Effect of Adjuvants and Urea Ammonium Nitrate on Bispyribac Efficacy, Absorption, and Translocation in Barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli). I. Efficacy, Rainfastness, and Soil Moisture

Weed Science ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 55 (5) ◽  
pp. 399-405 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clifford H. Koger ◽  
Darrin M. Dodds ◽  
Daniel B. Reynolds
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Seed Oil ◽  
Acetolactate Synthase ◽  
Rainfall Event ◽  
Spray Solution ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Urea Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Moisture Conditions ◽  
Different Levels

Bispyribac is registered for postemergence control of broadleaf, sedge, and grass weeds in rice. Bispyribac inhibits the acetolactate synthase enzyme in sensitive plants. Herbicides in this class of chemistry require a spray adjuvant to achieve optimal efficacy, often achieve different levels of weed control according to the spray adjuvant used, and typically have rainfast periods of at least 6 to 8 h. Efficacy and rainfastness of bispyribac can be affected by spray adjuvant and the addition of urea ammonium nitrate (UAN). Greenhouse experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of spray adjuvant type, addition of UAN, and soil moisture on bispyribac efficacy on barnyardgrass. Control of barnyardgrass was improved when UAN was added to bispyribac at 0.4 or 0.8 g ha−1plus an organosilicone-based nonionic surfactant (OSL/NIS) or methylated seed oil/organosilicone (MSO/OSL) spray adjuvant. The type of adjuvant added to the spray solution affected bispyribac efficacy on barnyardgrass. The addition of UAN decreased the rainfast period from 8 h (registered rainfast period) to 1 or 4 h (99 to 100% control) when either the OSL/NIS or MSO/OSL adjuvant was applied with bispyribac, respectively. Applying UAN and OSL/NIS or MSO/OSL adjuvant with bispyribac enhanced efficacy and reduced the time period required between bispyribac application and washoff during a rainfall event. Increasing soil moisture conditions resulted in greater efficacy from bispyribac when applied with and without UAN.

Exploring the potential of soil moisture reanalysis data for improving the identification of regional landslide triggering thresholds

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nunziarita Palazzolo ◽  
David J. Peres ◽  
Enrico Creaco ◽  
Antonino Cancelliere
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Rainfall Event ◽  
Rainfall Thresholds ◽  
Rainfall Duration ◽  
Soil Moisture Data ◽  
Initial Soil Moisture ◽  
Initial Soil ◽  
Different Depths ◽  
Moisture Conditions ◽  
Landslide Triggering

<p>Landslide triggering thresholds provide the rainfall conditions that are likely to trigger landslides, therefore their derivation is key for prediction purposes. Different variables can be considered for the identification of thresholds, which commonly are in the form of a power-law relationship linking rainfall event duration and intensity or cumulated event rainfall. The assessment of such rainfall thresholds generally neglects initial soil moisture conditions at each rainfall event, which are indeed a predisposing factor that can be crucial for the proper definition of the triggering scenario. Thus, more studies are needed to understand whether and the extent to which the integration of the initial soil moisture conditions with rainfall thresholds could improve the conventional precipitation-based approach. Although soil moisture data availability has hindered such type of studies, yet now this information is increasingly becoming available at the large scale, for instance as an output of meteorological reanalysis initiatives. In particular, in this study, we focus on the use of the ERA5-Land reanalysis soil moisture dataset. Climate reanalysis combines past observations with models in order to generate consistent time series and the ERA5-Land data actually provides the volume of water in soil layer at different depths and at global scale. Era5-Land project is, indeed, a global dataset at 9 km horizontal resolution in which atmospheric data are at an hourly scale from 1981 to present. Volumetric soil water data are available at four depths ranging from the surface level to 289 cm, namely 0-7 cm, 7-28 cm, 28-100 cm, and 100-289 cm. After collecting the rainfall and soil moisture data at the desired spatio-temporal resolution, together with the target data discriminating landslide and no-landslide events, we develop automatic triggering/non-triggering classifiers and test their performances via confusion matrix statistics. In particular, we compare the performances associated with the following set of precursors: a) event rainfall duration and depth (traditional approach), b) initial soil moisture at several soil depths, and c) event rainfall duration and depth and initial soil moisture at different depths. The approach is applied to the Oltrepò Pavese region (northern Italy), for which the historical observed landslides have been provided by the IFFI project (Italian landslides inventory). Results show that soil moisture may allow an improvement in the performances of the classifier, but that the quality of the landslide inventory is crucial.</p>

scholarly journals Adjuvant Effects on Imazethapyr, 2,4-D and Picloram Absorption by Leafy Spurge (Euphorbia esula)

Weed Science ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 469-475 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Mack Thompson ◽  
Scott J. Nissen ◽  
Robert A. Masters
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Ammonium Sulfate ◽  
Seed Oil ◽  
Leaf Surface ◽  
Leafy Spurge ◽  
Cuticular Waxes ◽  
Adaxial Leaf Surface ◽  
Abaxial Leaf Surface ◽  
Urea Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Adjuvant Effects

Laboratory experiments were conducted to identify adjuvants that improve absorption of imazethapyr, 2,4-D amine, and picloram by leafy spurge. Adjuvants (0.25% v/v) included crop oil concentrate (COC), methylated seed oil (MSO), nonionic surfactant (NIS), organosilicones (Silwet L-77®, Sylgard® 309, Silwet® 408), 3:1 mixtures of acetylinic diol ethoxylates (ADE40, ADE65, ADE85) with Silwet L-77, ammonium sulfate (2.5 kg ha−1), and 28% urea ammonium nitrate (UAN, 2.5% v/v). Adjuvants were combined with14C-herbicide and commercially formulated herbicide product. Leaves were harvested 2 DAT, rinsed with 10% aqueous methanol to remove surface deposits of herbicide, and dipped in 9:1 hexane:acetone to solubilize cuticular waxes. Imazethapyr absorption increased by 38 to 68% when UAN was combined with COC, NIS, or MSO. Total absorption of imazethapyr plus COC, MSO, or NIS exceeded 86% 2 DAT when UAN was added. Urea ammonium nitrate reduced the amount of imazethapyr associated with the cuticular wax by 2.0%. Imazethapyr absorption was similar on both the abaxial and adaxial leaf surface when UAN was not added; however, 12% more imazethapyr was absorbed from the abaxial leaf surface than from the adaxial leaf surface when UAN was combined with Sylgard 309. Uptake of 2,4-D ranged from 54 to 78% and was greatest with Silwet 408 and 3:1 mixture of ADE40: Silwet L-77. Picloram absorption ranged from 3 to 19%. Buffering picloram treatment solutions to pH 7 and including 2.5 kg ha-1ammonium sulfate increased picloram absorption to 37%.

scholarly journals Root and shoot responses of upland New Rice for Africa varieties to fluctuating soil moisture conditions as affected by different levels of nitrogen fertilization

2020 ◽  
Vol 206 (3) ◽  
pp. 322-337
Author(s):  
Daniel Makori Menge ◽  
Mana Kano‐Nakata ◽  
Akira Yamauchi ◽  
Roel Rodriguez Suralta ◽  
Daigo Makihara
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilization ◽  
Moisture Conditions ◽  
Different Levels

Nitrogen Carrier and Surfactant Increase Foliar Herbicide Injury in Winter Wheat (Triticum aestivum)

1997 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Phillip W. Stahlman ◽  
Randall S. Currie ◽  
Mosad A. El-Hamid
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Nonionic Surfactant ◽  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Wheat Grain ◽  
Foliar Injury ◽  
Spray Solution ◽  
Urea Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
One Year

A three-year field study in west-central Kansas investigated the effects of combinations of spray carrier, nonionic surfactant (NIS), triasulfuron, and/or 2,4-D on winter wheat foliar injury and grain yield. Herbicides applied in water without NIS caused little or no foliar injury in two of three years. Urea-ammonium nitrate (UAN) at 112 L/ha (40 kg N/ha) alone or as a carrier for herbicides caused moderate to severe foliar injury in all three years. Adding NIS to UAN spray solutions increased foliar injury, especially with the tank mixture of triasulfuron + 2,4-D. Effects of triasulfuron + NIS or 2,4-D applied in UAN were additive. Foliar injury was related inversely to temperature following application. Foliar injury was most evident 4 to 7 d after application and disappeared within 2 to 3 wk. Diluting UAN 50% with water lessened foliar injury in two of three years, especially in the presence of NIS, regardless of whether herbicides were in the spray solution. Treatments did not reduce wheat grain yield in any year despite estimates of up to 53% foliar injury one year.

Differential Effects of UAN on Antagonism with Bentazon

1990 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 620-624 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Clifford Gerwick ◽  
Lisa D. Tanguay ◽  
Frank G. Burroughs
Keyword(s):  
Methyl Ester ◽  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Differential Effect ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Solution Ph ◽  
Differential Effects ◽  
Spray Solution ◽  
Giant Foxtail ◽  
Urea Ammonium Nitrate

The effect of urea ammonium nitrate (UAN) on the antagonism of sethoxydim, haloxyfop, or the methyl ester of haloxyfop activity by bentazon was evaluated in greenhouse and field trials on yellow and giant foxtail. Including UAN in the spray solution in the absence of bentazon did not enhance the activity of any of the three grass herbicides. However, adding UAN to sethoxydim or haloxyfop in the presence of bentazon decreased the bentazon antagonism of grass activity. Conversely, UAN increased bentazon antagonism of the activity of haloxyfop methyl ester. The differential effect of UAN was not linked to effects on spray solution pH.

Velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti) and Sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris) Response to Triflusulfuron and Desmedipham Plus Phenmedipham

1996 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 121-126 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert J. Starke ◽  
Karen A. Renner
Keyword(s):  
Nonionic Surfactant ◽  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Field Study ◽  
Beta Vulgaris ◽  
Abutilon Theophrasti ◽  
Root Yield ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Spray Solution ◽  
Urea Ammonium Nitrate

Velvetleaf control and sugarbeet response to POST triflusulfuron applied alone and in combination with desmedipham plus phenmedipham, nonionic surfactant, and urea ammonium nitrate (50:50) were evaluated in the greenhouse (velvetleaf only) and field. In a second field study, the effect of POST applications of triflusulfuron, desmedipham plus phenmedipham, ethofumesate, endothall, or combinations of these herbicides on sugarbeet root yield and quality was determined in the absence of weeds. Triflusulfuron controlled velvetleaf only when nonionic surfactant (NIS) was added to the spray solution. Desmedipham plus phenmedipham plus triflusulfuron gave greater velvetleaf control than triflusulfuron in the absence of NIS in the field. However, adding desmedipham plus phenmedipham to triflusulfuron plus NIS decreased velvetleaf control in the greenhouse. Adding desmedipham plus phenmedipham to triflusulfuron plus NIS increased visible sugarbeet response compared to triflusulfuron plus nonionic surfactant or desmedipham plus phenmedipham 14 d after the last POST application in 1994. In the absence of weeds, POST herbicide applications that included triflusulfuron did not reduce sugarbeet root yield more than other POST herbicides.

Adjuvant Combinations with Quizalofop for Wild Oat (Avena fatua) Control in Peppermint (Mentha piperita)

1997 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert N. Stougaard
Keyword(s):  
Nonionic Surfactant ◽  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Weed Control ◽  
Seed Oil ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Avena Fatua ◽  
Mentha Piperita ◽  
Wild Oat ◽  
Liquid Fertilizer ◽  
Urea Ammonium Nitrate

Field experiments were conducted at Kalispell, MT, to determine the optimum adjuvant combination for wild oat control in peppermint with quizalofop. Quizalofop was applied to four- and eight-leaf wild oat plants at 20 and 50 g ai/ha with either a nonionic surfactant (NIS) or methylated seed oil (MSO) alone or in combination with 28% urea ammonium nitrate (UAN) liquid fertilizer. Differences among adjuvants were most apparent when quizalofop was applied at the lowest rate. MSO was more effective than NIS for enhancing quizalofop activity. Quizalofop efficacy with both adjuvants increased when applied with UAN. Greater than 90% wild oat control was obtained with the lowest rate when applied with MSO plus UAN to four-leaf wild oat plants. These results demonstrate the potential to improve the consistency of weed control as well as reduce postemergence herbicide rates when applied with the proper adjuvant combination.

scholarly journals Aplikasi Pengontrolan Kelembaban Tanah pada Smart Garden Menggunakan Sensor Soil Moisture

Jurnal Teknik ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 78-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
Faridah Faridah
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Smartphone Application ◽  
Moisture Control ◽  
Moisture Sensor ◽  
Soil Moisture Sensor ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Measurement Results ◽  
Moisture Conditions ◽  
Control Application ◽  
Led Lights

The problem of stabilizing soil moisture can be addressed by designing a soil moisture control application that serves to provide information on soil moisture conditions within a certain time period in the form of an order to water and stop watering. The research aims to carry out a sensing simulation on Soil Moisture Control Application in Smart Garden using Soil Moisture Sensor. This research is an experimental research of tool design in order to improve the quality and working system of the tool. The results of this study indicate that the device will function or not If the sensor detects that the ground is dry or the measurement results are brought to 50%, then the sensor will respond and send a signal to the microcontroller to activate the relay so that the pump will turn on automatically. If the device does not function then we can do it automatically manually by controlling it via a smartphone application. When the soil reaches a soil moisture level above 50% from the results of either watering done by the tool or from the rain detected by the soil mousture sensor then the tool will stop automatically and the tool will return to function when the soil returns dry, so that it can control soil moisture. This tool is equipped with indicators using LED lights when the tool is functioning.

Improving hydrological model performance by incorporating dynamic variability of parameters

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lakshmi Girija ◽  
Sudheer Kulamullaparambathu
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Model Performance ◽  
Hydrologic Models ◽  
Antecedent Precipitation ◽  
Process Representation ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Dry Spells ◽  
Daily Change ◽  
Moisture Conditions

<p>Extensive research is being carried out in developing new calibration procedures for improving the efficacy of hydrologic models. Considering the simulation period into separate wet and dry periods, and performing discrete calibration on each of them has resulted in improvement in model performance, especially during dry periods. In this procedure, it is envisaged that by splitting the time period into wet and dry, the temporal variability of soil moisture, which play a major role in maintaining the water balance of the catchment, is accounted. The discretely calibrated data is then recombined to form the entire time series. However, while recombining the discretely calibrated time periods, the physics of the hydrological processes, at the time of transition from one period to the other, may show abrupt variations. In addition, the short spells of wetness and dryness within this partitioned period, which influences the soil saturation, may not get effectively simulated. This study proposes division of simulation period into wet and dry spells considering the state of saturation of the watershed. This is achieved by clustering the time series of the data using the antecedent precipitation and the soil moisture conditions. A supervised Gustafson-Kessel clustering technique is employed for the same. Subsequently, a relationship between the precipitation, the daily change in soil moisture and a selected model parameter is established for all the cluster transitions and incorporated into the model structure. The proposed methodology is tested using a grid based model with six parameters, on Riesel watershed, Texas, USA. The results indicate that clusters formed are unique, with no fixed duration and no repetitive patterns across the entire simulation period. For preliminary analysis, only one parameter is dynamically varied depending on the incoming rainfall. The performance of the refined model (NSE = 0.85) over the conventional static parameter model (NSE = 0.83), though not significant, indicate that better process representation can aid in improving model simulations. It is noted that this method eliminates the abrupt variation of soil moisture across the wet and dry periods, as the simulation is continuous.</p>

Effect of Growth Stage and Environment on Foliar Absorption, Translocation, Metabolism, and Activity of Nicosulfuron in Quackgrass (Elytrigia repens)

Weed Science ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 447-454 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph A. Bruce ◽  
J. Boyd Carey ◽  
Donald Penner ◽  
James J. Kells
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Growth Stage ◽  
Moisture Stress ◽  
Foliar Absorption ◽  
Elytrigia Repens ◽  
Urea Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Plant Moisture ◽  
Moisture Conditions ◽  
Petroleum Oil

Experiments were conducted to examine the influence of adjuvant, growth stage, air temperature, and soil moisture on nicosulfuron activity, absorption, and distribution in quackgrass. Foliar absorption of14C-nicosulfuron by quackgrass was greater in one-leaf than five-leaf plants. Total translocation of14C-nicosulfuron was similar regardless of growth stage. However, nicosulfuron was more phytotoxic to three- and five-leaf than one-leaf quackgrass. Of the absorbed14C, at least 71 % remained as14C-nicosulfuron 168 h after application in three-leaf plants.14C-Nicosulfuron absorption, translocation, and accumulation increased with increasing temperatures and was independent of soil moisture. Under adequate soil moisture conditions (-0.03 MPa), nicosulfuron activity was not influenced by temperature. Nicosulfuron efficacy was not influenced by soil moisture at a cool (11/6 C) temperature. As plant moisture stress increased, due to low soil moisture and increasing air temperature, nicosulfuron efficacy declined. Differences in nicosulfuron efficacy due to growth stage or environmental conditions could not be explained by differential14C recovery, absorption, translocation, or accumulation. The addition of 28% urea-ammonium nitrate liquid fertilizer (UAN) to14C-nico-sulfuron plus petroleum oil adjuvant (POA) provided greater14C absorption than POA alone. Translocation of14C with POA alone 168 h after treatment (HAT) was similar to POA plus UAN 24 HAT. However, 168 HAT there was no difference in the total amount of radiolabelled material translocated among the adjuvants.

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