Evaluation of Thermal Implements and Organic Herbicides for Weed Control in a Nonbearing Almond (Prunus dulcis) Orchard

Sustainable weed management strategies are needed for organic orchard systems. A study was conducted in an almond orchard in Fresno, CA from 2009 to 2011. Treatment comparisons included steam, flame, and broad applications of either lemongrass oil or D-limonene. An untreated control was also included. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with four replications. Weekly evaluations on percent weed control were taken and weed biomass was sampled 4 to 8 wk after treatment (WAT). Weed control and biomass differed between seasons but, in general, steam and flame provided as much as 95% control 1 WAT. However, the effects lasted only 3 to 4 wk as new weeds emerged or the treated weeds overcame the suppressive effects of the thermal treatments. Weed biomass was 95% lower in the steam- and flame-treated plots compared with the untreated plots in summer. Both steam and flame were more effective on certain erect-growing broad-leaved weed species than on prostrate-growing weeds and grasses. Lemongrass oil provided very little weed control. However, D-limonene provided up to 95% weed control 1 WAT and in one experiment 53% control was observed up to 5 WAT. This herbicide also resulted in lower weed biomass than the untreated and the thermal-treated plots. Monthly applications of steam or flame or applications of D-limonene every 5 to 6 wk may have to be made to adequately suppress weeds in organic almond orchards. Cost estimates of propane use were $41 to 56 ha−1 and $26 ha−1 for the steam and flame treatments, respectively. The cost of D-limonene was estimated as $275 ha−1. To optimize weed control and costs, these tools may need to be used in combination rather than by themselves.

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Effect of Crop Residue on Seedling Emergence and Growth of Selected Weed Species in a Sprinkler-Irrigated Zero-Till Dry-Seeded Rice System

Weed Science ◽

10.1614/ws-d-12-00147.1 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 61 (3) ◽

pp. 403-409 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

Bhagirath S. Chauhan ◽

Seth B. Abugho

Keyword(s):

Field Study ◽

Weed Control ◽

Weed Management ◽

Crop Residue ◽

Crop Residues ◽

Seedling Emergence ◽

Management Strategies ◽

Weed Species ◽

Weed Biomass ◽

Residue Retention

Crop residues acting as mulches can influence weed seedling emergence and weed biomass. A field study was conducted to evaluate the effect of rice residue amounts (0, 3, and 6 t ha−1) on seedling emergence of eight weed species in zero-till dry-seeded rice. The highest seedling emergence of spiny amaranth, southern crabgrass, crowfootgrass, junglerice, eclipta, goosegrass, and Chinese sprangletop was observed in the absence of residue. Seedling emergence of these weeds declined with increasing residue amounts; however, the greatest and most substantial reductions in emergence occurred with 6 t ha−1of residue. The presence of residue also resulted in less weed biomass than with the no-residue treatment. The emergence and biomass of threelobe morningglory seedlings, however, were not influenced by residue amounts. The use of residue also increased the time taken to reach 50% of maximum emergence for some species, for example, spiny amaranth and Chinese sprangletop. The results of our study suggest that the use of residue at high rates can help suppress seedling emergence and growth of many weeds. However, there is a need to integrate other weed management strategies with residue retention to achieve season-long weed control.

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Rice weed control: current technology and emerging issues in temperate rice

Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture ◽

10.1071/ea9941021 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 34 (7) ◽

pp. 1021 ◽

Cited By ~ 33

Author(s):

JE Hill ◽

RJ Jr Smith ◽

DE Bayer

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Weed Control ◽

Cultural Practices ◽

Management Strategies ◽

The United States ◽

Weed Species ◽

Rice Culture ◽

Emerging Issues ◽

Direct Seeded ◽

The Cost

Among temperate rice areas, the United States and Australia are most similar in climate and in the mechanisation of rice culture. Many weed problems, even weed species invading rice, are common to both countries; and the present technology for weed control as well as concern for the impact of these technologies to environmental quality, herbicide resistance, and other weed-related issues bear many similarities. Application of current, and any new, technologies to emerging issues in US rice weed control will therefore be directly relevant to rice production in Australia and all other temperate areas struggling with the same challenges. Weeds are a significant problem in temperate rice culture. In the United States, rice is mechanically direct-seeded, allowing weeds to germinate and establish with the crop. In the last 15 years weed growth and competition has been increased by the adoption of semi-dwarf cultivars, high N fertilisation, and, in water-seeded rice, shallow flooding. High rates, and often multiple applications, of herbicides have been necessary to maximise the yield potential of these cultural systems. Advances in cultural practices and herbicide technology have maintained, if not improved, weed control; but nearly 30 years of propanil use in the southern USA resulted in propanil-resistant barnyard grass Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv., and after 4 years of continuous use, bensulfuron resistance to 4 aquatic weed species was discovered in California. Although herbicides with different mechanisms of action are needed for alternation in resistance management strategies, fewer are likely to be available. Social and environmental concerns have slowed the development and registration of rice herbicides and increased the cost of controlling weeds. Water quality deterioration from ricefield tailwaters, drift to sensitive crops, the cost of renewing registration in aquatic systems, and weed resistance all forecast reduced herbicide use in rice. Neither cultural practices nor herbicides alone can solve weed problems in direct-seeded, mechanised rice culture. With fewer herbicides and a cultural system highly vulnerable to weed losses, integrated management strategies with better information on which to base weed control decisions will be needed to solve weed problems in temperate rice.

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Weed Management Strategies in Chickpea (Cicer arietinum): A Review

Agricultural Reviews ◽

10.18805/ag.r-1996 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Akashdeep Singh ◽

S. S. Rana ◽

Anju Bala

Keyword(s):

Weed Control ◽

Cicer Arietinum ◽

Weed Management ◽

Management Practices ◽

Management Strategies ◽

Detailed Knowledge ◽

Basic Requirement ◽

Weed Species ◽

The World ◽

Hand Weeding

Chickpea (Cicer arietinum) is one of the most important pulse crops but it’s productivity in India is quite low. There are various reasons for low productivity. Weed control is the basic requirement and the major component of crop management. Weeds on an average reduce the crop yield by 40-87 per cent. Deciding time to control weeds requires detailed knowledge of the weed populations in the field. Different management practices like altering spacing, competitive cultivars, etc. can help in enhancing the productivity. With the world entering the precision-farming era, more emphasis is being put on the use of post-emergence herbicides. Application of two or more herbicide at the same time or as a double knockdown and integrating with hand-weeding provides desirable control of different weed species besides reducing the hazard of chemical weed control.

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(416) Weed Management in Organic Sweet Corn

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.40.4.1071e ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 40 (4) ◽

pp. 1071E-1072

Author(s):

Anthony Silvernail

Keyword(s):

Weed Control ◽

Weed Management ◽

Sweet Corn ◽

Management Strategies ◽

Organic Production ◽

Control Methods ◽

Weed Biomass ◽

Corn Gluten ◽

And Control ◽

Smooth Pigweed

Organic weed control in direct seeded vegetables depends on management strategies that control weed germination or growth which depletes the weed seedbank. In 2004, a randomized complete-block experiment conducted on land transitioning to organic production examined the effects of tillage and control treatments on weed pressure in sweet corn [Zeamays (L.) cv. Silver Queen]. The two tillage treatments consisted of conventional (moldboard and rototill) and spader tillage. Weed control treatments included a weed free control, a spring-tine weeder, rolling cultivator, row flamer, stale seedbed, and corn gluten meal. In August, the weed infestation was primarily goose grass [Eleusineindica (L.) Gaertn.], crab grass [Digitariasanguinalis (L.) Scop.], giant foxtail (Setariafaberi Herrm.), and smooth pigweed [Amaranthushybridus (L.)] species. Dried weed weights indicated that smooth pigweed constituted about 80% of the total weed biomass in all but the control and flamer treatments. Plots managed with the spring-tine weeder or corn gluten had twice the weed biomass of those managed with the rolling cultivator and flamer. The rolling cultivator and control treatments produced equivalent husked corn yields (6.9 t·ha-1); yields were reduced by the other weed control methods. At 5.4 t·ha-1, yields in the flamer treatment were the lowest among all weed control methods. The flamer suppressed both weeds and the crop, which may preclude its utility for sweet corn production. Results demonstrated that the rolling cultivator provided the best weed control without negatively affecting potential yields.

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Selecting Cost-Minimizing Herbicide Programs for Corn (Zea mays)

Weed Technology ◽

10.1017/s0890037x00040045 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

pp. 327-336 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

J. Rolf Olsen ◽

Jayson K. Harper ◽

William S. Curran

Keyword(s):

Weed Control ◽

Weed Management ◽

Conventional Tillage ◽

Programming Approach ◽

Weed Species ◽

Management Options ◽

Corn Production ◽

No Till ◽

The Cost ◽

Herbicide Programs

A computer model which selects least cost herbicide programs given a minimum desired level of weed control could provide growers with economical weed management options. Using an integer programming approach, a herbicide selection model was developed for corn production under Pennsylvania conditions. Models for three rotations (corn-soybean, corn-corn, and corn-alfalfa) under three tillage systems (conventional tillage, reduced tillage, and no-till) that evaluated 21 soil-applied and 13 postemergence herbicide options for 24 weeds were developed. Each model minimizes the cost of a herbicide program subject to a desired level of weed control. By selecting the weed species to be controlled and the level of control desired, customized herbicide programs can be generated. The models can also be used to evaluate the cost of changing the level of control desired for an individual weed species or set of weeds.

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Pathogens as Mechanisms for Integrated Weed Management

Weed Science ◽

10.1017/s004317450006029x ◽

1982 ◽

Vol 30 (S1) ◽

pp. 30-35 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

P. C. Quimby ◽

H. L. Walker

Keyword(s):

Weed Control ◽

Weed Management ◽

Plant Pathogens ◽

Integrated Weed Management ◽

Control Technology ◽

Weed Species ◽

Row Crops ◽

The Cost

A need exists to manage or manipulate plant pathogens for biocontrol of weeds in row crops. Many weed species remain refractory to conventional weed-control technology. Some of these weeds occur in the same families as important crops and are resistant or tolerant to many of the herbicides that are applied for weed control within those crops. Preemergence treatments are needed for some weed species for which only postemergence treatments are now available. The cost of controlling some weeds is so prohibitive that many farmers will not spend the necessary money; therefore, more economical control is needed.

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Some future directions for biologically based vegetation control in forestry research

The Forestry Chronicle ◽

10.5558/tfc67514-5 ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 67 (5) ◽

pp. 514-519 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Robert Jobidon

Keyword(s):

Weed Control ◽

Weed Management ◽

Chemical Control ◽

Management Strategies ◽

Weed Species ◽

Future Directions ◽

Vegetation Control ◽

The Past ◽

Research Areas ◽

Considerable Research

During the past decade, considerable research efforts have been devoted towards non-chemical weed control. Some of these efforts have been directed towards the control of forest weed species. Non-chemical control of forest vegetation encompasses many approaches and techniques and only a few of them are discussed in this paper. Three major and promising research areas are identified: (1) allelopathy, (2) microbially produced phytotoxins, and (3) bio-control. Each of these weed management strategies is briefly presented and discussed using examples from the forestry literature.

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Effect of Weed Management Strategy and Planting Date on Herbicide Use in Peanuts (Arachis hypogaea)

Weed Technology ◽

10.1017/s0890037x00024908 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

pp. 20-25 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

H. Michael Linker ◽

Harold D. Coble

Keyword(s):

Weed Management ◽

Management Strategy ◽

Management Strategies ◽

Planting Date ◽

Integrated Weed Management ◽

Preventive Strategy ◽

Weed Species ◽

Planting Dates ◽

The Cost ◽

Herbicide Use

Experiments were conducted in 1987 and 1988 at two locations each year to determine how two weed management strategies and three planting dates affected the cost and amount of herbicide needed to control weeds in peanuts. Weed management strategies used for each planting date included preventive, which duplicated a standard grower program, or an integrated weed management system. The least expensive strategy depended upon weed species composition, weed populations and planting date. In all cases, the integrated weed management strategy required less herbicide (acid equivalent or active ingredient) than the preventive strategy.

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Impact of Weed Management Practices on Grapevine Growth and Yield Components

Weed Science ◽

10.1614/ws-08-100.1 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 57 (1) ◽

pp. 103-107 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Paolo P. Sanguankeo ◽

Ramon G. Leon ◽

Julian Malone

Keyword(s):

Weed Control ◽

Weed Management ◽

Cover Crop ◽

Untreated Control ◽

Management Practices ◽

Growth And Yield ◽

Weed Species ◽

Weed Biomass ◽

Herbicide Treatments ◽

Grape Yield

The need for reducing costs and making grape production more sustainable has prompted the search for alternative weed control practices that optimize production while maintaining profits. For this reason, it is imperative to understand how different weed management practices modify vine–weed interactions. In the present study, we evaluated the effect on weed growth and Zinfandel grapevine growth and production of five weed control practices: (1) flumioxazin, (2) simazine, (3) cultivation, (4) cover crop, and (5) untreated control. The herbicide treatments had the lowest weed biomass, followed by the cultivation, being approximately 10 and 2 times lower than the weed biomass of either the cover crop or untreated control treatments, respectively. However, the differences in grape yield were not as evident. In 2006, a rainy year, the herbicides and cultivation treatments did not differ in grape yield, but the cover crop and untreated control had a reduction of approximately 20% compared with the other treatments. In 2007, a dry year, in comparison to the herbicide treatments, the grape yield reductions of cultivation were around 22%, and those of the cover crop and untreated control were around 48%. Although the cover crop reduced grape yield, it suppressed weed species considered important, such as horseweed, panicle willowherb, scarlet pimpernel, and sowthistle. Also, it was concluded that vines can tolerate a certain amount of weed competition, and that properly timed postemergence control actions (e.g., cultivation or POST herbicides) could provide the necessary level of control to obtain the desired yields. However, under limited soil moisture conditions, the use of PRE herbicides could prove important to maintain vine yield and vigor.

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Weed Control, Environmental Impact, and Economics of Weed Management Strategies in Glyphosate-Resistant Soybean

Weed Technology ◽

10.1614/wt-d-10-00116.1 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 25 (4) ◽

pp. 535-541 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Christie L. Stewart ◽

Robert E. Nurse ◽

Laura L. Van Eerd ◽

Richard J. Vyn ◽

Peter H. Sikkema

Keyword(s):

Environmental Impact ◽

Weed Control ◽

Weed Management ◽

Management Strategies ◽

Cost Effective ◽

Weed Species ◽

Visible Injury ◽

The One ◽

Gross Margins ◽

Herbicide Programs

With the number of glyphosate-resistant weed species increasing in North America and a lack of new herbicide chemistries being developed, growers are shifting toward using older herbicides that are more expensive and may be less environmentally friendly. Therefore, to determine which weed management strategies are most cost effective and have the lowest impact on the environment we evaluated the efficacy, environmental impact, and the profitability of several weed management strategies in glyphosate-resistant soybean over a 3-yr period (2007 to 2009) at three locations in southwestern Ontario, Canada. No visible injury to soybean was observed with the herbicide treatments evaluated. A sequential application of glyphosate consistently provided high levels of weed control (99 to 100%) at 56 d after treatment in comparison with one- or two-pass herbicide programs. Soybean yield did not differ between the two-pass herbicide programs and glyphosate applied early POST; however, a yield benefit was found with a sequential application of glyphosate or a PRE herbicide followed by glyphosate compared with glyphosate applied only at late POST. The two-pass herbicide programs had higher environmental impact (EI) (> 23) than the one-pass herbicide programs (< 15), except when imazethapyr was followed by or tank-mixed with glyphosate, which had an equivalent EI (∼ 14) to the one-pass herbicide programs. Not surprisingly because of the low purchase price of glyphosate, gross margins were highest for treatments that included glyphosate. However, to reduce the selection pressure on glyphosate-resistant weed biotypes, to reduce environmental impact, and to increase gross margins a combination of glyphosate with another mode of action would be most beneficial. In this study glyphosate + imazethapyr was the best alternative to a sequential two-pass glyphosate program.

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