Reduction Of Isoxaflutole Injury To Corn (Zea Mays) with Herbicide Safeners And Water-repellent Adjuvants

2006 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 999-1003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric A. Nelson ◽  
Donald Penner
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Water Repellent ◽  
Leaf Stage ◽  
Herbicide Safeners ◽  
Water Repellents

The objectives of this research were to evaluate herbicide safeners and water repellents for their efficacy in reducing injury caused by isoxaflutole to corn at four application timings (PRE, spike, two-leaf, and four-leaf), and to evaluate the retention of the combinations of isoxaflutole, herbicide safeners, and water-repellent adjuvants. The safeners R-29148 and furilazole decreased injury from isoxaflutole when applied PRE. Corn injury increased from POST applications at the two-leaf and four-leaf stage of isoxaflutole mixed with safeners compared with isoxaflutole alone. The safeners may have acted as adjuvants to increase isoxaflutole absorption. The water-repellent adjuvants did not reduce injury when applied POST with isoxaflutole. However, the combination of safener plus the water repellent DC 1-6184 reduced corn injury from POST applications of isoxaflutole. The water repellent DC 1-6184 reduced spray retention of spray solutions containing isoxaflutole or isoxaflutole plus safener.

scholarly journals Engineering Properties of Foamed Concrete Containing Water Repellent

2018 ◽  
Vol 65 ◽  
pp. 02005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yee Ling Lee ◽  
Chen Hoe Oh ◽  
Ming Han Lim ◽  
Foo Wei Lee
Keyword(s):  
Construction Industry ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Engineering Properties ◽  
Water Repellent ◽  
Initial Surface ◽  
Cement Ratio ◽  
Water To Cement Ratio ◽  
Foamed Concrete ◽  
Optimum Water ◽  
Water Repellents

Concrete plays a vital role in the construction industry. Over the years, increasing demands from the construction industry had led to the birth of various types of concrete. Foamed concrete is one of the variations of lightweight concrete and yields a high percentage of porosity due to the internal presence of multiple air bubbles. Consequently, foamed concrete is prone to harmful substances’ penetration, which will disrupt its overall durability and the purpose of usage. Hence, water repellent is introduced into foamed concrete in this study and its effect on various engineering properties of foamed concrete will be investigated. The objectives of this study are to obtain optimum water-to-cement ratio for the 1200 kg/m3 foamed concrete and to study the impacts of water repellents on the fresh and engineering properties of foamed concrete. This study was separated into two main research phases. The first phase aimed at determining the optimum water-to-cement ratio for foamed concrete without the presence of water repellents, which was then determined as 0.48. The continuation of this research exhibited the utilization of the obtained optimum water-to-cement ratio from the first phase of the study to delve into the impact analysis of 0.2% and 0.4% calcium stearate (CS) on the fresh and engineering properties of foamed concrete. The incorporation of CS into foamed concrete had affected its mechanical properties in terms of compressive strength. However, it had played a vital role in improving the foamed concrete’s physical properties in terms of absorption, initial surface absorption and sorptivity. It was also found that the recommended dosage for CS incorporation was determined as 0.2% of cement weight as to prevent the adverse effects from overdosing of water repellents.

Weed Control and Rotational Crop Response with AC 222,293

1987 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen D. Miller ◽  
Harold P. Alley
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare ◽  
Phaseolus Vulgaris ◽  
Avena Fatua ◽  
Crop Response ◽  
Leaf Stage ◽  
Wild Oats ◽  
Helianthus Annus ◽  
Rotational Crop ◽  
Pinto Beans

In the field, eight barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cultivars tolerated postemergence applications of AC 222,293 [a mixture of methyl 6 and 2-(4-isopropyl-4-methyl-5-oxo-2-imidazolin-2-yl) m- and p-toluate] at 0.4 to 1.4 kg/ha. AC 222,293 at 0.4 kg ai/ha applied at the 1.5- to 2-leaf stage controlled wild oats (Avena fatua L. # AVEFA) 96%, whereas 0.7 kg/ha applied at the 3.5- to 4-leaf stage controlled wild oats only 93%. Sugarbeets (Beta vulgaris L.) but not alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), corn (Zea mays L.), pinto beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), or sunflower (Helianthus annus L.), were injured when planted 6 to 8 months after fall applications of AC 222,293 at 0.4 to 1.1 kg/ha.

In-Furrow Terbufos Reduces Field and Sweet Corn (Zea mays) Tolerance to Nicosulfuron

1993 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 934-939 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cathy A. Morton ◽  
R. Gordon Harvey ◽  
James J. Kells ◽  
Douglas A. Landis ◽  
William E. Lueschen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Nonionic Surfactant ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizer ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Sweet Corn ◽  
Leaf Stage ◽  
Field Corn ◽  
Previously Treated

Field experiments were conducted in Michigan, Minnesota, and Wisconsin in 1990 to explore interactions between nicosulfuron applied POST and terbufos insecticide at 0.06 or 0.11 g ai/m of row applied in-furrow on ‘Pioneer 3751’ field corn and ‘Jubilee’ sweet corn. Nicosulfuron at 0, 70, and 140 g ai/ha plus nonionic surfactant and 28% nitrogen fertilizer was applied to both corn types. Field corn response to nicosulfuron and terbufos was similar at all locations, whereas sweet corn injury varied with location. Nicosulfuron injured field corn more when applied at the four-leaf than the three-leaf stage. Injury to both corn types increased as nicosulfuron rate increased or when applied following terbufos. Nicosulfuron at 140 g/ha without terbufos did not reduce yield of either corn type; however, corn previously treated in-furrow with terbufos reduced yield.

Interference of Redroot Pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus) in Corn (Zea mays)

Weed Science ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 568-573 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stevan Z. Knezevic ◽  
Stephan F. Weise ◽  
Clarence J. Swanton
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Seed Production ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Amaranthus Retroflexus ◽  
Corn Yield ◽  
Leaf Stage ◽  
Redroot Pigweed ◽  
Emergence Date

Redroot pigweed is a major weed in corn throughout Ontario. Field experiments were conducted at two locations in 1991 and 1992 to determine the influence of selected densities and emergence times of redroot pigweed on corn growth and grain yield. Redroot pigweed densities of 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 8 plants per m of row were established within 12.5 cm on either side of the corn row. In both years, redroot pigweed seeds were planted concurrently and with corn at the 3- to 5-leaf stage of corn growth. A density of 0.5 redroot pigweed per m of row from the first (earlier) emergence date of pigweed (in most cases, up to the 4-leaf stage of corn) or four redroot pigweed per m of row from the second (later) emergence date of pigweed (in most cases, between the 4- and 7-leaf stage of corn) reduced corn yield by 5%. Redroot pigweed emerging after the 7-leaf stage of corn growth did not reduce yield. Redroot pigweed seed production was dependent upon its density and time of emergence. The time of redroot pigweed emergence, relative to corn, may be more important than its density in assessing the need for postemergence control.

The Critical Period of Weed Control in Grain Corn (Zea mays)

Weed Science ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 441-447 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael R. Hall ◽  
Clarence J. Swanton ◽  
Glenn W. Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Weed Control ◽  
Critical Period ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Southern Ontario ◽  
Leaf Stage ◽  
Individual Leaf ◽  
Logistic Equations ◽  
Weed Interference

Field studies were conducted in southern Ontario to determine the critical period of weed control in grain corn and the influence of weed interference on corn leaf area. The Gompertz and logistic equations were fitted to data representing increasing durations of weed control and weed interference, respectively. The beginning of the critical period varied from the 3- to 14-leaf stages of corn development However, the end of the critical period was less variable and ended on average at the 14-leaf stage. Weed interference reduced corn leaf area by reducing the expanded leaf area of each individual leaf and accelerating senescence of lower leaves. In addition, weed interference up to the 14-leaf stage of corn development impeded leaf expansion and emergence in 1989.

Postemergence control of quackgrass [Elytrigia repens (L) Nevski] with DPX-79406 in corn (Zea mays L)

1994 ◽  
Vol 74 (2) ◽  
pp. 375-381 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. E. Reidy ◽  
C. J. Swanton
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Significant Interaction ◽  
Growth Stage ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Zea Mays L ◽  
Optimum Dose ◽  
Corn Yield ◽  
Leaf Stage ◽  
Elytrigia Repens

Laboratory and field experiments were established to determine the optimum dose and timing of postemergence applications of DPX-79406 for quackgrass control. Four node quackgrass rhizome fragments from each biotype were grown under controlled conditions. At the three-to-four-leaf stage, quackgrass plants were sprayed with DPX-79406 and evaluated for control. A significant response of quackgrass biotypes to DPX-79406 was evident only at lower doses. In the field, quackgrass was effectively controlled by all doses of DPX-79406. Significant growth-stage effects were observed for quackgrass shoot and rhizome dry weights in the year of application and in the year following application. There was a significant interaction between year and growth stage. In 1990, quackgrass biomass was greater when DPX-79406 was applied at the two-to-three-leaf stage of quackgrass than at the four-to-five-leaf stage. In 1991, however, the opposite occurred. Within a growth stage, the 6.25 g ha−1 dose was as effective for controlling quackgrass as 18.5 g ha−1, in both years of the study. In 1991, significant decreases in corn yield were observed for DPX-79406 doses of > 12.5 g ha−1 applied at the four-to-five-leaf stage of quackgrass. For all the variables studied, DPX-79406 doses of 6.25–12.5 g ha−1 resulted in consistent control of quackgrass. Key words: DPX-79406, nicosulfuron, rimsulfuron, quackgrass, Elytrigia repens, corn, Zea mays

Reduced Transpiration and Increased Water Efficiency by Diuron in Corn (Zea mays)

Weed Science ◽  
1980 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 180-185 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shabir Ahmed ◽  
R. A. Fletcher
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Active Component ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Water Efficiency ◽  
Commercial Formulation ◽  
Leaf Stage ◽  
Stages Of Growth ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Corn Plants

Of several herbicides tested on both monocotyledon and dicotyledon species, diuron [3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea] was found to be the most effective in reducing transpiration in corn (Zea maysL.) plants; a reduction of 40% occurred. It was established that diuron was the active component in reducing transpiration, and not the additives in the commercial formulation (Karmex) used in this study. Foliar applications of low concentrations (0.035 to 0.56 kg/ha) of diuron effectively reduced transpiration in both cultivars (Pioneer 3780A and Pride 1108) of corn plants, at all stages of growth tested (from 3- to 10-leaf stage). This effect of diuron on reduced transpiration occurred when the supply of water or nutrients to the corn plants was either limiting or non-limiting. The reduction of transpiration of corn plants after treatment also prevented the leaves from wilting and becoming senescent. This effect was persistent over 16 days. Diuron treatment increased the water efficiency of the plants and this effect was more pronounced when water was limiting. Compared to the control, the treated plants used up to 68% less water for each gram of shoot dry weight produced. The increase in water efficiency indicates that transpiration was reduced more than photosynthesis.

Interactions Between Primisulfuron and Selected Soil-Applied Insecticides in Corn (Zea mays)

1992 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 807-812 ◽  
Author(s):  
Darrin L. Biediger ◽  
Paul A. Baumann ◽  
Dave N. Weaver ◽  
James M. Chandler ◽  
Morris G. Merkle
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Yield Losses ◽  
Leaf Stage ◽  
Root Injury

Field experiments were conducted at two locations in 1989 and 1990 to investigate possible interactions between POST applications of primisulfuron and selected soil-applied carbamate and organophosphate corn insecticides. Insecticides were applied in-furrow at planting, at recommended use rates. Primisulfuron was applied POST to corn in the three- or five-leaf stage at 0, 20, 40, or 80 g ai ha-1. Combinations of primisulfuron with disulfoton, fonofos, isozophos, or terbufos resulted in foliar and root injury, plant height reductions, and yield losses. No foliar or root injury, plant height reductions, or yield losses were observed from combinations of primisulfuron and carbaryl, carbofuran, chlorpyrifos, or diazinon. Differences among and within the experiments are attributed to edaphic and environmental conditions at the time of primisulfuron application.

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