Genetic Identity and Diversity of Perennial Pepperweed (Lepidium latifolium) in Its Native and Invaded Ranges

2013 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 268-280 ◽  
Author(s):  
John F. Gaskin ◽  
Mark Schwarzländer ◽  
Hariet L. Hinz ◽  
Livy Williams ◽  
Esther Gerber ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Invasive Plant ◽  
Genetic Data ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Native Range ◽  
The North ◽  
Length Polymorphisms ◽  
Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphisms ◽  
Species Descriptions ◽  
Current Species

AbstractPerennial pepperweed is an invasive plant species in North America, native to temperate Eurasia and northern Africa. Effective biological control depends upon correct taxonomic identification. Therefore, we investigated morphological and genetic data (cpDNA sequences and amplified fragment length polymorphisms [AFLP]) in its native range, where the species is at times treated as multiple taxa (L. latifolium, L. affine and L. obtusum). We also analyzed genetic data to determine the number and distribution of haplotypes and genotypes in the invaded range. Using Bayesian analysis, we found three clusters of AFLP genotypes in the native range, but little correlation between these clusters and morphological characters used to distinguish taxa. Also, we found combinations of morphological character states within many native range plants that are incompatible with current species descriptions, offering no support for splitting L. latifolium sensu lato into three species. In North America 97% of the genetic variation was among populations and there were only eight AFLP genotypes in 288 plants, suggesting few introductions or a severe bottleneck, and little or no creation of new genotypes since introduction. We found plants in the native range that are genetically similar (88 to 99%) to six of the eight invasive AFLP genotypes, suggesting that Kazakhstan and China are origins for much of the North American invasion.

scholarly journals Trachypogon spicatus (spiked crinkleawn).

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julissa Rojas-Sandoval
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
South America ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Invasive Plant ◽  
Perennial Grass ◽  
Distribution Range ◽  
Invasive Plant Species ◽  
Native Range

Abstract Trachypogon spicatus is a perennial grass with a large native distribution range extending from North America to South America, and across tropical and subtropical Africa. This species is weedy within its native range and is considered a weed of plantations in Tanzania and a weed of pastures across Africa. Despite being included in a list of invasive plant species in Cuba, no information is provided regarding its impact, and another source records T. spicatus as native to Cuba.

scholarly journals Native and invasive populations of the ectomycorrhizal death cap Amanita phalloides are highly sexual but dispersal limited

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacob Golan ◽  
Catherine A. Adams ◽  
Hugh Cross ◽  
Holly Elmore ◽  
Monique Gardes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
North America ◽  
Amanita Phalloides ◽  
List Type ◽  
Whole Genome ◽  
Time Points ◽  
Length Polymorphisms ◽  
Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphisms ◽  
Over Time ◽  
European Populations

AbstractThe ectomycorrhizal death cap Amanita phalloides is native to Europe but invasive in North America. To understand whether the fungus spreads underground using hyphae, or above ground using sexual spores, we mapped and genotyped sporocarps from European and American populations. Larger genetic individuals (genets) would suggest spread mediated by vegetative growth, while many small genets would suggest dispersal mediated by spores. To test whether genets are ephemeral or persistent, we also sampled from the same invasive populations over time.We mapped 13 European and American populations between 2004-2007 and characterized each using amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLP). In 2014 and 2015, we resampled populations in California and added three new European populations. These populations and a subset of the specimens originally collected in 2004 were characterized using whole genome sequencing.In every population and across all time points, sporocarps resolve into small, apparently short-lived genets. Sporocarps nearer each other are more closely related, suggesting spores land and germinate near parent sporocarps.A. phalloides uses spores to move across landscapes. Spores travel very short distances and individuals appear ephemeral. The death cap’s life history suggests yearly sporocarp removal as a strategy for control of this deadly fungus.

scholarly journals Description of Aurelia pseudosolida sp. nov. (Scyphozoa, Ulmaridae) from the Adriatic Sea

Water ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 135
Author(s):  
Rade Garić ◽  
Mirna Batistić
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Diversity ◽  
Adriatic Sea ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Genetic Data ◽  
Integrative Taxonomy ◽  
The North ◽  
Species Descriptions ◽  
The Town ◽  
Genetic Characters ◽  
Genetic Species

Until 2021, the genus Aurelia contained eleven described species (WoRMS, 2020), with many genetic species still awaiting a formal description. In 2021, ten new species of Aurelia were described almost solely from genetic data in a novel attempt to use genetic characters as diagnostic characters for species descriptions, leaving seven genetic species still undescribed. Here we present the description of a new Aurelia species from the Adriatic Sea using an integrative taxonomy approach, i.e., employing molecular as well as morphological characteristics in order to describe this new Aurelia species. The species is described based on a single medusa sampled from the town of Rovinj (Croatia), North Adriatic, amidst combined blooms of the ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidy and cnidarian Aurelia solida in the summer of 2020. Based on genetic data, the newly described Aurelia pseudosolida sp. nov. has never been sequenced in any of the previous investigations of the molecular diversity of Aurelia. This is the second species belonging to Discomedusae described from the North Adriatic in little more than half a decade, which could be yet another indication of the susceptibility of the North Adriatic to proliferation of non-indigenous gelatinous species, especially if we take into account historical as well as recent blooms of suspected non-indigenous gelatinous species such as Muggiaea atlantica, Aurelia solida, Mawia benovici and Mnemiopsis leidy.

scholarly journals The potential distribution of yellow bristle grass (Setaria pumila) in New Zealand

2014 ◽  
Vol 67 ◽  
pp. 226-230
Author(s):  
S.L. Lamoureaux ◽  
G.W. Bourd?t
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
North America ◽  
Potential Distribution ◽  
Dairy Farms ◽  
Native Range ◽  
Annual Grass ◽  
The North ◽  
North And South ◽  
Grass Weed

Yellow bristle grass (Setaria pumila) an invasive annual grass weed in North America Africa Australia and New Zealand has become a problem on dairy farms in the upper North Island To define its potential distribution in New Zealand an ecoclimatic model was constructed using CLIMEX The model was parameterised using the known distribution of the species in its native range in Eurasia and validated against its invaded range in North America The model predicted all known occurrences in New Zealand and revealed extensive tracts of land in both the North and South Islands that are currently climatically suitable yet according to current records unoccupied by the weed Under climate change this potential distribution increases substantially These results imply that yellow bristle grass could become a much wider problem on dairy farms throughout New Zealand and that management to limit its spread is justified

Morphological and genetic variation in populations of Sitana marudhamneydhal and the validity of Sitana attenboroughii

Zootaxa ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 4964 (3) ◽  
pp. 523-540
Author(s):  
A. BALAN ◽  
D. JUDE ◽  
SURYA NARAYANAN ◽  
SANDEEP VARMA ◽  
V. DEEPAK
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Genetic Divergence ◽  
Genetic Data ◽  
Distinct Species ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Genetic Differences ◽  
Junior Synonym ◽  
Small Samples ◽  
Species Descriptions ◽  
Two Populations

Dewlap morphology and body ratios are two of the main morphological characters used in delimiting Sitana spp. It becomes a statistical limitation when small samples are used in species descriptions, as outliers can be picked to be described as a distinct species. Genetic data has been used to support the distinctness of a species in Sitana. However, species with shallow genetic divergence becomes a problem if not thoroughly examined. We examine and report our findings on morphological and genetic differences in two populations of Sitana marudhamneydhal and one population of S. attenboroughii. The shallow genetic divergence and overlapping morphology shows that Sitana attenboroughii is a junior synonym of Sitana marudhamneydhal 

Actinocamax cobbani n. sp. from the Coniacian of Montana and Wyoming and the occurrence of Late Cretaceous belemnites in North America and Greenland

1993 ◽  
Vol 67 (3) ◽  
pp. 434-446 ◽  
Author(s):  
Walter Kegel Christensen
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Late Cretaceous ◽  
North American ◽  
Ventral View ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
The North

Actinocamax cobbani, a new belemnitellid species from the middle Coniacian of Montana and Wyoming, is described, including univariate and bivariate biometric analyses. The species is stout and medium sized, lanceolate or strongly lanceolate in ventral view, and has adorally a low cone-shaped alveolar fracture. It may be granulated. It is compared to species of Actinocamax Miller and Gonioteuthis Bayle from the North American and North European paleobiogeographic provinces. The importance of various morphological characters, such as the shape of the guard and the structure of the adoral end, are discussed. The majority of the belemnitellids of the North American Province are endemic and the stratigraphic distribution is punctuated during the Late Cretaceous, suggesting short-lived migrations of populations from the North European Province.

Systematics of three North American polyploid arctic alkali grasses (Puccinellia, Poaceae): morphology, ploidy, and AFLP markersThis paper is one of a selection of papers published in the Special Issue on Systematics Research.

Botany ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 86 (8) ◽  
pp. 916-937 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laurie L. Consaul ◽  
Lynn J. Gillespie ◽  
Marcia J. Waterway
Keyword(s):  
North American ◽  
Common Garden ◽  
The North ◽  
Length Polymorphisms ◽  
Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphisms ◽  
Species Pairs ◽  
North American Arctic ◽  
Puccinellia Phryganodes ◽  
Common Garden Experiments ◽  
Selection Of

We used flow cytometry, amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLP), and macromorphology from field and common garden specimens to delimit and identify parental taxa of three polyploid species of Puccinellia from the North American Arctic. Tetraploid Puccinellia bruggemannii T.J. Sørensen, hexaploid Puccinellia angustata (R. Br.) E.L. Rand & Redfield, and octoploid Puccinellia andersonii Swallen were generally separable based on ploidy and AFLP pattern, and showed allopolyploid origin. All three shared AFLP bands with at least two diploids and with Puccinellia phryganodes (Trin.) Scribn. & Merr., shown here to have both triploid and tetraploid populations in Canada. Approximately 10% of hexaploid individuals had AFLP patterns that were intermediate between P. angustata and P. bruggemannii, or P. angustata and P. andersonii, and occupied corresponding intermediate positions in morphological ordinations. Geographic distributions provide better support for introgression than for multiple polyploid events to account for these intermediate patterns. In common garden experiments, half of the characters had significantly different values between field and common garden specimens, but these plastic characters varied depending on the species pair analyzed and between experiments. Moreover, several characters were significantly different among species, but these characters were also different in each of the two experiments. Given this variation, we pooled the field and common garden data to determine important key characters by discriminant analysis of species pairs.

Re-evaluating species limits in Uncinia angustifolia, U. caespitosa s.str., U. rupestris, U. viridis and U. zotovii (Cyperaceae)

2011 ◽  
Vol 24 (6) ◽  
pp. 405 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. A. Lehnebach
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Species Limits ◽  
Multivariate Statistic ◽  
Distribution Maps ◽  
Grassland Species ◽  
Taxonomic History ◽  
Species Descriptions ◽  
New Synonymy ◽  
Current Species

Morphology of New Zealand hook sedges Uncinia angustifolia Hamlin, U. rupestris Raoul and U. zotovii Hamlin overlaps considerably, making species identification difficult. All three species have a complicated taxonomic history. U. angustifolia has been considered a variety of U. rupestris, which, in turn, has been considered a variety of U. caespitosa Boot or included in two other species. As for U. zotovii, this was originally part of U. caespitosa along with the grassland species U. viridis (C.B.Clarke) Edgar. The present study re-examines historical and recently collected material, and re-evaluates species limits for these five species using multivariate statistic analyses of morphological characters. Results confirm the circumscription of U. caespitosa s.str. and the segregation of U. viridis and U. zotovii from U. caespitosa s.lat., but they also indicate that current species descriptions are inaccurate and based on material of mixed identity. Results also suggest that U. angustifolia, U. rupestris and U. zotovii should be considered as three different species. U. viridis and U. rupestris are conspecific; the latter name has priority and should be maintained. An identification key, revised descriptions, new synonymy and distribution maps for the species recognised here are also presented.

scholarly journals Major Outbreaks in the Nineteenth Century Shaped Grape Phylloxera Contemporary Genetic Structure in Europe

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Javier Tello ◽  
Roswitha Mammerler ◽  
Marko Čajić ◽  
Astrid Forneck
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Structure ◽  
North America ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Native Range ◽  
Wine Production ◽  
Grape Phylloxera ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
Trace Back

AbstractGrape phylloxera is native to North America, where Vitis spp. acquired different mechanisms of resistance to leaf and root attack. Its appearance in European vineyards at the beginning of the 1860s, where the phylloxera-susceptible grapevine species V. vinifera L. is majorly cultivated, caused the devastation of a great number of vineyards, generating a deep crisis in the European wine production and trade industries. However, the origin and genetic structure of this pest across European vineyards still remain controversial and uncertain. Herein, we analysed the genetic structure of 1173 grape phylloxera individuals collected from 100 locations across eight European countries. Structure and phylogenetic analyses show that contemporary grape phylloxera populations in Europe are the result of at least two independent introductions from the native range that mirrors the historical records that also suggest two major outbreaks in Europe. The comparative analysis with samples from the native range trace back one of these two genetic groups to plants imported from the North East coast of North America, where the American species V. riparia and V. labrusca dominate. This study clarifies the level of genetic diversity of grape phylloxera in Europe and provides relevant information to resolve previous controversy about its origin.

A new perspective on Punctelia subrudecta (Parmeliaceae) in North America: previously rejected morphological characters corroborate molecular phylogenetic evidence and provide insight into an old problem

2010 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 405-421 ◽  
Author(s):  
James C. LENDEMER ◽  
Brendan P. HODKINSON
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Sequence Data ◽  
Distinct Species ◽  
Lower Surface ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Its2 Sequence ◽  
The North ◽  
Molecular Phylogenetic ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
Insight Into

AbstractIn North America the names Punctelia subrudecta and P. perreticulata have variously been applied to corticolous sorediate Punctelia specimens with lecanoric acid and a pale lower surface. ITS1, 5.8S, and ITS2 sequence data were generated from a geographically and morphologically broad sampling from within these specimens, and a molecular phylogeny was inferred. A combined approach using morphology, geography, and phylogeny was used to circumscribe three distinct species in North America, one of which is described as new to science (P. caseana), one of which is finally confirmed for the continent (P. jeckeri), and one whose original circumscription is validated (P. perreticulata). The phylogeny inferred from ITS sequence data supports the taxonomic value of the following morphological characters for distinguishing species in this group: presence/absence of pruina; conidium type and length (although see discussion of P. jeckeri), and presence/absence of scrobiculae on the upper surface. A key to the North American species of Punctelia is provided.

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