X-ray dose limitation in dentistry. Narrative review

Nurse referrers of medical ionising radiation (X-ray) are educated to refer appropriately. One particular cohort of patients who warrant special consideration regarding the risks associated with X-ray are individuals of childbearing age. In the context of advanced nurse practitioner practice in urology, these patients attend for removal of ureteric stents and may require an abdominal X-ray. In reaching a decision, ANPs undertake a systematic assessment considering the individual's pregnancy status, as an X-ray of the abdomen, although low dose, carries a much higher risk of teratogenic effects than an X-ray of the extremities. This article considers the risks of ionising radiation in individuals of childbearing age, while paying attention to legislation and the application of the principles of justification, optimisation and dose limitation.

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Current evidence for spinal X-ray use in the chiropractic profession: a narrative review

Chiropractic & Manual Therapies ◽

10.1186/s12998-018-0217-8 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 26 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Hazel J Jenkins ◽

Aron S Downie ◽

Craig S Moore ◽

Simon D French

Keyword(s):

Narrative Review ◽

Chiropractic Profession ◽

Current Evidence ◽

X Ray

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Assessing underlying bone quality in spine surgery patients: a narrative review of dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and alternatives

The Spine Journal ◽

10.1016/j.spinee.2020.08.020 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Zach Pennington ◽

Jeff Ehresman ◽

Daniel Lubelski ◽

Ethan Cottrill ◽

Andrew Schilling ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Bone Quality ◽

Spine Surgery ◽

Dual Energy ◽

Narrative Review ◽

X Ray

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Metallurgical Tests in Endodontics: A Narrative Review

Bioengineering ◽

10.3390/bioengineering9010030 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 30

Author(s):

Alessio Zanza ◽

Marco Seracchiani ◽

Rodolfo Reda ◽

Gabriele Miccoli ◽

Luca Testarelli ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Auger Electron Spectroscopy ◽

Electron Spectroscopy ◽

Auger Electron ◽

Ion Beam ◽

Narrative Review ◽

Metallographic Analysis ◽

Scanning Calorimetry ◽

X Ray ◽

Rotary Instruments ◽

Niti Rotary Instruments

Since there are no reviews of the literature on this theme, the aim of this narrative review is to summarize the metallurgical tests used in endodontics, pointing out their functional use and their pros and cons and giving readers a user-friendly guide to serve as an orientation aid in the plethora of metallurgical tests. With this purpose, a literature search for articles published between January 2001 and December 2021 was conducted, using the electronic database PubMed to collect all published articles regarding the metallurgical tests used in endodontics for the evaluation of NiTi rotary instruments. The search was conducted using the following keywords: “metallurgy”, “differential scanning calorimetry” (DSC), “X-ray diffraction” (XRD), “atomic force microscopy” (AFM), “energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy” (EDS), “focused ion beam analysis” (FIB) and “Auger electron spectroscopy” (AES) combined with the term “endodontics” or “NiTi rotary instruments”. Considering the inclusion and exclusion criteria, of the 248 articles found, only 81 were included in the narrative review. According to the results, more than 50% of the selected articles were published in one of the two most relevant journals in endodontics: International Endodontic Journal (22.2%) and Journal of Endodontics (29.6%). The most popular metallurgical test was DSC, with 43 related articles, followed by EDS (33 articles), AFM (22 articles) and XRD (21 articles). Few studies were conducted using other tests such as FIB (2 articles), micro-Raman spectroscopy (4 articles), metallographic analysis (7 articles) and Auger electron spectroscopy (2 articles).

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Space and Time Distribution of Hard X-Ray Emission in a Loop at the Beginning of a Flare

International Astronomical Union Colloquium ◽

10.1017/s0252921100025446 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 144 ◽

pp. 275-277

Author(s):

M. Karlický ◽

J. C. Hénoux

Keyword(s):

Time Distribution ◽

Electron Bombardment ◽

Spatial Evolution ◽

Superthermal Electrons ◽

Flare Loop ◽

X Ray ◽

Superthermal Electron ◽

Flare Loops ◽

Chromospheric Evaporation ◽

Temporal And Spatial

AbstractUsing a new ID hybrid model of the electron bombardment in flare loops, we study not only the evolution of densities, plasma velocities and temperatures in the loop, but also the temporal and spatial evolution of hard X-ray emission. In the present paper a continuous bombardment by electrons isotropically accelerated at the top of flare loop with a power-law injection distribution function is considered. The computations include the effects of the return-current that reduces significantly the depth of the chromospheric layer which is evaporated. The present modelling is made with superthermal electron parameters corresponding to the classical resistivity regime for an input energy flux of superthermal electrons of 109erg cm−2s−1. It was found that due to the electron bombardment the two chromospheric evaporation waves are generated at both feet of the loop and they propagate up to the top, where they collide and cause temporary density and hard X-ray enhancements.

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Some Problems in Understanding the Solar Corona

International Astronomical Union Colloquium ◽

10.1017/s025292110002491x ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 144 ◽

pp. 1-9

Author(s):

A. H. Gabriel

Keyword(s):

Solar Corona ◽

Solar Atmosphere ◽

Theoretical Modelling ◽

Total System ◽

Major Advance ◽

X Ray ◽

Proper Perspective ◽

Space Observations

The development of the physics of the solar atmosphere during the last 50 years has been greatly influenced by the increasing capability of observations made from space. Access to images and spectra of the hotter plasma in the UV, XUV and X-ray regions provided a major advance over the few coronal forbidden lines seen in the visible and enabled the cooler chromospheric and photospheric plasma to be seen in its proper perspective, as part of a total system. In this way space observations have stimulated new and important advances, not only in space but also in ground-based observations and theoretical modelling, so that today we find a well-balanced harmony between the three techniques.

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White-Light Coronal Structures: Streamers and CMEs

International Astronomical Union Colloquium ◽

10.1017/s0252921100025045 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 144 ◽

pp. 82

Author(s):

E. Hildner

Keyword(s):

Emission Line ◽

Electron Density ◽

White Light ◽

Coronal Mass Ejections ◽

X Rays ◽

Solar Cycles ◽

Temperature Function ◽

X Ray ◽

Eclipse Observations ◽

Coronal Structures

AbstractOver the last twenty years, orbiting coronagraphs have vastly increased the amount of observational material for the whitelight corona. Spanning almost two solar cycles, and augmented by ground-based K-coronameter, emission-line, and eclipse observations, these data allow us to assess,inter alia: the typical and atypical behavior of the corona; how the corona evolves on time scales from minutes to a decade; and (in some respects) the relation between photospheric, coronal, and interplanetary features. This talk will review recent results on these three topics. A remark or two will attempt to relate the whitelight corona between 1.5 and 6 R⊙to the corona seen at lower altitudes in soft X-rays (e.g., with Yohkoh). The whitelight emission depends only on integrated electron density independent of temperature, whereas the soft X-ray emission depends upon the integral of electron density squared times a temperature function. The properties of coronal mass ejections (CMEs) will be reviewed briefly and their relationships to other solar and interplanetary phenomena will be noted.

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Iron K-Line Emission from X-Ray Binaries

International Astronomical Union Colloquium ◽

10.1017/s0252921100107389 ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 102 ◽

pp. 47-50

Author(s):

K. Masai ◽

S. Hayakawa ◽

F. Nagase

Keyword(s):

Accretion Disk ◽

Radiative Recombination ◽

Characteristic Temperature ◽

Line Emission ◽

Ionization Front ◽

Continuum Radiation ◽

X Ray ◽

Low Mass ◽

X Ray Binaries

AbstractEmission mechanisms of the iron Kα-lines in X-ray binaries are discussed in relation with the characteristic temperature Txof continuum radiation thereof. The 6.7 keV line is ascribed to radiative recombination followed by cascades in a corona of ∼ 100 eV formed above the accretion disk. This mechanism is attained for Tx≲ 10 keV as observed for low mass X-ray binaries. The 6.4 keV line observed for binary X-ray pulsars with Tx> 10 keV is likely due to fluorescence outside the He II ionization front.

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Diagnostics of Gold Laser Plasmas

International Astronomical Union Colloquium ◽

10.1017/s0252921100108085 ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 102 ◽

pp. 357-360

Author(s):

J.C. Gauthier ◽

J.P. Geindre ◽

P. Monier ◽

C. Chenais-Popovics ◽

N. Tragin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Experimental Results ◽

Pure Gold ◽

Electronic Temperature ◽

X Ray ◽

Laser Plasmas ◽

Collisional Radiative Model ◽

Radiative Model

AbstractIn order to achieve a nickel-like X ray laser scheme we need a tool to determine the parameters which characterise the high-Z plasma. The aim of this work is to study gold laser plasmas and to compare experimental results to a collisional-radiative model which describes nickel-like ions. The electronic temperature and density are measured by the emission of an aluminium tracer. They are compared to the predictions of the nickel-like model for pure gold. The results show that the density and temperature can be estimated in a pure gold plasma.

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Axial Observation of X-Ray Spectra from a Beam-Foil Source

International Astronomical Union Colloquium ◽

10.1017/s0252921100108048 ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 102 ◽

pp. 339-342

Author(s):

J.M. Laming ◽

J.D. Silver ◽

R. Barnsley ◽

J. Dunn ◽

K.D. Evans ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Spectral Resolution ◽

Heavy Ion ◽

Ion Beams ◽

Beam Axis ◽

Doppler Broadening ◽

X Ray ◽

Beam Foil

AbstractNew observations of x-ray spectra from foil-excited heavy ion beams are reported. By observing the target in a direction along the beam axis, an improvement in spectral resolution, δλ/λ, by about a factor of two is achieved, due to the reduced Doppler broadening in this geometry.

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