EFFECTS OF PRE- AND POST-PUBERTAL GONADECTOMY ON SEX DIFFERENCES IN GROWTH, ADRENAL AND PITUITARY WEIGHTS OF HAMSTERS

1967 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 555-564 ◽  
Author(s):  
HEIDI H. SWANSON
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Sexual Dimorphism ◽  
Sex Difference ◽  
Linear Growth ◽  
The Other ◽  
Female Size ◽  
Adrenal Hormones ◽  
Female Hamster ◽  
Gonadotrophin Secretion ◽  
Continuous Presence

SUMMARY Unlike rats, the adult female hamster is heavier and longer than the male. The small size of the males appears to be dependent on the continuous presence of androgens, since castration before or after puberty results in an immediate acceleration of ponderal and linear growth, which is maintained until the female size is reached. The growth of females is not affected by gonadectomy. Another sexual dimorphism which is reversed in hamsters in comparison with rats is adrenal weight; males have heavier adrenals than females. Castration reduces both absolute and relative adrenal weights of males to the levels of females. It is possible that the sex difference in growth is mediated through a differential secretion of adrenal hormones. On the other hand, the sexual dimorphism in pituitary weights of hamsters is similar to rats; females have heavier pituitaries than males. This may reflect a sex difference in the pattern of gonadotrophin secretion, which may be similar in both species.

Response Differentiation in Infants: A Sex Difference in Learning

1974 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 479-484 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Vietze ◽  
Martha Foster ◽  
Steven Friedman
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Sex Difference ◽  
Visual Stimulus ◽  
The Other ◽  
Free Operant ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Response Differentiation ◽  
Baseline Levels

A visual stimulus was made contingent upon free-operant directional head turns in 10-wk.-old infants. Male infants significantly increased their rate of head turns to the rewarded side while rate of turns in the nonrewarded direction did not change from baseline levels. Female infants, on the other hand, did not demonstrate conditioning. The finding of a significant sex difference in response differentiation is discussed in terms of previous research which suggests that sex differences in conditionability may be a function of mode of reinforcement.

scholarly journals Pre-registration for "Sex difference in mate preference based on physical attractiveness in Japan: No longer present or still present?"

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kai Hiraishi ◽  
Ayano Saito ◽  
Maki Nishio ◽  
Nayu Fujii ◽  
Takato Mori
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Sex Difference ◽  
Age Differences ◽  
Physical Attractiveness ◽  
Japanese Society ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Resource Acquisition ◽  
The Other ◽  
Japanese Sample

Since Buss (1989) initiated research in the field, sex differences in preferences for long-term mates have been extensively studied in evolutionary psychology. Numerous studies have reported robust sex differences such as: 1) a preference for a younger mate is stronger in men than women, 2) a preference for an older mate is stronger in women than men, 3) women value traits associated with resource acquisition, such as economic status and educational attainment, more highly than do men, and 4) men value physical attractiveness more highly than women. However, our replication of Bech-Sørensen & Pollet (2016) did not to show a significant sex difference in the preference for physical attractiveness among a Japanese sample while the other sex differences (age differences and resource acquisition abilities) were significant (Study 1). We designed study 2 to test if the non-significance reflected changes in the Japanese society or was an artifact of the item used to measure the preference for physical attractiveness. In this pre-reregistration, we will first report the results of study 1 and then propose the plan for study 2. (Preprint of the accepted manuscript can be found at https://psyarxiv.com/9hkbq).

Abstract MP067: Six Novel Loci With Evidence For Sexual Dimorphism For Human Anthropometric Traits From Genome-wide Meta Analyses Across 270,722 Individuals

Circulation ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 125 (suppl_10) ◽  
Author(s):  
J C Randall ◽  
T W Winkler ◽  
Z Kutalik ◽  
S I Berndt ◽  
A U Jackson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Sexual Dimorphism ◽  
Sex Difference ◽  
Environment Interaction ◽  
Sexually Dimorphic ◽  
P Values ◽  
Gene Environment ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
Meta Analyses

Height, adiposity, and fat distribution differ in men and women and, in part, may explain sex differences in susceptibilities to complex diseases like cardiovascular disease. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of these traits have previously reported sexually dimorphic associations, yet studies have primarily been limited to interrogation of variants with genome wide significant main effects only. Because of these biological differences by sex and as there is growing interest in the study of gene-environment interactions in the context of GWAS in general, we conducted sex-specific meta-analyses of 9 phenotypes: height (HT), weight (WT), body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), hip circumference (HIP), WC/HC ratio (WHR), WC adjusted for BMI (WCadjBMI), HC adjusted for BMI (HCadjBMI), and WHR adjusted for BMI (WHRadjBMI). In the discovery stage, we performed sex-specific meta-analyses of 46 GWAS, comprising 60,586 men and 73,137 women. Each study used an additive model to test up to ∼2.8M imputed SNPs for association with inverse-normal transformed phenotypes. From our first scan based on the sex-specific association P-values (P women , P men ) across all phenotypes, we selected 619 independent SNPs at a false discovery rate (FDR) of 5% to take forward to replication. We also conducted a second scan based on the P-value for sex difference (P sex-diff ) with better power to detect signals of opposite effect direction, yet we did not detect any signal at FDR of 5%. Follow-up of the 619 SNPs in up to 62,395 men and 74,657 women, many of which were genotyped on Metabochip, a custom Illumina iSelect array to which we submitted sex-specific SNPs, resulted in 205 loci with genome-wide significanct (P women or P men < 5x10 -8 ) p values in the combined discovery and follow-up analysis. For those 205 loci, we found 4 loci with significant (P sex-diff < 0.05/205) and 14 loci with suggestive (P sex-diff <0.05) evidence for sex-difference including known sexually dimorphic associations with anthropometric traits ( GRB14 , 1q41 , VEGFA , ADAMTS9), known anthropometric trait associations without any prior evidence for sexual-dimorphism ( 14q23.1, 3q21.3, 6q14.1, 4q12, 12q24.31, SEC16B, 17q21.32 , and 13q31.3 ), and novel sex-specific associations with anthropometric traits ( 5q11.2, 5q23.1, PPARG, 2q37.1, 17p11.2 , and 5q35.1 ). Interestingly, we found that our replicated loci for WHR/WC were enriched with markers with sex-differences, and that these genetic effects were uniformly stronger in women compared to men. Collectively, these results underscore the gain from sex-stratified GWAS in order to better pinpoint the genetics of complex traits and illustrate a sexually dimorphic genetic underpinning to some of these traits. Our results more globally emphasize the need to consider gene-environment interaction when searching for genes influencing risk to complex disease.

Enzymatic sulfation of steroids. XIX. Cortisol sulfotransferase activity, glucocorticoid sulfotransferases, and tyrosine aminotransferase induction in chicken, gerbil, and and hamster liver

1985 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sanford S. Singer ◽  
Edward G. Galaska ◽  
Theresa A. Feeser ◽  
Robert L. Benak ◽  
Anne Z. Ansel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Activity ◽  
Sex Differences ◽  
Sexual Dimorphism ◽  
Enzyme Activities ◽  
Tyrosine Aminotransferase ◽  
The Other ◽  
Chicken Liver ◽  
Molecular Weights ◽  
Low K

Radioisotopic, pH 6.8 assays were designed to measure hepatic cortisol sulfation in chickens, gerbils, and hamsters of both sexes. Enzyme levels with 40 μM cortisol were similar in males of all three species and due mostly to low Km enzymes with 10–30 μM cortisol Km's. Maximum enzyme activity in male chickens required 40 μM Cortisol. In the other species, the much higher maximum enzyme activity observed required 500 μM cortisol owing to sulfotransferases with Km's for the hormone near 300 μM. Coenzyme 3′-phosphoadenosine-5′-phosphosulfate requirements also varied between species. Sex differences of the enzyme levels were found only in hamsters. There, males possessed only 24–33% of the enzyme levels found in females. Cortisol 21-sulfate was the reaction product in all of the species. Sexual dimorphism in hamsters appeared to be due to repressive effects of androgens. pH optima of enzyme activities in the three species ranged from pH 6 to 7. Routine use of pH 6.8 assays allowed representative interspecies comparisons. DEAE-Sephadex fractionation of cytosol showed that chicken liver contained mostly two enzymes with different pH optima that catalyzed cortisol sulfation. These differed from the enzymes that catalyzed dehydroepiandrosterone and estradiol sulfation. In the gerbil four enzymes with similar pH optima catalyzed cortisol sulfation. The second of these to elute from DEAE-Sephadex columns was the low Km form. In hamsters most glucocorticoid sulfotransferase activity appeared to be due to one enzyme. The molecular weights of the low Km gerbil enzyme and the main hamster enzyme were 98 300 ± 6100 and 105 000 ± 8100. Hamsters and gerbils responded to injection of cortisol by hepatic tyrosine aminotransferase induction.

scholarly journals Sex difference in mate preference based on physical attractiveness in Japan: No longer present or still present?

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kai Hiraishi ◽  
Ayano Saito ◽  
Maki Nishio ◽  
Nayu Fujii ◽  
Takato Mori
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Sex Difference ◽  
Age Differences ◽  
Physical Attractiveness ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Mate Preference ◽  
Resource Acquisition ◽  
The Other ◽  
Japanese Sample

Since Buss (1989) initiated research in the field, sex differences in preferences for long-term mates have been extensively studied in evolutionary psychology. Numerous studies have reported robust sex differences such as: 1) a preference for a younger mate is stronger in men than women, 2) a preference for an older mate is stronger in women than men, 3) women value traits associated with resource acquisition, such as economic status and educational attainment, more highly than do men, and 4) men value physical attractiveness more highly than women. However, our replication of Bech-Sørensen &amp; Pollet (2016) did not to show a significant sex difference in the preference for physical attractiveness among a Japanese sample while the other sex differences (age differences and resource acquisition abilities) were significant (Study 1). We designed study 2 to test if the non-significance was an artifact of the item used to measure the preference for physical attractiveness. Study 2 showed that the sex differences were not statistically significant. In addition, the effect of sex was significantly smaller than the pre-determined smallest effect size of interest (SESOI). #Pre-registration of the study can be found at https://psyarxiv.com/acy9z

The Relationship of Compliance with Coping Strategies and Self-Esteem

2003 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 117-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gisli H. Gudjonsson ◽  
Jon Fridrik Sigurdsson
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Coping Strategies ◽  
Multiple Regression ◽  
Sex Difference ◽  
Test Scores ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Stressful Situation ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Summary: The Gudjonsson Compliance Scale (GCS), the COPE Scale, and the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale were administered to 212 men and 212 women. Multiple regression of the test scores showed that low self-esteem and denial coping were the best predictors of compliance in both men and women. Significant sex differences emerged on all three scales, with women having lower self-esteem than men, being more compliant, and using different coping strategies when confronted with a stressful situation. The sex difference in compliance was mediated by differences in self-esteem between men and women.

Sex Differences in Time Production Revisited

2012 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph Glicksohn ◽  
Yamit Hadad
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Sex Difference ◽  
Absolute Error ◽  
Internal Clock ◽  
Target Duration ◽  
Log P ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Time Production ◽  
T Score

Individual differences in time production should indicate differences in the rate of functioning of an internal clock, assuming the existence of such a clock. And sex differences in time production should reflect a difference in the rate of functioning of that clock between men and women. One way of approaching the data is to compute individual regressions of produced duration (P) on target duration (T), after log transformation, and to derive estimates for the intercept and the slope. One could investigate a sex difference by comparing these estimates for men and women; one could also contrast them by looking at mean log(P). Using such indices, we found a sex difference in time production, female participants having a relatively faster internal clock, making shorter time productions, and having a smaller exponent. The question is whether a sex difference in time production would be found using other methods for analyzing the data: (1) the P/T ratio; (2) an absolute discrepancy (|P-T|) score; and (3) an absolute error (|P-T|/T) score. For the P/T ratio, female participants have a lower mean ratio in comparison to the male participants. In contrast, the |P-T| and |P-T|/T indices seem to be seriously compromised by wide individual differences.

RHYNCHOLITES AND THE PROBLEM OF NARROW AND BROAD CONCEPTION OF TAXONS

2018 ◽  
pp. 12-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. R. Khuzina ◽  
V. N. Komarov
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Dimorphism ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Mass Scale ◽  
Individual Variability ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Other ◽  
New Taxon ◽  
Artificial System ◽  
Broad Understanding

The paper considers a point of view, based on the conception of the broad understanding of taxons. According to this point of view, rhyncholites of the subgenus Dentatobeccus and Microbeccus are accepted to be synonymous with the genus Rhynchoteuthis, and subgenus Romanovichella is considered to be synonymous with the genus Palaeoteuthis. The criteria, exercising influence on the different approaches to the classification of rhyncholites, have been analyzed (such as age and individual variability, sexual dimorphism, pathological and teratological features, degree of disintegration of material), underestimation of which can lead to inaccuracy. Divestment of the subgenuses Dentatobeccus, Microbeccus and Romanovichella, possessing very bright morphological characteristics, to have an independent status and denomination to their synonyms, has been noted to be unjustified. An artificial system (any suggested variant) with all its minuses is a single probable system for rhyncholites. The main criteria, minimizing its negative sides and proving the separation of the new taxon, is an available mass-scale material. The narrow understanding of the genus, used in sensible limits, has been underlined to simplify the problem of the passing the view about the genus to the other investigators and recognition of rhyncholites for the practical tasks.

scholarly journals Tower Running—Participation, Performance Trends, and Sex Difference

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (6) ◽  
pp. 1902 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Stark ◽  
Stefania Di Gangi ◽  
Caio Victor Sousa ◽  
Pantelis Nikolaidis ◽  
Beat Knechtle
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Statistical Model ◽  
Sex Difference ◽  
Random Effects ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Repeated Measurements ◽  
Stair Climbing ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Performance Trends ◽  
The Difference

Though there are exhaustive data about participation, performance trends, and sex differences in performance in different running disciplines and races, no study has analyzed these trends in stair climbing and tower running. The aim of the present study was therefore to investigate these trends in tower running. The data, consisting of 28,203 observations from 24,007 climbers between 2014 and 2019, were analyzed. The effects of sex and age, together with the tower characteristics (i.e., stairs and floors), were examined through a multivariable statistical model with random effects on intercept, at climber’s level, accounting for repeated measurements. Men were faster than women in each age group (p < 0.001 for ages ≤69 years, p = 0.003 for ages > 69 years), and the difference in performance stayed around 0.20 km/h, with a minimum of 0.17 at the oldest age. However, women were able to outperform men in specific situations: (i) in smaller buildings (<600 stairs), for ages between 30 and 59 years and >69 years; (ii) in higher buildings (>2200 stairs), for age groups <20 years and 60–69 years; and (iii) in buildings with 1600–2200 stairs, for ages >69 years. In summary, men were faster than women in this specific running discipline; however, women were able to outperform men in very specific situations (i.e., specific age groups and specific numbers of stairs).

scholarly journals Sex differences in the association between major cardiovascular risk factors in midlife and dementia: a cohort study using data from the UK Biobank

BMC Medicine ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica Gong ◽  
Katie Harris ◽  
Sanne A. E. Peters ◽  
Mark Woodward
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Sex Differences ◽  
Cardiovascular Risk ◽  
Cardiovascular Risk Factors ◽  
Sex Difference ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazards ◽  
Uk Biobank ◽  
The Uk

Abstract Background Sex differences in major cardiovascular risk factors for incident (fatal or non-fatal) all-cause dementia were assessed in the UK Biobank. The effects of these risk factors on all-cause dementia were explored by age and socioeconomic status (SES). Methods Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and women-to-men ratio of HRs (RHR) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP), smoking, diabetes, adiposity, stroke, SES and lipids with dementia. Poisson regression was used to estimate the sex-specific incidence rate of dementia for these risk factors. Results 502,226 individuals in midlife (54.4% women, mean age 56.5 years) with no prevalent dementia were included in the analyses. Over 11.8 years (median), 4068 participants (45.9% women) developed dementia. The crude incidence rates were 5.88 [95% CI 5.62–6.16] for women and 8.42 [8.07–8.78] for men, per 10,000 person-years. Sex was associated with the risk of dementia, where the risk was lower in women than men (HR = 0.83 [0.77–0.89]). Current smoking, diabetes, high adiposity, prior stroke and low SES were associated with a greater risk of dementia, similarly in women and men. The relationship between blood pressure (BP) and dementia was U-shaped in men but had a dose-response relationship in women: the HR for SBP per 20 mmHg was 1.08 [1.02–1.13] in women and 0.98 [0.93–1.03] in men. This sex difference was not affected by the use of antihypertensive medication at baseline. The sex difference in the effect of raised BP was consistent for dementia subtypes (vascular dementia and Alzheimer’s disease). Conclusions Several mid-life cardiovascular risk factors were associated with dementia similarly in women and men, but not raised BP. Future bespoke BP-lowering trials are necessary to understand its role in restricting cognitive decline and to clarify any sex difference.

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