A Model for Predicting Common Cocklebur (Xanthium strumarium) Emergence in Soybean

Weed Science ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 55 (4) ◽  
pp. 341-345 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jason K. Norsworthy ◽  
Marcos J. Oliveira
Keyword(s):  
Water Potential ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Soil Water Potential ◽  
Thermal Fluctuation ◽  
Parameter Estimates ◽  
Weibull Function ◽  
Base Temperature ◽  
Presence And Absence

The objective of this research was to develop a model to predict common cocklebur seedling emergence in spring tillage and no-spring-tillage systems in the presence and absence of a soybean canopy. A Weibull function was used to accumulate heat units (i.e., growing degree days) at a 2.5 cm soil depth on days when mean soil temperature, soil water potential, and soil thermal fluctuation were above established thresholds. The base temperature, soil water potential, and soil thermal fluctuation thresholds used for model development were 17 C, −100 kPa, and 7.5 C, respectively. A single function adequately described common cocklebur seedling emergence in the presence and absence of drill-seeded soybean from data combined over an artificial (2004) and natural seedbank (2005) (R2= 0.986). Model parameterization differed between the artificial and natural seedbank in the absence of spring tillage, but emergence was adequately described, regardless of soybean presence. Separate parameter estimates for the artificial and natural seedbanks were needed to adequately describe emergence in the system without spring tillage (R2= 0.975 to 0.984). The ability of the model to account for reduced emergence when soil moisture is limited or when daily thermal fluctuation requirements are not met could assist practitioners with assessments associated with field scouting for weeds as well as other management decisions.

Soil water dynamics in forested and irrigated sites in Cyprus 

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marinos Eliades ◽  
Adriana Bruggeman ◽  
Hakan Djuma ◽  
Melpomeni Siakou ◽  
Panagiota Venetsanou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Water Potential ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Water Flow ◽  
Water Retention ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Soil Water Potential ◽  
Water Dynamics ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Irrigation Amount

<p>The water storage in soil is a dynamic process that changes with soil, vegetation and climate properties. Water retention curves, that describe the relationship between the soil water content (θ) and the soil water potential (ψ), are used to model soil water flow and root water uptake by the plants. The overall objective of this study is to derive the retention curves of soils at two forested (Agia Marina, Platania) and two irrigated (Galata, Strakka) sites in Cyprus from in-situ soil moisture and soil water potential observations. <br>The long-term (1980 – 2010) average annual rainfall at Strakka olive grove (255 m elevation), Agia Marina P. brutia forest (640 m), Galata peach orchard (784 m) and Platania P. brutia forest (1160 m) is 298, 425, 502 and 839 mm, respectively.  The average soil depth at Agia Marina is 14 cm, while at other sites it is around 1 m. We installed a total of 18 TEROS21 soil water potential sensors, 37 5TM and 19 SMT100 soil moisture sensors, at different soil depths at the four sites. <br>Results from January 2019 to January 2021 show differences in the water retention curves of the four sites due to different soil textures. At the forested sites, θ reached wilting point at the summer period, indicating that trees extend their roots beyond the soil profile, to the bedrock in order to survive. At the irrigated sites, θ exceeds field capacity during irrigation, indicating over-irrigation. We found different water retention relations after rainfall and after irrigation, indicating that irrigation has an uneven spatial distribution. These findings suggest that the irrigation in these fields is not optimal and farmers may need to increase the number of irrigation drippers, while reducing the irrigation amount per dripper. From a monitoring perspective, increasing the number of sensors may give a better representation of the soil moisture conditions. <br>The research has received financial support from the ERANETMED3 program, as part of the ISOMED project (Environmental Isotope Techniques for Water Flow Accounting), funded through the Cyprus Research and Innovation Foundation.</p>

THE EFFECT OF SOIL WATER POTENTIAL, TEMPERATURE AND SEEDING DEPTH ON SEEDLING EMERGENCE OF WHEAT

1979 ◽  
Vol 59 (3) ◽  
pp. 259-264 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. DE JONG ◽  
K. F. BEST
Keyword(s):  
Water Potential ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Minimum Temperature ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Potential Temperature ◽  
Soil Water Potential ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Planting Dates ◽  
Water Potentials ◽  
Soil Temperatures

Daily emergence counts were made on Canthatch wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grown in five soil types, at four soil temperatures and three water potentials and planted at five different depths. Regardless of soil type, soil water potential or depth of planting, 50% emergence generally occurred within a week at 19.4 and 26.7 °C, and within 2 wk at 12.2 °C, but it took up to 6 wk at 5 °C. The heat sum required to attain 50% seedling emergence did not increase significantly with decreasing soil water potentials, but the minimum temperature for emergence dropped from 1.3 to 0.2 °C as the water potential decreased from −⅓ to −10 bar. It was suggested that the seedlings compensated for the increased water stress by lowering their minimum temperature requirements. Increasing the planting depth not only increased the heat requirement for emergence, but it also increased the variability of emergence, especially at low temperatures. Practical aspects concerning planting dates and depths were considered.

Seedling survivorship of temperate grassland perennials is remarkably resistant to projected changes in rainfall

2012 ◽  
Vol 60 (4) ◽  
pp. 328 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael P. Perring ◽  
Mark J. Hovenden
Keyword(s):  
Water Potential ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Soil Water Potential ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Grassland Species ◽  
Seedling Survivorship ◽  
Water Recharge ◽  
Rainfall Reduction ◽  
Projected Changes

Recruitment is central to the maintenance of any plant population, particularly in disturbed or drought-prone environments. Recruitment relies on both seedling emergence and subsequent survival to establishment, processes susceptible to changes in soil water potential. Here, we use an existing relationship between seedling survivorship and soil water potential from the TasFACE global change impacts experiment situated in Tasmanian grassland, elucidate relationships between rainfall and soil water potential, and then simulate seedling survivorship responses to potential changes in both the amount and seasonal distribution of precipitation. Annual rainfall was a poor predictor of survivorship, suggesting the importance of seasonal and daily distribution of rain in determining establishment patterns. Modelled seedling survivorship was remarkably resistant to declines in rainfall, with a rainfall reduction of 40% reducing survivorship only by ~10%. Reducing spring rainfall only markedly reduced seedling survivorship when the rain removed was not added to winter rainfall. Our results show that soil water recharge during winter is critical to seedling survivorship of perennial species at the study site. Providing rainfall regimes allow recharge to occur, seedling survivorship of perennial grassland species may be maintained despite large reductions in rainfall, indicating that these grassland species may have an inherent capacity that limits the impacts of reductions in rainfall.

Modeling the Emergence of Three Arable Bedstraw (Galium) Species

Weed Science ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 10-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aritz Royo-Esnal ◽  
Joel Torra ◽  
Josep Antoni Conesa ◽  
Frank Forcella ◽  
Jordi Recasens
Keyword(s):  
Water Potential ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Soil Water Potential ◽  
Base Temperature ◽  
Winter Cereal ◽  
Growth Functions ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Mediterranean Regions ◽  
Cereal Fields ◽  
Base Water Potential

Multiyear field data from Spain were used to model seedling emergence for three bedstraw species (Galium) that can coexist in winter cereal fields. The relationships between cumulative emergence and both growing degree days (GDD) and hydrothermal time (HTT) in soil were analyzed as sigmoid growth functions (Weibull). Iterations of base temperature and base water potential were used to optimize the HTT scale. All species were well described with Weibull functions. Both GDD and HTT models provided good descriptions of catchweed bedstraw emergence, as its seedlings have less dependence on soil water potential than false cleavers and threehorn bedstraw, which were described best with HTT. The HTT model for catchweed bedstraw was validated successfully with independent data from the United Kingdom. The models may be useful for predicting bedstraw emergence in semiarid Mediterranean regions and elsewhere.

scholarly journals The influence of soil water potential and soil temperature on the seedling emergence of wheat and barley

1986 ◽  
Vol 58 (4) ◽  
pp. 185-190 ◽  
Author(s):  
Markku Tenhovuori
Keyword(s):  
Water Potential ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Water Uptake ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Soil Water Potential ◽  
Matric Potential ◽  
Initial Water ◽  
Emergence Period ◽  
Increasing Temperature ◽  
Clear Increase

The time for 50 % emergence of wheat and barley increases linearly with decreasing matric potential. This increase actually begins at matric pressures above pF 2.7. The rise in temperature makes emergence faster with in the range of minimum temperature (3.1°C for wheat and 1.9°C for barley) and the temperature where growth begins to slow down(about 31°C for wheat and 27°C for barley).The optimum range for 50 % emergence was obtained at a matric pressure range of pF 1.3—2.7 or —5.0— —0.20 m (water column) at a temperature of 10°C, which quite well corresponds to the situation in Finland during the emergence period in spring. A clear increase can be observed in the required heat sum for wheat and barley when the soil water potential reaches a critical point which was pF 2.8 or—6.3m for wheat and pF 2.7 or —5.0 m for barley. The total emergence as a function of matric potential for wheat and barley was determined over a period of 30 days at 10°C. In the wet side, pF 1,0 can be considered a limit, the total emergence decreasing with lower values. In the dry side, a corresponding decrease can be noticed in total emergence at pF above 3.0. The water uptake by seeds speeded up with increasing temperature from 10 to 25°C. Radicles of wheat and barley began to appear when the water uptake by the seed was approximately 50—60 % of the initial weight of the seed. The initial water uptake caused by the moistening of the pericarp due to capillarity was about 3 % for wheat and 5 % for barley at a soil water potential of pF 1.2.

scholarly journals Effects of soil moisture on the germination and emergence of sugar beet (beta vulgaris l.)

1975 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erkki Aura
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Polyethylene Glycol ◽  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Water Potential ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Water Intake ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Soil Water Potential ◽  
Permeable Membrane ◽  
Low Water Potential

By means of theoretical calculations and laboratory experiments, this study attempted to elucidate the effects of excessive and of inadequate soil moisture on the germination and seedling emergence of sugar beet. The results of this study confirmed the opinion that water contained in the sugar beet seed or surrounding the seed as a water film is a barrier to the adequate intake of oxygen by the seed only when the value of the water potential is close to zero. The soil water potential at which the passage of oxygen into the seed is prevented depends largely on the structure of the seed bed. With a semi-permeable membrane of cellulose acetate and a solution of polyethylene glycol, it was shown that the sugar beet seed will still germinate fairly well at a potential of —10 atm, but at —13 atm germination is slight. The soil water potential appeared to have nearly the same effect on germination as did the water potential of the polyethylene glycol solution. The seedling emergence percentage was, however, smaller than the germination percentage in experiments with the semi-permeable membrane. This was considered to be caused by the slow extension growth of the radicle due to a low water potential, at the stage of seedling emergence. According to studies made, the initial water intake of the sugar beet seed planted in soil is rapid. Poor contact between the seed and the soil slows down water intake and seedling emergence, but does not impair the final seedling emergence. Removal of the fruit coat was shown to improve germination markedly when the water potential is low. This treatment would have little practical significance, since the growth of the radicle at a low water potential is very slow.

Response in Plant Water Status to Integrated Values of Soil Matric Potential Calculated From Soil Water Depletion by a Field Bean Crop

1980 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 51 ◽  
Author(s):  
AJ Karamanos
Keyword(s):  
Water Potential ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Soil Water Potential ◽  
Field Bean ◽  
Soil Matric Potential ◽  
Matric Potential ◽  
Water Depletion ◽  
Soil Layers ◽  
Bean Crop

Water deficits were induced in a field bean crop using Polythene rainout shelters to study the crop response to changes in soil matric potential integrated over the zone of soil water extraction. Integrated values of soil matric potential (Ψm,s) were derived from the values of matric potential (Ψm,s) at four separate depths weighted according to the corresponding rates of water depletion at the time of measurement. Linear relationships existed between Ψm,s and variations in leaf water potential before sunrise (Ψd) and in the afternoon (Ψa). The total resistance to daily water flow in the soil-plant system was found to increase linearly with falling Ψm,s. The water flux from separate soil layers indicated that the deeper the layer, the greater the resistance to water uptake from soils at a given value of soil water potential. Such an increase in resistance with soil depth, which considerably reduced the availability of soil water in the deeper soil layers, was attributed mainly to plant factors.

Effect of Soil Water Potential of Two Soils on Soybean Emergence 1

1979 ◽  
Vol 71 (6) ◽  
pp. 980-982 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. G. Heatherly ◽  
W. J. Russell
Keyword(s):  
Water Potential ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Soil Water Potential

scholarly journals A Data-Driven Method for the Temporal Estimation of Soil Water Potential and Its Application for Shallow Landslides Prediction

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 1208
Author(s):  
Massimiliano Bordoni ◽  
Fabrizio Inzaghi ◽  
Valerio Vivaldi ◽  
Roberto Valentino ◽  
Marco Bittelli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Water Potential ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Temporal Trends ◽  
Soil Water Potential ◽  
Shallow Landslides ◽  
Water Dynamics ◽  
Data Driven ◽  
Machine Learning Techniques ◽  
Physically Based

Soil water potential is a key factor to study water dynamics in soil and for estimating the occurrence of natural hazards, as landslides. This parameter can be measured in field or estimated through physically-based models, limited by the availability of effective input soil properties and preliminary calibrations. Data-driven models, based on machine learning techniques, could overcome these gaps. The aim of this paper is then to develop an innovative machine learning methodology to assess soil water potential trends and to implement them in models to predict shallow landslides. Monitoring data since 2012 from test-sites slopes in Oltrepò Pavese (northern Italy) were used to build the models. Within the tested techniques, Random Forest models allowed an outstanding reconstruction of measured soil water potential temporal trends. Each model is sensitive to meteorological and hydrological characteristics according to soil depths and features. Reliability of the proposed models was confirmed by correct estimation of days when shallow landslides were triggered in the study areas in December 2020, after implementing the modeled trends on a slope stability model, and by the correct choice of physically-based rainfall thresholds. These results confirm the potential application of the developed methodology to estimate hydrological scenarios that could be used for decision-making purposes.

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