Comparative Phytotoxicity Assays of the Herbicide Alloxydim and Its Main Identified Photoproduct in Cereal and Broadleaves Crops

Weed Science ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 377-387 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pilar Sandín-España ◽  
Beatriz Sevilla-Morán ◽  
Mercedes Villarroya-Ferruz ◽  
José L. Alonso-Prados ◽  
M. Inés Santín-Montanyá
Keyword(s):  
Human Health ◽  
Active Substance ◽  
Degradation Products ◽  
Model Systems ◽  
Parent Substance ◽  
Cereal Crops ◽  
Rapid Degradation ◽  
Soil Model ◽  
Plant Cuticles ◽  
Grass Weed

When herbicides are sprayed in the field, a proportion of the herbicide falls onto leaves and soil surfaces, where it can be exposed to sunlight, generating photoproducts that can be more toxic and/or persistent than the parent substance and affect human health and the environment. The aim of this study was to identify the photoproducts of the herbicide alloxydim in leaf and soil model systems and to perform phytotoxicity studies. Alloxydim was rapidly photodegraded in systems simulating plant cuticles and soil surfaces, with half-lives ranging from 1 to 30 min. The main by-product, identified by LC-Qtof-MS as deallyoxylated alloxydim, was more stable than the active substance. The EC50values on root lengths of different varieties of wheat plants and one grass weed ranged from 0.38 to 0.50 mg L−1for alloxydim. In contrast, the EC50values for deallyoxylated alloxydim ranged from 94 to 600 mg L−1in the same species and in crops where the herbicide was applied. Special attention should be given to alloxydim degradation products because of the rapid degradation of this herbicide. Comparative bioassay studies between alloxydim and its photostable by-product showed that the by-product presents low phytotoxicity, whereas alloxydim can cause injury to neighboring and succeeding cereal crops.

scholarly journals The Gut Microbiome and Xenobiotics: Identifying Knowledge Gaps

2020 ◽  
Vol 176 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vicki L Sutherland ◽  
Charlene A McQueen ◽  
Donna Mendrick ◽  
Donna Gulezian ◽  
Carl Cerniglia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Health ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Drug Efficacy ◽  
Model Systems ◽  
Microbial Composition ◽  
Breakout Group ◽  
Data Gaps ◽  
Critical Issues ◽  
And Function

Abstract There is an increasing awareness that the gut microbiome plays a critical role in human health and disease, but mechanistic insights are often lacking. In June 2018, the Health and Environmental Sciences Institute (HESI) held a workshop, “The Gut Microbiome: Markers of Human Health, Drug Efficacy and Xenobiotic Toxicity” (https://hesiglobal.org/event/the-gut-microbiome-workshop) to identify data gaps in determining how gut microbiome alterations may affect human health. Speakers and stakeholders from academia, government, and industry addressed multiple topics including the current science on the gut microbiome, endogenous and exogenous metabolites, biomarkers, and model systems. The workshop presentations and breakout group discussions formed the basis for identifying data gaps and research needs. Two critical issues that emerged were defining the microbial composition and function related to health and developing standards for models, methods and analysis in order to increase the ability to compare and replicate studies. A series of key recommendations were formulated to focus efforts to further understand host-microbiome interactions and the consequences of exposure to xenobiotics as well as identifying biomarkers of microbiome-associated disease and toxicity.

scholarly journals Molecular identification of three isolates of Trichoderma harzianum isolated from agricultural soils in Argentina, and their abilities to detoxify in vitro metsulfuron methyl

Botany ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 93 (11) ◽  
pp. 793-800 ◽  
Author(s):  
María Belén Vázquez ◽  
Viviana Barrera ◽  
Virginia Bianchinotti
Keyword(s):  
Trichoderma Harzianum ◽  
Contaminated Soils ◽  
Lens Culinaris ◽  
Agricultural Soils ◽  
Degradation Products ◽  
Cereal Crops ◽  
Sulfonylurea Herbicide ◽  
Metsulfuron Methyl ◽  
Germinated Seeds

Metsulfuron methyl (MM) is a sulfonylurea herbicide used worldwide for the control of weeds in cereal crops. In a previous study, three Trichoderma strains (T5, T6, and T7) capable of using MM as a sole carbon and energy source were isolated. In this study, the three strains were identified as Trichoderma harzianum using genetic markers, and the transformation of MM by the T. harzianum strains was quantified using spectrophotometry. Solutions of different phytotoxic doses of MM were incubated with plugs of mycelia of the Trichoderma strains and the resulting mixtures were used to assess MM detoxification. The toxicity of the degradation products was tested with a bioassay using pre-germinated seeds of Lens culinaris Medik. and mycelia. Strain T7 was more efficient in transforming MM at higher concentrations than the T5 and T6 strains. In the bioassay, T5 showed the best performance at higher MM doses. We conclude that both T5 and T7 strains are promising for further studies regarding treatment or amelioration of MM contaminated soils.

scholarly journals Impact of Pesticide and Fertilizer on Human Health: A Case Study in Godawari Area, Lalitpur, Nepal

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 65-76
Author(s):  
Nirmala Basnet ◽  
Chabbi Lal Chidi
Keyword(s):  
Human Health ◽  
Scientific Study ◽  
Protection System ◽  
Cereal Crops ◽  
Chemical Fertilizers ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Vegetable Farming ◽  
Local Farmers

Different types of pesticides and chemical fertilizers are in use in Nepal which is harmful for human health. These chemical fertilizers and pesticides are beyond the limitation and restriction. However, scientific study is very limited in Nepal. So, this study aims to assess the situation of use and protection system of pesticides users. This study is based on field level data of Godawari area of Lalitpur district. In Godawari area, Urea and DAP are mostly used for cereal crops and potash is mostly for vegetables. Pesticides and fertilizers are mostly used in vegetable farming but protection system during the use of pesticides and fertilizer is not satisfactory. So, these chemicals have been negatively affecting on the health of the local farmers.

scholarly journals Arabidopsis thaliana Immunity-Related Compounds Modulate Disease Susceptibility in Barley

Agronomy ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (8) ◽  
pp. 142 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miriam Lenk ◽  
Marion Wenig ◽  
Felicitas Mengel ◽  
Finni Häußler ◽  
A. Vlot
Keyword(s):  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Disease Susceptibility ◽  
Model Systems ◽  
Cereal Crops ◽  
Pyrenophora Teres ◽  
Cereal Crop ◽  
Barley Leaves ◽  
Biotrophic Pathogens ◽  
Defence Signalling ◽  
Related Compounds

Plants are exposed to numerous pathogens and fend off many of these with different phytohormone signalling pathways. Much is known about defence signalling in the dicotyledonous model plant Arabidopsisthaliana, but it is unclear to which extent knowledge from model systems can be transferred to monocotyledonous plants, including cereal crops. Here, we investigated the defence-inducing potential of Arabidopsis resistance-inducing compounds in the cereal crop barley. Salicylic acid (SA), folic acid (Fol), and azelaic acid (AzA), each inducing defence against (hemi-)biotrophic pathogens in Arabidopsis, were applied to barley leaves and the treated and systemic leaves were subsequently inoculated with Xanthomonastranslucens pv. cerealis (Xtc), Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei (powdery mildew, Bgh), or Pyrenophora teres. Fol and SA reduced Bgh propagation locally and/or systemically, whereas Fol enhanced Xtc growth in barley. AzA reduced Bgh propagation systemically and enhanced Xtc growth locally. Neither SA, Fol, nor AzA influenced lesion sizes caused by the necrotrophic fungus P. teres, suggesting that the tested compounds exclusively affected growth of (hemi-)biotrophic pathogens in barley. In addition to SA, Fol and AzA might thus act as resistance-inducing compounds in barley against Bgh, although adverse effects on the growth of pathogenic bacteria, such as Xtc, are possible.

Development and Validation of a Stability Indicating RP-HPLC Method for Hydrocortisone Acetate Active Ingredient, Propyl Parahydroxybenzoate and Methyl Parahydroxybenzoate Preservatives, Butylhydroxyanisole Antioxidant, and Their Degradation Products in a Rectal Gel Formulation

2015 ◽  
Vol 98 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
Magda Ascaso ◽  
Pilar Pérez-Lozano ◽  
Mireia García ◽  
Encarna García-Montoya ◽  
Montse Miñarro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Active Ingredient ◽  
Active Substance ◽  
Degradation Products ◽  
Gradient Elution ◽  
Hplc Method ◽  
Array Detector ◽  
Hydrocortisone Acetate ◽  
Stability Indicating ◽  
Stability Indicating Method ◽  
The Stability

Abstract A stability indicating method was established through a stress study, wherein different methods of degradation (oxidation, hydrolysis, photolysis, and temperature) were studied simultaneously to determine the active ingredient hydrocortisone acetate, preservatives propyl parahydroxybenzoate, and methyl parahydroxybenzoate, antioxidant butylhydroxyanisole (BHA), and their degradation products in a semisolid dosage gel form. The proposed method was suitably validated using a Zorbax SB-Phenyl column and gradient elution. The mobile phase consisted of a mixture of methanol, acetonitrile, and water in different proportions according to a planned program at a flow rate of 1.5 mL/min. The diode array detector was set at 240 nm for the active substance and two preservatives,and 290 nm for BHA. The validation study was conducted according to International Conference on Harmonization guidelines for specificity, linearity, repeatability, precision, and accuracy. The method was usedfor QC of hydrocortisone acetate gel and for the stability studies with the aim of quantifying the active substance, preservatives, antioxidant, and degradation products. It has proved to be suitable as a fast and reliable method for QC.

scholarly journals The relationship between properties of plant-based biochars and sorption of Cd(II), Pb(II) and Zn(II) in soil model systems

Heliyon ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (11) ◽  
pp. e05388
Author(s):  
Rosa I. Soria ◽  
Stephen A. Rolfe ◽  
Mauro Pazmiño Betancourth ◽  
Steven F. Thornton
Keyword(s):  
Model Systems ◽  
Soil Model ◽  
The Relationship

scholarly journals Empirical Kinetic Modelling and Mechanisms of Quercetin Thermal Degradation in Aqueous Model Systems: Effect of pH and Addition of Antioxidants

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 2579
Author(s):  
Abdessamie Kellil ◽  
Spyros Grigorakis ◽  
Sofia Loupassaki ◽  
Dimitris P. Makris
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Degradation ◽  
Empirical Model ◽  
Degradation Products ◽  
Degradation Kinetics ◽  
Kinetic Modelling ◽  
Degradation Mechanism ◽  
Antioxidant Properties ◽  
Biological Significance ◽  
Model Systems ◽  
Molar Ratio

Quercetin (Qt) is a natural flavonoid of high biological significance, and it occurs in a wide variety of plant foods. Although its oxidation by various means has been extensively studied, its behavior with regard to thermal treatments remains a challenge. The study described herein aimed at investigating Qt thermal decomposition, by proposing an empirical sigmoidal model for tracing degradation kinetics. This model was employed to examine the effect of addition of antioxidants on Qt thermal degradation, including ascorbic acid, L-cysteine, and sulfite. Furthermore, degradation pathways were proposed by performing liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analyses. Upon addition of any antioxidant used, the sigmoidal course of Qt thermal degradation was pronounced, evidencing the validity of the empirical model used in the study of similar cases. The antioxidants retarded Qt degradation in a manner that appeared to depend on Qt/antioxidant molar ratio. No major differentiation in the degradation mechanism was observed in response to the addition of various antioxidants, and in all cases protocatechuic acid and phloroglucinol carboxylic acid were typical degradation products identified. Furthermore, in all cases tested the solutions resulted after thermal treatment possessed inferior antioxidant properties compared to the initial Qt solutions, and this demonstrated the detrimental effects of heating on Qt. The empirical model proposed could be of assistance in interpreting the degradation behavior of other polyphenols, but its validity merits further investigation.

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