Herbicide and Fire Effects on Smooth Brome (Bromus inermis) and Kentucky Bluegrass (Poa pratensis) in Invaded Prairie Remnants

2011 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 189-197 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matt A. Bahm ◽  
Thomas G. Barnes ◽  
Kent C. Jensen
Keyword(s):  
Untreated Control ◽  
Poa Pratensis ◽  
Plant Cover ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Kentucky Bluegrass ◽  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
Native Plant ◽  
Smooth Brome ◽  
The Third ◽  
Growing Seasons

AbstractSmooth brome and Kentucky bluegrass are introduced cool-season perennial grasses known to invade grasslands throughout North America. During the fall of 2005 and spring of 2006, we implemented a restoration study at six native prairie sites in eastern South Dakota that have been invaded by smooth brome and Kentucky bluegrass. Treatments included five herbicide combinations, a fall prescribed burn, and an untreated control to determine the potential of each for renovation of invaded native grasslands. Herbicide treatments tested were sulfosulfuron, imazapyr, imazapic + sulfosulfuron, and imazapyr + imazapic, and were applied in late September 2005 and mid-May 2006. Untreated control plots averaged 64% (± 3.1) smooth brome cover and 38% (± 5.5) Kentucky bluegrass cover after the third growing season. Smooth brome cover in herbicide treated plots ranged from 6 to 23% and Kentucky bluegrass cover ranged from 15 to 35% after the third growing season. Smooth brome cover was 20% (± 2.9) and Kentucky bluegrass cover was 19% (± 4.0) in burned plots after the third growing season. Spring and fall treatments had similar native plant cover after three growing seasons. Spring and fall application of 0.33 kg ai ha−1 imazapyr and 0.10 kg ai ha−1 imazapic + 0.16 kg ai ha−1 imazapyr had ≤ 10% smooth brome cover and increased native species cover after three growing seasons. Herbicides were effective at reducing cover of smooth brome and Kentucky bluegrass, and can be incorporated with other management strategies to restore prairie remnants.

scholarly journals Optimizing Pre-germination Techniques for Kentucky Bluegrass and Perennial Ryegrass1

2019 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-23
Author(s):  
Julie H. Campbell ◽  
Jason J. Henderson ◽  
John C. Inguagiato ◽  
Victoria H. Wallace ◽  
Anthony Minniti
Keyword(s):  
Water Temperature ◽  
Lolium Perenne ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Untreated Control ◽  
Poa Pratensis ◽  
Kentucky Bluegrass ◽  
Germination Percentage ◽  
Lolium Perenne L ◽  
Seed Soaking ◽  
Significant Difference

Abstract Many intensively trafficked areas such as athletic fields and golf courses require constant overseeding to maintain suitable turfgrass cover. Rapid seed germination and development are critical to managing these high wear areas. The objectives of this research were to determine the effect of water aeration, seed soaking duration, and water temperature on mean germination time (MGT) and final germination percentage (FGP) of Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L., KBG) and perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L., PRG). Two separate controlled environment studies were conducted. PRG soaked in aerated water from 8 to 48 h had a 20% decrease in MGT compared to an untreated control, while treated KBG decreased MGT by only 10% compared to an untreated control. Soaking duration and water temperature had significant effects on KBG. KBG MGT was optimized at 20 C (68 F) water temperature with a soaking duration of 24 h. MGT of PRG was optimized when soaked for 8 h while water was aerated. There was no significant difference in FGP for any of the treatments tested. Index words: turfgrass, aeration, seed soaking. Species used in this study: Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.); perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.).

Chemical Control of Reed Canarygrass on Irrigation Canals

Weed Science ◽  
1968 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 465-468 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Hodgson
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Control ◽  
Trichloroacetic Acid ◽  
Poa Pratensis ◽  
Ammonium Thiocyanate ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Kentucky Bluegrass ◽  
Early Winter ◽  
Irrigation Canals ◽  
Reed Canarygrass ◽  
Irrigation Project

From 1962 to 1967, we evaluated herbicides for control of natural infestations of reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea L.) on canal banks of the Huntley, Montana irrigation project. Two,2-dichloropropionic acid (dalapon) and 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole ammonium thiocyanate (hereinafter referred to as amitrole-T) controlled reed canarygrass. These herbicides were compared with a number of others. Spring foliage treatments with a combination of amitrole-T at 2 1b/A and dalapon or trichloroacetic acid (TCA) at 5 or 10 1b/A were more effective than amitrole-T at 4 1b/A. Amitrole-T was more tolerant to fine grasses such as Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) or redtop (Agrostis alba L.) than dalapon and in some situations it was more desirable than dalapon. Dalapon and TCA were more effective as late fall or early winter treatments to control reed canarygrass during the following growing season. Rates of 20 or 40 1b/A controlled the grass for one season even at the water's edge where it is usually more persistent. At 5 to 10 1b/A, 2,3,5-trichloro-4-pyridinol (pyriclor) controlled reed canarygrass, and it also was effective at 2 1b/A with 2 1b/A of amitrole-T.

Wind-mediated seed dispersal of invasive forage grasses from agricultural grasslands in Hokkaido, Japan

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (02) ◽  
pp. 133-141
Author(s):  
Chika Egawa ◽  
Atsushi Shoji ◽  
Hiroyuki Shibaike
Keyword(s):  
Seed Dispersal ◽  
Poa Pratensis ◽  
Plant Cover ◽  
Kentucky Bluegrass ◽  
Dispersal Distance ◽  
Phleum Pratense ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Forage Grass ◽  
Forage Grasses ◽  
Number Of Seeds

AbstractAlthough introduced pasture grasses are essential for forage production in current livestock farming, some species cause serious impacts on native biodiversity when naturalized. Information on the seed dispersal of invasive forage grasses from cultivated settings to surrounding environments can inform management efforts to prevent their naturalization. In this case study, we quantified the wind-mediated seed dispersal distance and amount of dispersed seed of invasive forage grasses from agricultural grasslands in Hokkaido, northern Japan. In total, 200 funnel seed traps were installed around three regularly mown grasslands and one unmown grassland where various forage grass species were grown in mixture. Seeds of each species dispersed outside the grasslands were captured from May to October 2017. Based on the trapped distances of seeds, the 99th percentile dispersal distance from the grasslands was estimated for six species, including timothy (Phleum pratense L.), orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.), and Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.). For two dominant species, P. pratense and D. glomerata, the numbers of seeds dispersed outside the field under mown and unmown conditions were determined under various plant cover situations. The estimated dispersal distances ranged from 2.3 m (P. pratense) to 31.5 m (P. pratensis), suggesting that areas within approximately 32 m of the grasslands are exposed to the invasion risk of some forage grass species. For both P. pratense and D. glomerata, the number of seeds dispersed outside the unmown grassland exceeded 100 seeds m−2 under high plant cover situations, while the number of seeds dispersed from the mown grasslands at the same plant cover level was less than one-third of that number. The results suggest that local land managers focus their efforts on frequent mowing of grasslands and monitoring of the areas within approximately 32 m of the grasslands to substantially reduce the naturalization of invasive forage grasses.

Restoring Native Plant Communities in Smooth Brome (Bromus inermis)–Dominated Grasslands

2011 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 239-250 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matt A. Bahm ◽  
Thomas G. Barnes ◽  
Kent C. Jensen
Keyword(s):  
Warm Season ◽  
Bromus Inermis ◽  
First Year ◽  
Untreated Plot ◽  
Native Plant ◽  
Cool Season ◽  
Smooth Brome ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Native Seed ◽  
Herbicide Treatments

AbstractSmooth brome (Bromus inermis) is an introduced, cool-season perennial, sod-forming grass that has been shown to invade both native cool-and warm-season grasslands throughout North America. During the fall of 2005 through spring 2007, we implemented a smooth brome removal study at five sites in eastern South Dakota. Sites were selected to represent a range of soil and environmental conditions. Seven fall herbicide treatments, five spring herbicide treatments, an untreated plot that was planted with a native seed mix, and an untreated control that received no herbicide or seed addition were applied at each location in fall 2005/spring 2006 and fall 2006/spring 2007. Based upon first-year results, three fall herbicide treatments and two spring herbicide treatments were added in fall 2006/spring 2007. Sites were seeded with a native plant mix within 2 wk following spring herbicide treatment. Smooth brome cover in untreated plots ranged from 73 to 99% at the conclusion of the study. Smooth brome cover on herbicide-treated plots ranged from 0 to 84% on 2005/2006 plots and 0 to 98% on 2006/2007 plots after three growing seasons. Native plant response varied by site and treatment, possibly due to competition from exotic weeds. Although several herbicides show promise for control of smooth brome, future response of native plants will be important in determining the proper timing and herbicide combination.

Differential Response of Ditchbank Grasses to Herbicides

Weed Science ◽  
1973 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
pp. 421-423
Author(s):  
J. M. Hodgson
Keyword(s):  
Trichloroacetic Acid ◽  
Poa Pratensis ◽  
Ammonium Thiocyanate ◽  
Kentucky Bluegrass ◽  
Differential Response ◽  
Bromus Inermis ◽  
Festuca Rubra ◽  
Reed Canarygrass ◽  
Smooth Brome ◽  
Red Fescue

Herbicides were evaluated for selectivity between three tall coarse grasses and three short fine grasses. Reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinaceaL.), quackgrass [Agropyron repens(L.) Beauv.], and smooth brome (Bromus inermisLeyss) were consistently more susceptible to amitrole-NH4CN (3-amino-s-triazole-ammonium thiocyanate) than three desirable short grasses, Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensisL.), creeping red fescue (Festuca rubraL.), and redtop (Agrostis albaL.). Reed canarygrass and redtop were more susceptible to dalapon (2,2-dichloropropionic acid) than creeping red fescue. Amitrole-NH4CN and dalapon combinations were more toxic to reed canarygrass, smooth brome, and redtop than creeping red fescue. Pyriclor (2,3,5-trichloro-4-pyridinol) was quite toxic to all grasses with Kentucky bluegrass showing the most tolerance. When TCA (trichloroacetic acid) was combined with amitrole-NH4CN results were similar to the dalapon combination but overall toxicity was reduced.

scholarly journals Matching Subjective Assessments of Sod Strength to Quantitative Measurements of Peak Shear Force with Predominately Kentucky Bluegrass Sod

HortScience ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 50 (8) ◽  
pp. 1248-1251
Author(s):  
Karl Guillard ◽  
Richard J.M. Fitzpatrick ◽  
Holly Burdett
Keyword(s):  
Shear Strength ◽  
Rhode Island ◽  
Shear Force ◽  
Quantitative Methods ◽  
Poa Pratensis ◽  
Kentucky Bluegrass ◽  
Peak Force ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Quantitative Measurements ◽  
Subjective Assessments

Adequate turfgrass sod strength for harvesting and handling is typically determined by the producer’s past experience and subjective appraisal. This study was conducted to determine the relationship between producer subjective sod-strength assessments and quantitative shear-strength measurements with predominantly kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) turf. Across three consecutive growing seasons, 93 samples were collected from sod fields in Rhode Island and assessed for sod strength by subjective and quantitative methods. Producer subjective ratings of sod strength were significantly (P < 0.0001) associated with quantitative measurements of peak force required to shear a sod strip. Minimally acceptable strength occurred most frequently when peak shear force was between 55 and 85 kg·m−1 width of sod; whereas preferred sod strength occurred most frequently when peak shear force was between 70 and 140 kg·m−1 width of sod. Once peak force exceeded 58 and 86 kg·m−1, there was a > 50% probability that sod strength would be judged at least adequate and at preferred strength, respectively, up to a peak force of 140 kg·m−1. The results suggest that quantitative measurements of shear strength can be related to producer subjective assessments, and provide unbiased benchmark values to guide management decisions for kentucky bluegrass sod production.

Wild Oat Control in Kentucky Bluegrass and Perennial Ryegrass

Weed Science ◽  
1975 ◽  
Vol 23 (6) ◽  
pp. 525-528 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. O. Lee
Keyword(s):  
Lolium Perenne ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Poa Pratensis ◽  
Kentucky Bluegrass ◽  
Avena Fatua ◽  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
Wild Oat ◽  
Boot Stage ◽  
Untreated Check ◽  
Seed Yields

MSMA (Monosodium methanearsonate) applied postemergence at 4.5, 6.7, or 9.0 kg/ha controlled wild oat (Avena fatuaL.) in new plantings of Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensisL. ‘Pennstar’) and in perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenneL. ‘Reveille,’ ‘Pennfine’). MSMA at 4.5 kg/ha was almost as effective as the higher rates in controlling wild oat. MSMA at 2.2 kg/ha was less effective in some experiments. Visual injury to the perennial grasses was negligible. Satisfactory grass stands developed at all MSMA rates. Perennial ryegrass seed yields were higher than the untreated check in most experiments when MSMA was applied at 4.5, 6.7, or 9.0 kg/ha before the grass reached the boot stage. When MSMA was applied after the ryegrass reached the boot stage, some of the treatments reduced ‘Reveille’ perennial ryegrass seed production.

scholarly journals Effects of Season of Burning on the Microenvironment of Fescue Prairie in Central Saskatchewan

2003 ◽  
Vol 117 (2) ◽  
pp. 257 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. W. Archibold ◽  
E. A. Ripley ◽  
L. Delanoy
Keyword(s):  
Plant Cover ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Control Plot ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Long Term Impact ◽  
Season Of Burning

The microenvironmental effects of spring, summer and autumn burns were investigated for a small area of fescue prairie in Saskatchewan over two growing seasons. Maximum fire temperature in all burns exceeded 300°C at a height of 5-10 cm in the canopy. At a depth of 1 cm in the soil, temperature increased to 40°C during the summer burn, but was unaffected by burns at other seasons. Spring-burned grasses recovered to the same height as the unburned control plot by the end of the first summer. Grass height was similar in all plots by the end of the second growing season, but aboveground biomass in all burned plots was about half that of the control. Graminoid leaf area index at the end of the second growing season ranged from 0.65 in the control plot to 0.27 in the autumn burn. Surface albedos dropped to about 0.03 immediately after burning and took about 3 months to return to the pre-burn values near 0.20. By mid-June of the second year, albedos were similar in all plots. Soil temperatures at 50 cm depth in the burned plots were higher than in the control during the first summer and lower during the winter. The greatest winter snowpack (73 mm water equivalent) accumulated in the control, compared to 48, 35 and 25 mm in the spring, summer and autumn burned plots, respectively. In the first growing season the greatest demand for water occurred in the spring plot followed by the summer, control and autumn plots. In the second season water demand did not differ significantly among plots, reflecting the similarities in plant cover. The microenvironmental effects of a single burning episode in fescue prairie disappear rather quickly, so that there is little long-term impact on the vegetation.

SAND ROOTZONES FOR KENTUCKY BLUEGRASS

1985 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 137-143
Author(s):  
S. H. NELSON ◽  
G. L. McCLENNAN
Keyword(s):  
Hydraulic Conductivity ◽  
Root Growth ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Water Movement ◽  
Poa Pratensis ◽  
Kentucky Bluegrass ◽  
Root Production ◽  
Particle Sizes ◽  
The Third ◽  
Perched Water Table

The growth and development of Kentucky bluegrass was studied for 3 yr on eight sand blends consisting of variable particle sizes. All were perched over a coarse layer (6–12 mm diam). No differences in germination, establishment, or color over the 3 yr were observed. Without turf the hydraulic conductivity varied greatly in the sand blends. The high conductivity levels were greatly reduced with the developing turf. There was greater downward water movement in those plots with most of the finer particles removed and this greater percolation continued throughout the experiment as the turf developed. In the compacted plots, however, significant differences in percolation rates had disappeared by the third year. When most of the finer particles had been removed, there was a trend toward less total root production with a redistribution of roots to the middle portions of the profiles. This trend was more evident on the compacted plots. The study demonstrated that developing turf has an ameliorating effect on hydraulic conductivity on these vastly different sand blends and suggests that sands, even though not in the recommended range of particle size, can still offer relief to the compaction, drainage, and root growth problems encountered in Kentucky bluegrass playing fields.Key words: Poa pratensis, perched water table, hydraulic conductivity, root growth, compaction

RESPONSE OF KENTUCKY BLUEGRASS (Poa pratensis L.) TO AMOUNT AND FREQUENCY OF NITROGEN APPLICATION

1984 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
pp. 369-374 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. H. NELSON
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Poa Pratensis ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Kentucky Bluegrass ◽  
Nitrogen Application ◽  
Color Yield ◽  
Triple Super Phosphate ◽  
Color Response ◽  
Annual Application

Ammonium nitrate (34-0-0) at varying rates and frequency of application was applied to established Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) between 15 May and 15 Aug. during 1980 and 1981. The area received a single annual application of triple super-phosphate (0-45-0). Color scores were taken weekly, spring and fall, but only monthly during the summer. Oven-dry clipping yields were determined weekly during the growing season and roots were harvested to a depth of 45 cm at the end of the trial. A rate as low as 0.8 kg N∙100 m−2 per season gave satisfactory low maintenance color during summer, but even minimal color response in spring and fall required a rate of at least 1.25 kg N∙100 m−2. Nitrogen amounts greater than 2.5 kg∙100 m−2 per season were considered excessive although color continued to increase up to the 5-kg rate before the effect started to level off. Yield showed essentially the same trend. Split applications did not appreciably affect overall yield, but are recommended to reduce growth surges from the heavier application. Very poor color and growth effects were noted at rates below 0.8 kg N∙100 m−2 per season as was evident in both yield and color. Root growth was inversely affected by nitrogen. Root growth declined markedly as the rates increased from 0.8 kg N to 3.33 kg N∙100 m−2 season then declined at a reduced rate.Key words: Kentucky bluegrass, Poa pratensis, nitrogen, color, yield, roots, minimum maintenance

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