ◽

10.1128/jvi.00684-10 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 84 (19) ◽

pp. 9658-9665 ◽

Cited By ~ 53

Author(s):

Annabelle Servant-Delmas ◽

Jean-Jacques Lefrère ◽

Frédéric Morinet ◽

Sylvie Pillet

Keyword(s):

Genomic Organization ◽

Parvovirus B19 ◽

Clinical Manifestations ◽

Cell Entry ◽

Human Parvovirus B19 ◽

Molecular Tools ◽

Erythema Infectiosum ◽

Apoptosis Pathways ◽

Shed Light

ABSTRACT Since its discovery, human parvovirus B19 (B19V), now termed erythrovirus, has been associated with many clinical situations (neurological and myocardium infections, persistent B19V DNAemia) in addition to the prototype clinical manifestations, i.e., erythema infectiosum and erythroblastopenia crisis. In 2002, the use of new molecular tools led to the characterization of three different genotypes of human B19 erythrovirus. Although the genomic organization is conserved, the geographic distribution of the different genotypes varies worldwide, and the nucleotidic divergences can impact the molecular diagnosis of B19 virus infection. The cell cycle of the virus remains partially unresolved; however, recent studies have shed light on the mechanism of cell entry and the interactions of B19V proteins with apoptosis pathways.

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Clinical Response and Transfusion Reactions of Sheep Subjected to Single Homologous Blood Transfusion

The Scientific World JOURNAL ◽

10.1155/2014/734397 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 2014 ◽

pp. 1-7 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Rejane Santos Sousa ◽

Antonio Humberto Hamad Minervino ◽

Carolina Akiko Sato Cabral Araújo ◽

Frederico Augusto Mazzocca Lopes Rodrigues ◽

Francisco Leonardo Costa Oliveira ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Blood Volume ◽

Clinical Manifestations ◽

Blood Conservation ◽

Fresh Blood ◽

Homologous Blood ◽

Total Blood ◽

Homologous Blood Transfusion ◽

Clinical Observations ◽

Stored Blood ◽

Transfusion Reactions

Studies in relation to blood conservation and responses to transfusion are scarce for ruminants. We evaluated the clinical manifestations of sheep that received a single homologous transfusion of whole blood, focusing on transfusion reactions. Eighteen adult sheep were subjected to a single phlebotomy to withdraw 40% of the total blood volume, which was placed into CPDA-1 bags and then divided into G0, animals that received fresh blood, and G15 and G35, animals that received blood stored for 15 or 35 days, respectively. Clinical observations were recorded throughout the transfusion, whereas heart rate, respiratory rate, and rectal temperature were assessed at the following times: 24 hours after phlebotomy and before transfusion; 30 minutes, six, twelve, 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours and eight and 16 days after transfusion. All groups presented transfusion reactions, among which hyperthermia was the most frequent (50% of animals). Tachycardia occurred most frequently in the G35 animals (50% of them). During transfusion G35 animals presented more clinical manifestation(P<0.05). Transfusion of fresh or stored total blood improved the blood volume, but transfusion reactions occurred, demonstrating that a single transfusion of fresh or stored blood can cause inflammatory and febrile nonhemolytic transfusion reactions in sheep.

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An intriguing cause of Chronic diarrhea – Protein Losing Enteropathy as the presenting manifestation of SLE

Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research ◽

10.22159/ajpcr.2017.v10i7.18880 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 10 (7) ◽

pp. 11

Author(s):

Satish Satish ◽

Hariharan M ◽

Navin Patil ◽

Karthik Rao ◽

Balaji Ommurugan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Human Body ◽

Lupus Erythematosus ◽

Chronic Diarrhea ◽

Clinical Manifestations ◽

Organ System ◽

Gi Tract ◽

Protein Losing Enteropathy ◽

Gastrointestinal Manifestations ◽

Autoimmune Inflammatory Disease ◽

Systemic Manifestations

ABSTRACTSystemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a systemic autoimmune inflammatory disease. It presents with myriad of clinical manifestations affecting every other organ system in human body. The gastrointestinal system is one of the commonest affected and it involves any part of the GI tract with incidences ranging from 1.3% to 27.5%. Gastrointestinal manifestations as a presenting feature of SLE is unusual. Chronic diarrhea due to protein losing enteropathy as the presenting manifestation of SLE is very rare and a diagnosis of SLE should be kept in mind when other systemic manifestations are absent. Hence, we report a 29-year-old female with chronic diarrhea as the main manifestation of SLE.

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