scholarly journals Cellular approaches to central nervous system remyelination stimulation: thyroid hormone to promote myelin repair via endogenous stem and precursor cells

2009 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Calzà ◽  
Mercedes Fernandez ◽  
Luciana Giardino
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Demyelinating Disease ◽  
Neurological Diseases ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Precursor Cells ◽  
Demyelinating Diseases ◽  
New Frontier ◽  
Undifferentiated Cells ◽  
Spinal Cord Repair

Brain and spinal cord repair is a very difficult task in view of the extremely limited repair capability of the mature central nervous system (CNS). Thus, cellular therapies are regarded as a new frontier for both acute and chronic neurological diseases characterized by neuron or oligodendroglia degeneration. Although cell replacement has been considered as the primary goal of such approaches, in recent years greater attention has been devoted to the possibility that new undifferentiated cells in damaged nervous tissue might also act in autocrine–paracrine fashion, regulating the micro-environment through the release of growth factor and cytokines, also regulating immune response and local inflammation. In this review, repair of demyelinating disease using endogenous cells will be discussed in view of the critical role played by thyroid hormones (THs) during developmental myelination, focusing on the following points: 1) endogenous stem and precursor cells during demyelinating diseases; 2) TH homeostasis in the CNS; 3) cellular and molecular mechanism regulated by TH during developmental myelination and 4) a working hypothesis to develop a rationale for the use of THs to improve remyelination through endogenous stem and precursor cells in the course of demyelinating diseases.

scholarly journals Biomarkers in Rare Demyelinating Disease of the Central Nervous System

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (21) ◽  
pp. 8409
Author(s):  
Marina Boziki ◽  
Styliani-Aggeliki Sintila ◽  
Panagiotis Ioannidis ◽  
Nikolaos Grigoriadis
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Demyelinating Disease ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Neurological Diseases ◽  
Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis ◽  
Demyelinating Diseases ◽  
Organ Specific ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Biomarker Research

Rare neurological diseases are a heterogeneous group corresponding approximately to 50% of all rare diseases. Neurologists are among the main specialists involved in their diagnostic investigation. At the moment, a consensus guideline on which neurologists may base clinical suspicion is not available. Moreover, neurologists need guidance with respect to screening investigations that may be performed. In this respect, biomarker research has emerged as a particularly active field due to its potential applications in clinical practice. With respect to autoimmune demyelinating diseases of the Central Nervous System (CNS), although these diseases occur in the frame of organ-specific autoimmunity, pathology of the disease itself is orchestrated among several anatomical and functional compartments. The differential diagnosis is broad and includes, but is not limited to, rare neurological diseases. Multiple Sclerosis (MS) needs to be differentially diagnosed from rare MS variants, Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis (ADEM), the range of Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders (NMOSDs), Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein (MOG) antibody disease and other systemic inflammatory diseases. Diagnostic biomarkers may facilitate timely diagnosis and proper disease management, preventing disease exacerbation due to misdiagnosis and false treatment. In this review, we will describe advances in biomarker research with respect to rare neuroinflammatory disease of the CNS.

scholarly journals Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis (ADEM): A Demyelinating Disease with Specific Morphological Features

2021 ◽  
pp. 106689692199356
Author(s):  
Fleur Cordier ◽  
Lars Velthof ◽  
David Creytens ◽  
Jo Van Dorpe
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Differential Diagnosis ◽  
Clinical Case ◽  
Demyelinating Disease ◽  
Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis ◽  
Demyelinating Diseases ◽  
Demyelinating Disorder ◽  
Immune Mediated ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) is a rare immune-mediated inflammatory and demyelinating disorder of the central nervous system. Its characteristic perivenular demyelination and inflammation aid in the differential diagnosis with other inflammatory demyelinating diseases. Here, we present a clinical case of ADEM, summarize its histological hallmarks, and discuss pitfalls concerning the most important neuropathological differential diagnoses.

Diagnosis of Multiple Sclerosis

2021 ◽  
pp. 540-547
Author(s):  
W. Oliver Tobin
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Demyelinating Disease ◽  
Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis ◽  
Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein ◽  
Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Demyelinating Diseases ◽  
Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Multiple sclerosis is the most common idiopathic inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS), with a prevalence of 1 in 500 to 1 in 2,000 people, depending on geography and various other factors. Idiopathic inflammatory demyelinating diseases are a group of related disorders that include acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder, and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein–immunoglobulin G–associated CNS demyelinating disease.

Pathologic Factors and Spectrum of Central Nervous System Inflammatory Demyelinating Diseases

2021 ◽  
pp. 531-539
Author(s):  
Claudia F. Lucchinetti ◽  
Yong Guo
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Inflammatory Process ◽  
Demyelinating Disease ◽  
Autoimmune Disorder ◽  
Demyelinating Diseases ◽  
Autoreactive T Cells ◽  
Common Cause ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most common cause of nontraumatic disability in young adults. It is a chronic inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system. Traditionally, MS has been considered an autoimmune disorder consisting of myelin autoreactive T cells that drive an inflammatory process, leading to secondary macrophage recruitment and subsequent myelin destruction. However, accumulating data based on increasing numbers of probes that can be effectively applied to MS tissue have indicated that the events involved in the immunopathogenesis of MS may be more complicated.

scholarly journals Contemporary views on disorders of neuromiyelitis optica spectrum. Clinical case from personal practice

2021 ◽  
pp. 90-94
Author(s):  
Svitlana Shkrobot ◽  
Olena Budarna ◽  
Khrystyna Duve ◽  
Nataliya Tkachuk ◽  
Lyubov Milevska-Vovchyk
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Differential Diagnosis ◽  
Clinical Case ◽  
Clinical Observation ◽  
Demyelinating Disease ◽  
Survey Methods ◽  
Demyelinating Diseases ◽  
Research Issue ◽  
Scientific Report

Neuromyelitis optica (Devic’s disease) is a demyelinating disease of central nervous system. This disease is progressive and might be fatal. The authors have analyzed data of domestic and foreign literature on research issue. The idea of modern laboratory and instrumental survey methods was summarized, because clinical manifestation of the disease may be non-specific and differential searching might be extremely wide. The modern schemes of treatment of described syndrome are represented. As an illustration we used own clinical observation confirmed by the results of neuroimaging. The practical orientation of the represented scientific report is proved. Key words neuromiyelitis optica, differential diagnosis, antibodies to aquaporin-4, demyelinating diseases

Demyelinating disorders of the central nervous system

2020 ◽  
pp. 6026-6042
Author(s):  
Alasdair Coles ◽  
Siddharthan Chandran
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Demyelinating Disease ◽  
Demyelinating Diseases ◽  
System P ◽  
Industrialized Nations ◽  
Distinct Disease ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Demyelinating Disorders

The common feature of all of the demyelinating diseases is that, initially at least, the oligodendrocyte-myelin unit is the primary target, with the axon comparatively spared. There are a range of causes, both acquired and inherited, which this chapter explores. Multiple sclerosis, the prototypic demyelinating disorder of the central nervous system, is the leading causing of neurological disability among young adults in many industrialized nations. In the last two decades therapies have been licensed with increasing capacity to suppress the inflammation which underlies the condition, leading to durable benefits to patients. The next most prevalent demyelinating disease is neuromyelitis optica. Originally thought to be a variant of multiple sclerosis, it is now recognized to be a distinct disease whose treatment is radically different from multiple sclerosis.

scholarly journals COVID-19 Immunopathology and the Central Nervous System: Implication for Multiple Sclerosis and Other Autoimmune Diseases with Associated Demyelination

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 345 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marina Kleopatra Boziki ◽  
Alexios-Fotios A. Mentis ◽  
Maria Shumilina ◽  
Gleb Makshakov ◽  
Evgeniy Evdoshenko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Autoimmune Diseases ◽  
Lupus Erythematosus ◽  
Neurological Diseases ◽  
Demyelinating Diseases ◽  
Relevant Implication ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Disease Modifying Treatment

In the frame of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, recent reports on SARS-CoV-2 potential neuroinvasion placed neurologists on increased alertness in order to assess early neurological manifestations and their potentially prognostic value for the COVID-19 disease. Moreover, the management of chronic neurological diseases, such as Multiple Sclerosis (MS), underwent guided modifications, such as an Extended Interval Dose (EID) of Disease-Modifying Treatment (DMT) administration, in order to minimize patients’ exposure to the health system, thus reducing the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection. In this review, we summarize existing evidence of key immune pathways that the SARS-CoV-2 modifies during COVID-19 and the relevant implication for MS and other autoimmune diseases with associated demyelination (such as Systemic lupus erythematosus and Antiphospholipid syndrome), including the context of potential neuroinvasion by SARS-Cov-2 and the alterations that DMT induces to the immune system. Moreover we hereby aim to provide an overview of the possible consequences that COVID-19 may carry for the Central Nervous System (CNS) in People with MS (PwMS) and other demyelinating diseases, which are likely to pose challenges for treating Neurologists with respect to the long-term disease management of these diseases.

Mills' syndrome. A clinical case of a rare degenerative pathology of the central nervous system

2020 ◽  
pp. 57-60
Author(s):  
Konstantin Gulyabin
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Neurological Diseases ◽  
Cortical Atrophy ◽  
Primary Lateral Sclerosis ◽  
System A ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Primary Lateral ◽  
Lateral Sclerosis ◽  
Mills Syndrome

Mills' syndrome is a rare neurological disorder. Its nosological nature is currently not completely determined. Nevertheless, Mills' syndrome is considered to be a rare variant of the degenerative pathology of the central nervous system – a variant of focal cortical atrophy. The true prevalence of this pathology is unknown, since this condition is more often of a syndrome type, observed in the clinical picture of a number of neurological diseases (primary lateral sclerosis, frontotemporal dementia, etc.) and is less common in isolated form.

Heterogeneity and Proliferative and Differential Regulators of NG2-glia in Physiological and Pathological States

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (37) ◽  
pp. 6384-6406 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zuo Zhang ◽  
Hongli Zhou ◽  
Jiyin Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Physiological State ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Adult Brain ◽  
Pathological State ◽  
Peripheral Neurons ◽  
Neuronal Synapses ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Rapid Modulation

NG2-glia, also called Oligodendrocyte Precursor Cells (OPCs), account for approximately 5%-10% of the cells in the developing and adult brain and constitute the fifth major cell population in the central nervous system. NG2-glia express receptors and ion channels involved in rapid modulation of neuronal activities and signaling with neuronal synapses, which have functional significance in both physiological and pathological states. NG2-glia participate in quick signaling with peripheral neurons via direct synaptic touches in the developing and mature central nervous system. These distinctive glia perform the unique function of proliferating and differentiating into oligodendrocytes in the early developing brain, which is critical for axon myelin formation. In response to injury, NG2-glia can proliferate, migrate to the lesions, and differentiate into oligodendrocytes to form new myelin sheaths, which wrap around damaged axons and result in functional recovery. The capacity of NG2-glia to regulate their behavior and dynamics in response to neuronal activity and disease indicate their critical role in myelin preservation and remodeling in the physiological state and in repair in the pathological state. In this review, we provide a detailed summary of the characteristics of NG2-glia, including their heterogeneity, the regulators of their proliferation, and the modulators of their differentiation into oligodendrocytes.

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