Differential Effects of UAN on Antagonism with Bentazon

1990 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 620-624 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Clifford Gerwick ◽  
Lisa D. Tanguay ◽  
Frank G. Burroughs
Keyword(s):  
Methyl Ester ◽  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Differential Effect ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Solution Ph ◽  
Differential Effects ◽  
Spray Solution ◽  
Giant Foxtail ◽  
Urea Ammonium Nitrate

The effect of urea ammonium nitrate (UAN) on the antagonism of sethoxydim, haloxyfop, or the methyl ester of haloxyfop activity by bentazon was evaluated in greenhouse and field trials on yellow and giant foxtail. Including UAN in the spray solution in the absence of bentazon did not enhance the activity of any of the three grass herbicides. However, adding UAN to sethoxydim or haloxyfop in the presence of bentazon decreased the bentazon antagonism of grass activity. Conversely, UAN increased bentazon antagonism of the activity of haloxyfop methyl ester. The differential effect of UAN was not linked to effects on spray solution pH.

Nitrogen Carrier and Surfactant Increase Foliar Herbicide Injury in Winter Wheat (Triticum aestivum)

1997 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Phillip W. Stahlman ◽  
Randall S. Currie ◽  
Mosad A. El-Hamid
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Nonionic Surfactant ◽  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Wheat Grain ◽  
Foliar Injury ◽  
Spray Solution ◽  
Urea Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
One Year

A three-year field study in west-central Kansas investigated the effects of combinations of spray carrier, nonionic surfactant (NIS), triasulfuron, and/or 2,4-D on winter wheat foliar injury and grain yield. Herbicides applied in water without NIS caused little or no foliar injury in two of three years. Urea-ammonium nitrate (UAN) at 112 L/ha (40 kg N/ha) alone or as a carrier for herbicides caused moderate to severe foliar injury in all three years. Adding NIS to UAN spray solutions increased foliar injury, especially with the tank mixture of triasulfuron + 2,4-D. Effects of triasulfuron + NIS or 2,4-D applied in UAN were additive. Foliar injury was related inversely to temperature following application. Foliar injury was most evident 4 to 7 d after application and disappeared within 2 to 3 wk. Diluting UAN 50% with water lessened foliar injury in two of three years, especially in the presence of NIS, regardless of whether herbicides were in the spray solution. Treatments did not reduce wheat grain yield in any year despite estimates of up to 53% foliar injury one year.

Velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti) and Sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris) Response to Triflusulfuron and Desmedipham Plus Phenmedipham

1996 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 121-126 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert J. Starke ◽  
Karen A. Renner
Keyword(s):  
Nonionic Surfactant ◽  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Field Study ◽  
Beta Vulgaris ◽  
Abutilon Theophrasti ◽  
Root Yield ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Spray Solution ◽  
Urea Ammonium Nitrate

Velvetleaf control and sugarbeet response to POST triflusulfuron applied alone and in combination with desmedipham plus phenmedipham, nonionic surfactant, and urea ammonium nitrate (50:50) were evaluated in the greenhouse (velvetleaf only) and field. In a second field study, the effect of POST applications of triflusulfuron, desmedipham plus phenmedipham, ethofumesate, endothall, or combinations of these herbicides on sugarbeet root yield and quality was determined in the absence of weeds. Triflusulfuron controlled velvetleaf only when nonionic surfactant (NIS) was added to the spray solution. Desmedipham plus phenmedipham plus triflusulfuron gave greater velvetleaf control than triflusulfuron in the absence of NIS in the field. However, adding desmedipham plus phenmedipham to triflusulfuron plus NIS decreased velvetleaf control in the greenhouse. Adding desmedipham plus phenmedipham to triflusulfuron plus NIS increased visible sugarbeet response compared to triflusulfuron plus nonionic surfactant or desmedipham plus phenmedipham 14 d after the last POST application in 1994. In the absence of weeds, POST herbicide applications that included triflusulfuron did not reduce sugarbeet root yield more than other POST herbicides.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Fertigation Applied to Furrow and Overhead Irrigated Cotton Grown in a Black Vertosol in Southern Queensland, Australia

2018 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 197-211 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diogenes L. Antille
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Pore Space ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Fertilizer N ◽  
Crop Season ◽  
N Losses ◽  
Pipe Surface ◽  
Overhead Irrigation ◽  
Urea Ammonium Nitrate

Abstract.Field trials were conducted at gated pipe surface and overhead irrigation sites established to cotton ( L.) to evaluate irrigation and fertigation management using a model-based control system. The control strategies determined the timing and volume of irrigation, and the rate of fertilizer-N to apply through fertigation. For this, nitrogen (N) was applied in-crop season using urea ammonium nitrate (UAN, 30% N solution) at a rate of 40 kg ha-1 N. At the furrows site, the uniformity of distribution of fertilizer-N applied through fertigation was satisfactory, which was achieved both at distance (600 m) and depth (0-600 mm). Applying fertilizer-N through fertigation, at the rate used in this study, showed relatively small (=8%) improvements in cotton yield, which was explained by relatively high N rates (180 kg ha-1 N) applied before planting. Given current price ratios (fertilizer-to-cotton), application of N through fertigation appears to be economical in both systems, but relative agronomic efficiencies and economic return from the fertilizer applied were lower in furrow compared with overhead (P<0.05). Fertigation may be recommended when pre-season N application rates are low (e.g., <100 kg ha-1 N), particularly in overhead irrigation as significantly higher efficiencies both in terms of water and N use can be achieved with this system. This would enable some of the operational constraints associated with application of N in-crop season to be overcome; thereby, reducing the need for high rates of N applied up-front. For the overhead system, there were also advantages compared with the furrow system in terms of reduced potential for N2O emissions after irrigation or fertigation. Overall, short-term (30-day period) soil emissions of N2O were approximately eight times higher in furrow compared with overhead. Emissions from non-fertigated crops were approximately two times higher in furrow compared with overhead. Emissions from the fertigated crop under the overhead system were comparable to the non-fertigated crop of the furrow system (P>0.05). In both systems, fluxes were highest within five days of irrigation or fertigation, but they decreased significantly after that time as soil moisture content (water-filled pore space) and soil nitrate levels decreased due to crop uptake. Nitrous oxide fluxes were similar in furrow and overhead 15 days after the irrigation or fertigation event. Areas that warrant further investigation are presented and discussed, including the need for improved timing of fertilizer delivery during the irrigation cycle to ensure that N losses through leaching or gaseous evolution (e.g., N2O, N2) are not economically or environmentally significant. Keywords: Greenhouse gas emissions, Irrigated cotton, Nitrogen use efficiency, Urea ammonium nitrate, Water-run urea.

Reducing the risks of in-crop nitrogen fertilizer applications in spring wheat and canola

2008 ◽  
Vol 88 (5) ◽  
pp. 907-919 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. P. Lafond ◽  
S. A. Brandt ◽  
B. Irvine ◽  
W. E. May ◽  
C. B. Holzapfel
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Potential Yield ◽  
Canadian Prairies ◽  
Leaf Stage ◽  
Urea Ammonium Nitrate

Nitrogen is the most limiting nutrient in crop production on the Canadian prairies. There is great interest in managing it more effectively for environmental and economic reasons. Our objective was to study the effectiveness of using different proportions of recommended nitrogen rates at seeding with the balance at different crop growth stages to minimize the risks of potential yield losses from in-crop nitrogen applications in spring wheat and canola. The field trials with wheat were conducted at three locations from 2003 to 2006 and at two locations for canola from 2004 to 2006. The treatments consisted of applying 100, 67, 50, 33 or 0% of the targeted N rate at seeding using urea in mid-row bands and the balance in-crop at the 1.5, 3.5 or 5.5 leaf stages in spring wheat and at the 5-6 leaf stage, bolting or start of flowering stage in canola using surface dribble band of liquid urea-ammonium nitrate. With spring wheat, applying 33% of the recommended N rate at seeding with the balance in-crop resulted in similar yields to when all the nitrogen was applied at seeding in one study while, in the other, some yield loss was observed at the 3.5 leaf stage. This indicates that a higher proportion, such as 50%, would be more appropriate. With canola, a minimum of 50% of the recommended nitrogen rate was required at seeding and the in-crop application at or before the bolting phase to give yields equivalent to when all fertilizer was applied at seeding. Consequently, applying 50% or more of the recommended N at seeding enhances the opportunity for in-crop applications of nitrogen in spring wheat and canola to better match the soil and climatic conditions. Key words: Canola, wheat, split applications, liquid urea-ammonium nitrate, grain yield, grain protein

Effect of Adjuvants and Urea Ammonium Nitrate on Bispyribac Efficacy, Absorption, and Translocation in Barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli). I. Efficacy, Rainfastness, and Soil Moisture

Weed Science ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 55 (5) ◽  
pp. 399-405 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clifford H. Koger ◽  
Darrin M. Dodds ◽  
Daniel B. Reynolds
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Seed Oil ◽  
Acetolactate Synthase ◽  
Rainfall Event ◽  
Spray Solution ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Urea Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Moisture Conditions ◽  
Different Levels

Bispyribac is registered for postemergence control of broadleaf, sedge, and grass weeds in rice. Bispyribac inhibits the acetolactate synthase enzyme in sensitive plants. Herbicides in this class of chemistry require a spray adjuvant to achieve optimal efficacy, often achieve different levels of weed control according to the spray adjuvant used, and typically have rainfast periods of at least 6 to 8 h. Efficacy and rainfastness of bispyribac can be affected by spray adjuvant and the addition of urea ammonium nitrate (UAN). Greenhouse experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of spray adjuvant type, addition of UAN, and soil moisture on bispyribac efficacy on barnyardgrass. Control of barnyardgrass was improved when UAN was added to bispyribac at 0.4 or 0.8 g ha−1plus an organosilicone-based nonionic surfactant (OSL/NIS) or methylated seed oil/organosilicone (MSO/OSL) spray adjuvant. The type of adjuvant added to the spray solution affected bispyribac efficacy on barnyardgrass. The addition of UAN decreased the rainfast period from 8 h (registered rainfast period) to 1 or 4 h (99 to 100% control) when either the OSL/NIS or MSO/OSL adjuvant was applied with bispyribac, respectively. Applying UAN and OSL/NIS or MSO/OSL adjuvant with bispyribac enhanced efficacy and reduced the time period required between bispyribac application and washoff during a rainfall event. Increasing soil moisture conditions resulted in greater efficacy from bispyribac when applied with and without UAN.

Effect of Nicosulfuron Rate, Adjuvant, and Weed Size on Annual Weed Control in Corn (Zea mays)

1994 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 696-702 ◽  
Author(s):  
George Kapusta ◽  
Ronald F. Krausz ◽  
Mustajab Khan ◽  
Joseph L. Matthews
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Nonionic Surfactant ◽  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Weed Control ◽  
Growth Stage ◽  
Giant Foxtail ◽  
Urea Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Petroleum Oil ◽  
Corn Grain ◽  
Corn Grain Yield

Field experiments were conducted in 1988 and 1989 to (i) evaluate annual weed control with nicosulfuron applied at rates of 17 to 70 g ai/ha with several additives and (ii) evaluate annual weed control with nicosulfuron applied at rates of 17 to 105 g/ha at three corn growth stages. In 1988, in the adjuvant study, giant foxtail control increased linearly with no additive or with urea ammonium nitrate as the rate of nicosulfuron increased. Petroleum oil concentrate, nonionic surfactant, and a combination of either petroleum oil concentrate or nonionic surfactant with urea ammonium nitrate applied with nicosulfuron increased giant foxtail control to 90% or greater regardless of rate both years. Nicosulfuron at all rates with no additive and in combination with all additives controlled 93% or more of redroot pigweed and Pennsylvania smartweed both years. Corn grain yield was related to the level of giant foxtail control. In the rate by corn growth stage study, giant foxtail, redroot pigweed, and Pennsylvania smartweed control was 90% or greater regardless of nicosulfuron rate or application stage both years. Corn grain yield was related more to the duration of weed competition than the level of weed control with grain yield 8 to 12% lower with nicosulfuron applied at the V7 growth stage compared with the V3 or V5 growth stage.

Quizalofop and Sethoxydim Activity as Affected by Adjuvants and Ammonium Fertilizers

Weed Science ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 12-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas H. Beckett ◽  
Edward W. Stoller ◽  
Loren E. Bode
Keyword(s):  
Surface Tension ◽  
Nonionic Surfactant ◽  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Ammonium Sulfate ◽  
Buffering Capacity ◽  
Ammonium Polyphosphate ◽  
Laboratory Studies ◽  
Giant Foxtail ◽  
Urea Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Petroleum Oil

Ammonium fertilizers, petroleum oil concentrate, and nonionic surfactant were evaluated as postemergence spray additives to improve giant foxtail and volunteer corn control by 28 g ai ha−1of the ethyl ester of quizalofop or 56 g ha−1sethoxydim. Additions of 0.25% by vol nonionic surfactant or 2.5% petroleum oil concentrate improved grass control, but additions of 10% urea ammonium nitrate (28-0-0), 10% ammonium polyphosphate (10-34-0), or 0.1M ammonium sulfate (21-0-0-24S) did not consistently affect grass control. In laboratory studies with corn, greatest14C absorption from leaf-applied14C-quizalofop (8 h after treatment) was found with additions of petroleum oil concentrate (80% absorbed) or nonionic surfactant (18% absorbed), while less absorption was observed with treatments containing either no additive, urea ammonium nitrate, ammonium polyphosphate, or ammonium sulfate (8 to 13% absorbed). Surface tension and droplet size of spray solutions were affected primarily by additions of nonionic surfactant, petroleum oil concentrate, and the formulated herbicides. Solution density, solute potential, pH, and buffering capacity were primarily affected by fertilizer additions.

scholarly journals Urea Ammonium Nitrate Additive and Raking Improved Mesotrione Efficacy on Creeping Bentgrass

2011 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lijuan Xie ◽  
Deying Li ◽  
Wenjuan Fang ◽  
Kirk Howatt
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Field Study ◽  
Creeping Bentgrass ◽  
Agrostis Stolonifera ◽  
Ionic Surfactant ◽  
Spray Solution ◽  
Selective Control ◽  
Herbicide Treatments ◽  
Urea Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Plot Design

Selective control of creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera) is desirable when it has escaped into other turfgrasses. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence on creeping bentgrass control from adding urea ammonium nitrate (UAN) to mesotrione plus non-ionic surfactant (NIS) spray solution, and raking to remove dead tissues of creeping bentgrass. A 2-year field study was conducted with a split-plot design, where raking was the whole plot treatment and herbicide was the sub-plot treatment. Herbicide treatments included application of mesotrione at 56 and 70 g·ha−1 singly and sequentially with 0.25% (v/v) NIS or 0.25% (v/v) NIS plus 2.5% (v/v) UAN solution. Sequential applications were made three times on a 2-week interval. Removing the dead clippings by raking improved the creeping bentgrass control from 60% to 73% averaged over rates, timings, adjuvants, and years. Adding UAN to NIS plus mesotrione improved creeping bentgrass control from 78% to 98% with three sequential applications at 70 g·ha−1.

Effect of nitrogen source and soil type on inorganic nitrogen concentrations and availability in field trials with wheat

1992 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 175 ◽  
Author(s):  
MG Mason
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Ammonium Sulfate ◽  
Inorganic Nitrogen ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Ammonium N ◽  
Nitrogen Concentrations ◽  
Urea Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Rate Of Decline ◽  
N Rates

Thirteen trials, each with 3 nitrogen (N) sources (urea, ammonium nitrate, and ammonium sulfate) and 2 N rates (25 and 75 kg N/ha), were carried out during 1987-89, to measure the rate of disappearance of ammonium-N on different soils. Six soil categories were examined, from very acid to calcareous light soils, and from medium to heavy textured soils. Plots were planted with wheat, and at the higher rate of N, fallow plots were included to distinguish plant uptake from other processes such as nitrification and immobilisation that cause the disappearance of ammonium N. Reduction in concentration of ammonium-N was rapid on high pH, light soils (2-3 weeks at Dongara 1988), and slower with decreasing soil pH (e.g. >19 weeks at Merredin 1987). Nitrate-N concentration increased on fertiliser-treated plots at all sites, indicating that nitrification was taking place. Ammonium-N decline was slower with ammonium sulfate supplied than with urea or ammonium nitrate, consistent with its greater acidifying effect in the soil. This difference did not occur on the alkaline light soils, where reduction in concentration of ammonium-N was rapid for all sources. In 1989, the rate of decline of ammonium-N was considerably slowed because the soil surface containing the ammonium-N was dried during a very dry spring with little effective rainfall in September and October.

Effects of CO2, N2, Air, and Nitrogen Salts on Spray Solution pH

1990 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 910-912 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald W. McCormick
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Spray Nozzle ◽  
Monoammonium Phosphate ◽  
Solution Ph ◽  
Pressurized Water ◽  
Spray Solution ◽  
Physical Chemical ◽  
Water Ph ◽  
Urea Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Reduced Water

Water samples from eight locations, ranging in pH from 7.1 to 8.5, were tested to determine the effect of carbon dioxide (CO2) pressurization on pH. After pressurization with CO2the pH of the water decreased 1.8 to 4.1 pH units. An increase of 0.4 to 1.2 pH units occurred after the CO2pressurized water exited a spray nozzle. The use of N2or air as a pressurizing gas had very little effect on pH. The addition of diammonium phosphate, urea-ammonium nitrate (UAN)3, or ammonium sulfate had only minor effects on water pH. The addition of monoammonium phosphate reduced water pH to 4.6 to 5.5. The physical/chemical properties and activity of a herbicide may be altered with the change in spray solution pH by using CO2to pressurize the spray solution.

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