Quinclorac and Aminocyclopyrachlor Movement in Sandy Soils

2015 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 269-275 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jason W. Adams ◽  
Rodney G. Lym
Keyword(s):  
Soil Type ◽  
Shallow Groundwater ◽  
Sandy Soils ◽  
Leafy Spurge ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Heavy Rainfall Event ◽  
Tall Grass ◽  
Ecological Sites ◽  
Platanthera Praeclara ◽  
Simulated Field

AbstractThe Sheyenne National Grassland (SNG) is a native tall grass and mixed grass prairie located in southeastern North Dakota. Approximately half of the SNG has been invaded by leafy spurge (Euphorbia esulaL.) and control methods have been limited. Many herbicides cannot be utilized at the SNG due to sandy soils (> 80%) and shallow groundwater, nor can they be applied near the western prairie fringed orchid (Platanthera praeclaraSheviak and Bowles), a federally listed threatened plant found on the SNG. Quinclorac and aminocyclopyrachlor were considered for use on the SNG but potential to enter the groundwater was unclear. Movement of quinclorac and aminocyclopyrachlor was evaluated in 70 cm soil columns that simulated field conditions from five ecological sites. Quinclorac leached further following the heavy rainfall event of 15 cm in 48 h compared to the annual precipitation of 51 cm applied over 9 wk. Quinclorac leached approximately 45 cm into the soil profile averaged over all soil types and both precipitation events but never exceeded 65 cm regardless of soil type. Aminocyclopyrachlor leaching was greater than quinclorac and moved through all soil types into the leachate following both watering regimes. Desorption of both herbicides was incomplete. Approximately 10 and 32% of applied aminocyclopyrachlor and quinclorac, respectively, remained in the top 5 cm of soil regardless of soil type or watering regime. Quinclorac but not aminocyclopyrachlor was considered suitable for use at the SNG to control leafy spurge and has the added benefit of not harming the western prairie fringed orchid.

Efficiency of the salt flotation technique in the recovery of Ascaris lumbricoides eggs from the soil

1995 ◽  
Vol 69 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.O. Ajala ◽  
S.O. Asaolu
Keyword(s):  
Specific Gravity ◽  
Sandy Soil ◽  
Sodium Nitrate ◽  
Ascaris Lumbricoides ◽  
Soil Type ◽  
Zinc Sulphate ◽  
Sandy Soils ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Flotation Technique ◽  
Zinc Sulphate Solution

AbstractThe efficacy of the salt flotation technique using saturated solutions of sodium nitrate (specific gravity 1.30) and zinc sulphate (specific gravity 1.16) for separating Ascaris lumbricoides eggs from clay, loamy and sandy soils has been investigated. Ten samples of each of the egg concentrations of 100, 500, 2500, 5000 and 10,000 eggs/25 g of soil were used for each soil type. Using T-test and ANOVA, the number of eggs recovered from sand was significantly higher than from loam and the number from loam significantly higher than from clay. With sodium nitrate, the maximum egg recovery rate was 25.04% from sandy soil at a concentration of 500 eggs/25 g soil while with zinc sulphate it was 13.88% also from sandy soil and concentration of 500 eggs/25 g soil. While the number of eggs recovered increased with soil egg concentration, the percentage of eggs recovered is inversely proportional to egg concentration. The number of eggs recovered with sodium nitrate was significantly higher than with zinc sulphate solution in the three soil types.

Water relations of woody plants on contrasting soils during drought: does edaphic compensation account for dry rainforest distribution?

2009 ◽  
Vol 57 (8) ◽  
pp. 629 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy J. Curran ◽  
Peter J. Clarke ◽  
Nigel W. M. Warwick
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Water Potential ◽  
Water Relations ◽  
Soil Type ◽  
Plant Traits ◽  
Sandy Soils ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Severe Drought ◽  
Ecotypic Differentiation ◽  
Compensation Hypothesis

The occurrence of dry rainforest in climates considered drier than the recognised limit for rainforest has been explained by the edaphic compensation hypothesis, which proposed that finer-textured soils facilitate the occurrence of rainforest at climatic extremes. We tested this by examining the effect of soil type on the water relations and plant traits of four dry rainforest species, during a severe drought and subsequent non-drought periods. We predicted plants growing in sandy soils would exhibit higher levels of water stress (lower predawn water potential and stomatal conductance) and possess morphological and physiological traits that more typically reflect drought resistance (late leaf fall in deciduous species, low specific leaf area, vertical leaf angles and stomata that close at low water potential) than those growing in loam soils. During drought, levels of water stress were similar across soil types, while post-drought plants on sandy soils were less stressed. Soil type did not cause shifts in drought tolerance traits, suggesting there has been no ecotypic differentiation of dry rainforest species across soil types for these traits. Hence, we found no support for the edaphic compensation hypothesis in adult plants; future studies should consider other life-cycle stages, such as seedlings.

scholarly journals Effects of Climate and Soil Type Interactions on Probable Work Days with Harvest Equipment in Mississippi and Alabama Forests

2000 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 213-218
Author(s):  
Jonathan W. Pote ◽  
Charles L. Wax ◽  
Bob L. Karr
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Coastal Zone ◽  
Computer Model ◽  
Soil Type ◽  
Sandy Soils ◽  
Clay Soils ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Probability Level ◽  
Climate Zones

Abstract A computer model predicted soil moisture in three climate zones with three soil textures. A 30 yr daily simulation provided probable work days for the nine combinations. Criteria for work days were soil moisture capacities less than 95% of maximum for sandy soils, 80% for loamy soils, and 65% for clay soils. Results indicate that sandy soils in the inland zone allow 233 work days/yr at the 50% probability level, whereas clay soils there allow only 140 days at that level. In the coastal zone sandy soils allow 252 work days/yr at the 50% level and clay soils allow 122 days at that level. These results were produced at ten probability levels for all soil types and all zones, as well as for each month. Applied examples of uses of the results are included. South. J. Appl. For. 24(4):213-218.

scholarly journals Properties of humic acids depending on the land use in different parts of Slovakia

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Magdalena Banach-Szott ◽  
Bozena Debska ◽  
Erika Tobiasova
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Size Distribution ◽  
Humic Acids ◽  
Forest Ecosystem ◽  
Soil Type ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Organic Matter Quality ◽  
Degree Of Maturity ◽  
Effects Of Land Use

AbstractMany studies report organic carbon stabilization by clay minerals, but the effects of land use and soil type on the properties of humic acids (HAs) are missing. The aim of the paper is to determine the effects of land use and soil types on the characteristics of HAs, which have a considerable influence on organic matter quality. It was hypothesised that the effect of the land use on HAs properties depends on the particular size distribution. The research was performed in three ecosystems: agricultural, forest, and meadow, located in Slovakia. From each of them, the samples of 4 soil types were taken: Chernozem, Luvisol, Planosol, and Cambisol. The soil samples were assayed for the content of total organic carbon (TOC) and the particle size distribution. HAs were extracted with the Schnitzer method and analysed for the elemental composition, spectrometric parameters in the UV-VIS range, and hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties, and the infrared spectra were produced. The research results have shown that the properties of HAs can be modified by the land use and the scope and that the direction of changes depends on the soil type. The HAs of Chernozem and Luvisol in the agri-ecosystem were identified with a higher “degree of maturity”, as reflected by atomic ratios (H/C, O/C, O/H), absorbance coefficients, and the FT-IR spectra, as compared with the HAs of the meadow and forest ecosystem. However, as for the HAs of Cambisol, a higher “degree of maturity” was demonstrated for the meadow ecosystem, as compared with the HAs of the agri- and forest ecosystem. The present research has clearly identified that the content of clay is the factor determining the HAs properties. Soils with a higher content of the clay fraction contain HAs with a higher “degree of maturity”.

THE OASIS SOIL TYPE CHANGE AND ITS FRACTAL IN MANASI RIVER BASIN BETWEEN 1987–2006, ARID NORTHWESTERN CHINA / MANASI UPĖS BASEINO SAUSRINGOJE ŠIAURĖS VAKARŲ KINIJOJE OAZIŲ DIRVOŽEMIO TIPŲ POKYČIAI IR FRAKTALAI 1987–2006 M

2012 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 177-184 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pujia Yu ◽  
Hailiang Xu ◽  
Shiwei Liu ◽  
Xinfeng Zhao ◽  
Qingqing Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
River Basin ◽  
Soil Type ◽  
Stability Index ◽  
Rapid Expansion ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Semiarid Region ◽  
Arid Northwestern China ◽  
Type Change ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Soil Changes

During the past 20 years, great landscape changes took place in the northwest of China. Landscape change resulted in soil type transformations. This paper discusses the changes and fractal of soil types in oasis. In order to do it, the soil type maps of Manasi River Basin in 1987 and 2006 were used. 13 types of soil and 2 types of land-use were classified and analyzed in the study area. Results indicated many variations in characteristics. Firstly, all soil types underwent remarkable changes from 1987 to 2006 in the study area: the identified changed area was about 30% or 6506.33 km2. Secondly, in comparison with 1987, in 2006 2/3 of the area's soil types increased, while 1/3 decreased. Rapid expansion of Aquicambids (415.28 km2), and rapid decrease of Petrocambids (797.05 km2) and Aquisalids (415.93 km2) were the noticeable findings. Furthermore, Haplocambids obtained largest gains from other soil types, while Petrocambids lost largest area to other types. Additionally, the fractal relationship objectively existed between the perimeter and area of soil patches. The fractal dimension of Aquisalids, Petrocalcids and Ustifluvents became higher and their shapes became more complex during this period. The stability index was higher in 2006 which indicated that the spatial structure of soil type was more stable than in 1987. These chaotic and occasional changes were largely caused by human activities and natural conditions. Consequently, environmental managers should pay more attention to soil changes in the arid and semiarid region. Santrauka Per pastaruosius 20 metų šiaurės vakarų Kinijoje įvyko didelių kraštovaizdžio pokyčių, lėmusių ir dirvožemio tipų pakitimus. Remiantis 1987–2006 m. Manasi upės baseino dirvožemio žemėlapiais, aptariami dirvožemio tipų pokyčiai ir fraktalai oazėse. Pasirinktoje teritorijoje išskirta ir analizuota 13 dirvožemio tipų ir dvejopa žemėnauda. Nustatyta daug kintamųjų parametrų. Pirma, tirtõs teritorijos visų tipų dirvožemiai nuo 1987 iki 2006 m. žymiai pakito. Nustatytoji pokyčių zona apima apie 30 % teritorijos, arba 6 506,32 km2. Antra, palyginti su 1987 m., 2006 m. 10 dirvožemio tipų teritorija padidėjo, o 5 tipų sumažėjo. Sparčiai padidėjo Aquicambids (415,28 km2), sparčiai sumažėjo Petrocambids (797,05 km2) ir Aquisalids (415,93 km2), pokyčiai buvo žymūs. Iš visų kitų pakitusių dirvožemių tipų Haplocambids plotai padidėjo daugiausia, o labiausiai, palyginti su kitais, sumažėjo Petrocambids plotai. Be to, pastebėta, kad tarp dirvožemio teritorijos plotų ir perimetrų objektyviai egzistuoja fraktalinės sąsajos. Fraktalinės dimensijos Aquisalids, Petrocalcids ir Ustifluvents per minėtą laikotarpį padidėjo, o jų formos tapo sudėtingesnės. Stabilumo indeksas 2006 m. buvo didesnis. Tai rodė, kad erdvinė dirvožemio struktūra mažai pakito, tapo stabilesnė, palyginti nei buvo 1987 m. Šiuos atsitiktinius pokyčius iš esmės lėmė žmogaus veikla ir gamtinės sąlygos. Prieita prie išvados, kad sausojo ar pusiau sauso klimato regionuose kraštotvarkos vykdytojai dirvožemio pokyčiams turėtų skirti daugiau dėmesio.

scholarly journals Evaluation of cotton stalks destroyers

2013 ◽  
Vol 33 (5) ◽  
pp. 965-975 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aloisio Bianchini ◽  
Pedro H. de M. Borges
Keyword(s):  
Soil Type ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Clay Soil ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Mechanical Destruction ◽  
Cotton Crop ◽  
Cotton Stalks ◽  
Medium Texture

The destruction of the cotton crop residues (cotton stalks) is a mandatory procedure in Brazil for prophylactic issues, but is a subject unexplored by the research and there are few studies that deal with this issue. However, this is not encouraged in recent decades, studies aimed at developing and evaluating equipment for this purpose. The present study had the objective to evaluate six methods for mechanical destruction of cotton crop residues. Each method was defined based on the principle of operation of the active parts of the equipment, which were tested in medium texture soil and in a clayey one. The variables used to evaluate the efficiency of the equipment were the regrowth rate, the theoretical field capacity and energy demand. The equipment with convergent concave disks (DCC) and flat cutters discs from manufacturer A (CPS-a) showed the best results in cotton stalks destruction in both soil types. The harrow disc (GPD) was efficient only in clay soil. It was concluded that the equipment with convergent concave disks, among those tested, was the most efficient to destroy cotton stalks, regardless of soil type, and that the harrow disc was not included among the best performers.

scholarly journals Fertilizer requirements of coffee grown on Catalina clay in Puerto Rico

1969 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 127-137
Author(s):  
Luis A. Gómez ◽  
José Lería Esmoris ◽  
B. G. Capó
Keyword(s):  
Puerto Rico ◽  
Phosphoric Acid ◽  
Puerto Rican ◽  
Soil Type ◽  
Coffea Arabica ◽  
Sharp Contrast ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Coffee Production

The results obtained in two coffee fertilizer tests performed with the Puerto Rican variety of Coffea arabica on "Catalina Clay" are presented, statistically analyzed, and discussed. Nitrogen and phosphoric acid applications seem to be of greater importance as regards market-coffee production of the above variety in the soil type used, than are the applications of potash, which had no significant effects on the yields. These results are in sharp contrast with the results obtained by McClelland, who found potash applications to be essential and phosphoric acid applications to be not essential for maximum coffee production in Puerto Rico. It should be noted that McClelland's experiments were carried out on other soil types, which were probably not in condition to provide the coffee trees with their potash requirements.

Change in Leafy Spurge (Euphorbia esula) Density and Soil Seedbank Composition 10 Years following Release of Aphthona spp. Biological Control Agents

2013 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 147-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cassandra M. Setter ◽  
Rodney G. Lym
Keyword(s):  
Native Species ◽  
Kentucky Bluegrass ◽  
Leafy Spurge ◽  
Euphorbia Esula ◽  
Stem Density ◽  
Ecological Sites ◽  
Western North Dakota ◽  
Soil Seedbank ◽  
Weedy Species ◽  
Native Species Richness

AbstractFlea beetles (Aphthona spp.) were released in the Little Missouri National Grasslands (LMNG) in western North Dakota in 1999 to control leafy spurge. The changes in leafy spurge density and soil seedbank composition were evaluated on two ecological sites 10 yr (2009) after Aphthona spp. release to monitor the effectiveness of the insects on weed control and the associated changes in plant communities. In 2009, leafy spurge stem density averaged 2 and 9 stems m−2 (0.19 to 0.84 ft−2) in the loamy overflow and loamy sites, respectively, compared with 110 and 78 stems m−2, respectively, in 1999. Leafy spurge constituted nearly 67% of the loamy overflow seedbank in 1999, compared with 2% in 2009. In the loamy seedbank, the weed represented nearly 70% in 1999, compared with approximately 15% in 2009. As leafy spurge abundance was reduced, native species richness and seed count increased 10 yr after Aphthona spp. release. Late seral species represented 17% of the loamy overflow seedbank in 2009, an increase from 5% in 1999. However, Kentucky bluegrass, a nontarget weedy species, increased more than 250% in the loamy overflow seedbank. Late seral species were 38% of the loamy seedbank in 2009, compared with 13% in 1999. The number of native species increased from 31 in 1999 to 39 in 2009 in the loamy overflow seedbank, but only changed from 32 to 34 species in the loamy site during the same period. The reestablishment of native species has been slow, but seedbank analysis indicates the number and type of species found before the leafy spurge infestation have increased. Planting native species in selected areas may have reduced the lag time in these species return to the seedbank and reduced invasion from other nondesirable species, such as Kentucky bluegrass.

scholarly journals Leaf trait variation and field spectroscopy of generalist tree species on contrasting soil types

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matheus Henrique Nunes ◽  
Matthew P. Davey ◽  
David Anthony Coomes
Keyword(s):  
Soil Type ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Leaf Traits ◽  
Partial Least Square ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Species Variation ◽  
Trait Variation ◽  
Field Spectroscopy ◽  
Specific Variation ◽  
Foliar Traits

Abstract. Understanding the causes of variation in plant functional traits is a central issue in ecology, particularly in the context of global change. Analyses of the drivers of traits variation based on thousands of tree species are starting to unravel patterns of variation at the global scale, but these studies tend to focus on interspecific variation, and the contribution of intraspecific changes remains less well understood. Hyperspectroscopy is a recently developed technology for estimating the traits of fresh leaves. Few studies have evaluated its potential for assessing inter- and intra-specific trait variability in community ecology. Working with 24 leaf traits for European tree species on contrasting soil types, found growing on deep alluvial soils and nearby shallow chalk soils, we ask: (i) What contribution do soil type and species identity make to trait variation? (ii) When traits are clustered into three functional groups (light capture and growth, leaf structure and defence, as well as rock-derived nutrients), are some groups more affected by soil than others? (iii) What traits can be estimated precisely using field spectroscopy? (iv) Can leaf spectra be used to detect inter-soil as well as inter-specific variation in traits? The contribution of species and soil-type effects to variation in traits were evaluated using statistical analyses. Foliar traits were predicted from spectral reflectance using partial least square regression, and so inter- and intra-specific variation. Most leaf traits varied greatly among species. The effects of soil type were generally weak by comparison. Macronutrient concentrations were greater on alluvial than chalk soils while micronutrient concentration showed the opposite trend. However, structural traits, as well as most pigments and phenolic concentrations varied little with soil type. Field spectroscopy provided accurate estimates of species-level trait values, but was less effective at detecting subtle variation of rock-derived nutrients between soil types. Field spectroscopy was a powerful technique for estimating cross-species variation in foliar traits and Si predictions using spectroscopy appear to be promising. However, it was unable to detect subtle within-species variation of traits associated with soil type.

scholarly journals Compositional and chemical characteristics of dissolved organic matter in various types of cropped and natural Chinese soils

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Songyan Li ◽  
Meng Li ◽  
Guoxi Wang ◽  
Xiaolei Sun ◽  
Beidou Xi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Dissolved Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Type ◽  
Spectral Characteristics ◽  
Terrestrial Ecosystems ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Chemical Characteristics ◽  
Natural Soils ◽  
Red Soils ◽  
Chernozem Soils

Abstract Background Exploration of composition and chemical characteristics of soil dissolved organic matter (DOM) is significant to understand its biogeochemical role in terrestrial ecosystems. A total of 43 cropped and 16 natural soils (0–20 cm) under four soil types (cinnamon, chernozem, red and paddy soils) across China were collected to investigate the spectral characteristics of DOM using UV–Vis and 3D-EEM spectroscopy. Results The chernozem soils exhibited the highest aromaticity and humification degree among the four soil types. Ranges of biological index (BIX, 0.53–1.17) and fluorescence index (FI, 1.55–2.10) were found in the investigated DOM, showing joint contribution from allochthonous and autochthonous sources. Higher BIX and FI in the DOM of the paddy and red soils indicated a greater reliance on autochthonous sources for these two soil types. The cropped soils showed no significant differences in chemical characteristics and sources from the natural soils for the cinnamon, chernozem and red soils. UVA (16.2–47.9%) and UVC fulvic-like substances (15.4–40.5%) were the prevailing DOM components, which were highest in the chernozem soils. Additionally, the cropped soils had a higher proportion of humic-like substances than the natural soils in the DOM. Conclusions Both soil type and land-use strongly affected the chemical characteristics of soil DOM, but only soil type had an impact on the DOM composition for the collected soils. These findings may contribute to the prediction of the biochemical behavior of soil DOM under different soil types and land-uses in terrestrial ecosystems.

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