Interaction of the mouse thyrotrophin receptor with thyrotrophin binding inhibitor immunoglobulins

1983 ◽  
Vol 96 (3) ◽  
pp. 481-488 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. M. Luttrell
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Membranes ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Radioreceptor Assay ◽  
Species Specificity ◽  
Individual Values ◽  
Serum Immunoglobulins ◽  
Undetectable Serum ◽  
Long Acting ◽  
The Individual ◽  
A Minor

The species-specificity of thyrotrophin binding inhibitor immunoglobulin (TBII) for the thyroid TSH receptor was investigated using a preparation of thyroid plasma membranes (TPM) from propylthiouracil-treated mice, as well as from human glands. The interest in the mouse arose from its use as the bioassay animal for the long-acting thyroid stimulator (LATS). A comparison was made of the response in the two radioreceptor assays of serum immunoglobulins from ten normal subjects and twenty patients with Graves's disease, who had also been selected to have positive TBII activity in the assay based on human TPM. All the specimens from the patients with Graves's disease had detectable TBII activity in the mouse radioreceptor assay, inhibiting the binding of 125I-labelled TSH to a greater extent than did any of the specimens from normal subjects. There was evidence for a minor degree of species-specificity, since at least one of the specimens from the Graves' disease group had unexpectedly high activity in the assay based on mouse TPM and another had unexpectedly weak activity in that assay. However, this specificity appeared to be unrelated to the presence or absence of LATS. The effect of LATS on the response of serum immunoglobulins in the mouse radioreceptor assay was tested using nine patients with Graves's disease who had undetectable serum LATS and another eight patients with Graves's disease whose serum gave a positive LATS response. These patients had also all been selected to have positive TBII activity in their serum, as determined with human TPM. All samples from each of the LATS-positive and LATS-negative subgroups gave a positive TBII response in the radioreceptor assay based on mouse TPM, and there was extensive overlap between the individual values for the two subgroups. It is concluded that the failure of some TBII-positive serum immunoglobulins to stimulate the mouse thyroid gland and produce a positive LATS response is not due to species-specificity at the level of receptor binding.

Peripheral blood lymphocyte transformation in response to human thyroid fractions in patients with Graves' hyperthyroidism and ophthalmopathy

1980 ◽  
Vol 93 (4) ◽  
pp. 419-423 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. Wall ◽  
Anne Trewin ◽  
Diane M. Joyner
Keyword(s):  
Peripheral Blood Lymphocyte ◽  
Peripheral Blood ◽  
Blood Lymphocyte ◽  
Plasma Membranes ◽  
Soluble Fraction ◽  
Lymphocyte Transformation ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Radioreceptor Assay ◽  
Human Thyroid ◽  
Cytosol Fraction

Abstract. Peripheral blood lymphocyte (PBL) transformation in response to human thyroid fractions was carried out in patients with Graves' hyperthyroidism and ophthalmopathy. The fractions used were, an extract, a soluble (cytosol) fraction, and membranes prepared by differential centrifugation at (i) 6500 × g (mitochondria), (ii) 10000 × g (plasma membranes as used in the radioreceptor assay for thyroid stimulating antibody (TSAb) and (iii) 40000 × g (microsomes). Results were expressed as stimulation indices (SI). Mean SI for patients were significantly increased compared with those for normals for cytosol and mitochondria but not the other fractions. Taking the upper limit of normal as mean + 2 sd for normal subjects for each fraction, positive tests were found in 12 of 35 patients tested. This was in response to extract in 3 of 32 patients, to the soluble fraction in 10 of 31 patients, to mitochondria in 2 of 13 patients, to plasma membranes in 1 of 33 patients, and to microsomes in 1 of 27 patients. Positive tests were associated with hyperthyroidism but not ophthalmopathy.

Comparison of human and porcine thyroid membranes for radioreceptor assay of bovine thyrotrophin and thyrotrophin-binding inhibiting immunoglobulins

1982 ◽  
Vol 93 (3) ◽  
pp. 371-380 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hazel Humphries ◽  
Susan M. Dirmikis ◽  
D. S. Munro
Keyword(s):  
Detection Limit ◽  
Detailed Comparison ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Radioreceptor Assay ◽  
Human Thyroid ◽  
Affinity Constant ◽  
Scatchard Analysis ◽  
Maximal Inhibition ◽  
Long Acting

A detailed comparison between the use of human and porcine thyroid membranes for the radioreceptor assay (RRA) of bovine TSH (bTSH) and thyrotrophin-binding inhibiting immunoglobulins (TBIIg) is reported. Bovine thyroid membranes were also investigated but were found to be far less satisfactory than either human or porcine thyroid membranes. The affinity constant (Ka) of the interaction of bTSH with porcine thyroid membranes (Ka = 3·3 × 109l/mol) measured by Scatchard analysis was higher than with human thyroid membranes (Ka = 2·1 × 108l/mol). Porcine thyroid membranes were more sensitive for the assay of bTSH (detection limit 30 μu., half-maximal inhibition 0·3 mu.) than human thyroid membranes (detection limit 200 μu., half-maximal inhibition 7·4 mu.). Preincubation of membranes from either species with immunoglobulin rich in long-acting thyroid stimulator (LATS) inhibited the saturable binding of 125I-labelled TSH to a greater extent than did normal immunoglobulin. The binding of 125I-labelled TSH to porcine membranes was more sensitive to the inhibitory effect of LATS-immunoglobulin and was also less affected by normal immunoglobulin than was binding to human thyroid membranes. When assayed with each type of membrane preparation there was good correlation between the RRA of immunoglobulins prepared from patients with Graves's disease and from normal subjects (n = 18) (r = 0·85, P <0·001, n = 73). The incidence of positive TBIIg in untreated Graves's disease was greater for porcine than for human thyroid membranes.

Adrenocortical Function in Obesity and Cushing's Syndrome

1974 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 119-129 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margaret E. Hankin ◽  
Helen M. Theile ◽  
A. W. Steinbeck
Keyword(s):  
Cushing’S Syndrome ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Cushing's Syndrome ◽  
Adrenocortical Function ◽  
Obese Women ◽  
Individual Values ◽  
Free Cortisol ◽  
Obese Subjects ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Individual

1. The 24 h urinary excretions of Porter—Silber (P—S) chromogens, 17-hydroxycorticosteroids (17-OHCS) and free cortisol, and day-night variation of plasma P—S chromogens, were studied in normal and obese women and patients with a confirmed diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome. 2. The mean absolute values of P—S chromogens, 17-OHCS and free cortisol were similar for the normal and obese subjects and elevated in Cushing's syndrome. With the exception of the 17-OHCS there was some overlapping of the individual values within the three groups. All the subjects with Cushing's syndrome and several of the obese subjects had values of 17-OHCS which were outside the normal range. 3. The 24 h urinary 17-OHCS and free cortisol excretion expressed per kg body weight were significantly lower for the obese than for the control subjects and subjects with Cushing's syndrome. The values were significantly higher for the subjects with Cushing's syndrome than for the obese and normal subjects. There was some overlapping of the individual values. 4. Two normal and two obese subjects failed to show significant day-night variation, whereas only four of the patients with Cushing's syndrome had significant day-night variation of plasma P—S chromogens. 5. The urinary 17-OHCS for four of the obese subjects with some symptoms of adrenocortical hyperactivity were suppressed normally on a low dose of dexamethasone whereas those with Cushing's syndrome failed to do so.

Bringing the Automation-Related Complacency Scale into the 21st Century

2020 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 1228-1232
Keyword(s):  
Internal Consistency ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
System Failure ◽  
Individual Values ◽  
Cronbach's Alpha ◽  
Important Measure ◽  
Frequency Of Use ◽  
Performance Error ◽  
The Individual

Complacency potential is an important measure to avoid performance error, such as neglecting to detect a system failure. This study updates and expands upon Singh, Molloy, and Parasuraman’s 1993 Complacency-Potential Rating Scale (CPRS). We updated and expanded the CPRS questions to include technology commonly used today and how frequently the technology is used. The goal of our study was to update the scale, analyze for factor shifts and internal consistency, and to explore correlations between the individual values for each factor and the frequency of use questions. We hypothesized that the factors would not shift from the original and the revised CPRS’s four subscales. Our research found that the revised CPRS consisted of only three subscales with the following Cronbach’s Alpha values: Confidence: 0.599, Safety/Reliability: 0.534, and Trust: 0.201. Correlations between the subscales and the revised complacency-potential and the frequency of use questions are also discussed.

scholarly journals On some continuous observations of the rate of dissipation of electric charges in the open air

1905 ◽  
Vol 76 (508) ◽  
pp. 152-159 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Individual Values ◽  
Similar Work ◽  
Maximum Value ◽  
Variable Quantity ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Atmospheric Conductivity ◽  
Rate Of Dissipation ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Sea Coast

During the latter part of 1902 and the early months of 1903 I resolved to take as many observations of the rates of dissipation of positive and negative electric charges as possible, and to continue them over the whole 24 hours of the day, and, when opportunity offered, over longer periods. There appeared to be little information regarding the rate of dispersion during the night hours. At about the same time that these observations were being made, Nilsson was doing similar work at Upsala, and found a noticeable maximum value for atmospheric conductivity at about midnight. The observations were made on the Canterbury Plains of New Zealand, at a station about 20 feet above sea-level and about five miles due west from the sea coast. The apparatus used was Elster and Geitel’s Zerstreuungs- apparat , and the formula of reduction used was that given by them, viz:- E = 1/ t log V 0 /V- n / t ' log V' 0 /V' . In this formula E is proportional to the conductivity of the gas surrounding the instrument—for positive or negative charges, as the case may be. The constant “ n ” = ratio of capacity without cylinder ____________________________________ capacity with cylinder was determined by me to be 0·47, as the instrument was always used, with the protecting cover. The cover was always at one height above the base of the instrument, and was set so as to be as nearly co-axial with the discharging cylinder as could be judged by eye. No attempt was made to determine the actual capacity of the condenser cylinder and protecting cover, which would be a somewhat variable quantity owing- (1) to the differences on different days in attempting to cause the two to be co-axial; (2) to a certain amount of looseness in the fit of the shank of the cylinder on to its hole. The value above given for “ n "is the mean of several deter­minations made with different settings of the cover and cylinder. The individual values of “ n ” varied over about 0.03.

scholarly journals On “Nationology”: The Gravitational Field of National Culture

2021 ◽  
pp. 002202212110447
Author(s):  
Plamen Akaliyski ◽  
Christian Welzel ◽  
Michael Harris Bond ◽  
Michael Minkov
Keyword(s):  
Gravitational Field ◽  
Cultural Values ◽  
National Culture ◽  
Random Noise ◽  
Religious Groups ◽  
Individual Values ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Collective Phenomenon ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Individual

Nations have been questioned as meaningful units for analyzing culture due to their allegedly limited variance-capturing power and large internal heterogeneity. Against this skepticism, we argue that culture is by definition a collective phenomenon and focusing on individual differences contradicts the very concept of culture. Through the “miracle of aggregation,” we can eliminate random noise and arbitrary variation at the individual level in order to distill the central cultural tendencies of nations. Accordingly, we depict national culture as a gravitational field that socializes individuals into the orbit of a nation’s central cultural tendency. Even though individuals are also exposed to other gravitational forces, subcultures in turn gravitate within the limited orbit of their national culture. Using data from the World Values Survey, we show that individual values cluster in concentric circles around their nation’s cultural gravity center. We reveal the miracle of aggregation by demonstrating that nations capture the bulk of the variation in the individuals’ cultural values once they are aggregated into lower-level territorial units such as towns and sub-national regions. We visualize the gravitational force of national cultures by plotting various intra-national groups from five large countries that form distinct national clusters. Contrary to many scholars’ intuitions, alternative social aggregates, such as ethnic, linguistic, and religious groups, as well as diverse socio-demographic categories, add negligible explained variance to that already captured by nations.

scholarly journals ATTITUDES TOWARD NEW TECHNOLOGIES AND INDIVIDUAL VALUES OF RUSSIANS

2020 ◽  
pp. 54-82
Author(s):  
Т.А. Нестик
Keyword(s):  
New Technologies ◽  
Psychological Predictors ◽  
Individual Values ◽  
Psychological Types ◽  
Openness To Change ◽  
Positive Attitudes ◽  
Personal Attitudes ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Willingness To Use ◽  
The Relationship

Приводятся результаты эмпирического исследования (N=1600), посвященного отношению россиян к новым технологиям. Показано, что позитивное отношение личности к новым технологиям поддерживается ценностями открытости к изменениям и отрицательно связано с ценностями сохранения. Удалось прояснить соотношение когнитивных, аффективных и поведенческих компонентов отношения личности к новым технологиям. Были выделены социально-психологические типы оценивания новых технологий («индифферентные», «ориентированные на влияние значимых других», «разборчивые», «прагматики», «ориентированные на безопасность»), а также социально-психологические типы отношения личности к новым технологиям («технофилы», «тревожные сторонники технического прогресса», «технофобы» и «безразличные к технологиям»). Выявлены социально-психологические предикторы технооптимизма, технофобии, технофилии и готовности использовать новые технологии. На основании проведенных исследований можно сделать вывод о том, что технофилия и технофобия являются не противоположными полюсами одной шкалы, а разными феноменами, связанными друг с другом. The results of an empirical study (N = 1600) devoted to the attitudes of Russians towards new technologies are presented. It is shown that the positive attitudes of the individual to new technologies is supported by the values of openness to change and is negatively associated with the values of conservation. We managed to clarify the relationship between the cognitive, affective and behavioral components of personal attitudes to new technologies. We have identified several socio-psychological types of assessment of new technologies ("indifferent", "relying on social support", "discerning", "pragmatists", "safety-oriented"), as well as socio-psychological types of personality attitudes to new technologies ("technophiles", "anxious supporters of technical progress", "technophobes", and "indifferent to technology"). The socio-psychological predictors of techno-optimism, technophobia, technophilia and willingness to use new technologies were identified. Based on the research carried out, it can be concluded that technophilia and technophobia are not opposite poles of the same scale, but different phenomena related to each other.

scholarly journals Photosensitization to ultraviolet irradiation and selective killing of cells following uptake of pyrene-containing fatty acid

1986 ◽  
Vol 85 (1) ◽  
pp. 149-159
Author(s):  
E. Fibach ◽  
O. Morand ◽  
S. Gatt
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Ultraviolet Irradiation ◽  
Plasma Membranes ◽  
Incubation Temperature ◽  
Serum Proteins ◽  
Neutral Lipids ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Dodecanoic Acid ◽  
A Cell ◽  
The Individual

Cells were incubated with 12-(1-pyrene)-dodecanoic acid (P12), a long-chain fatty acid to which a pyrene ring has been attached covalently. This acid was transported across the plasma membranes of cells and subsequently incorporated into their neutral lipids and phospholipids. Irradiation of these pyrene-containing cells for short periods (0.5-4 min) with ultraviolet light at 366 nm resulted in eventual cell death. Similar irradiation had no effect on cells that had not been exposed to P12. The time of the period of irradiation necessary for inducing the toxic process was related to the quantity of P12 incorporated, the latter being a function of the respective metabolic activity of the individual cell type. The degree of incorporation of P12 into a cell, and consequently its acquired sensitivity to killing by ultraviolet irradiation at 366 nm, was affected by the incubation temperature and addition of non-fluorescent fatty acid, albumin or other serum proteins. Different degrees of incorporation of P12 into various cell types were used for selective killing and elimination of cell populations by irradiation at 366 nm. The combined procedure of preincubation with P12 followed by ultraviolet irradiation thus permitted selection of cell types with a greater resistance to this procedure.

THE SPECIES SPECIFICITY OF TSH RECEPTOR BINDING ANTIBODIES AS MEASURED BY RADIORECEPTOR ASSAY

1982 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 173-179 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. R. STRAKOSCH ◽  
DIANNE JOYNER ◽  
S. W. W. MANLEY ◽  
J. R. WALL
Keyword(s):  
Receptor Binding ◽  
Radioreceptor Assay ◽  
Species Specificity ◽  
Tsh Receptor

DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT: MANAGEMENT OF ACUTE VIRAL BRONCHIOLITIS IN INFANCY

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1965 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 334-337 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Howell Wright ◽  
Marc O. Beem
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Physiology ◽  
Chest Roentgenogram ◽  
Influenza B ◽  
Urban Centers ◽  
Differential Problem ◽  
New Techniques ◽  
Respiratory Virus Infection ◽  
Syncytial Virus ◽  
The Individual ◽  
A Minor

ACUTE bronchiolitis (capillary bronchitis, obstructive emphysema) is one of the common afflictions of the lower respiratory passages of infants. Although infection has long been accepted as the primary inciting factor, investigators (with the exception of Sell who believes H. influenzae to be responsible) have not found bacterial pathogens in consistent association with the syndrome. By exclusion, it has been assumed that most cases are precipitated by a viral infection. During the past decade this view has been substantiated by the application of new techniques to the study of respiratory viruses. Surveys of winter and spring epidemics of bronchiolitis in several urban centers have demonstrated a very significant portion of the cases to be associated with respiratory virus infection, most commonly the respiratory syncytial virus (RS), but in a minor number of instances influenza B or the parainfluenza agents. To date, no rapid laboratory proof of viral etiology is available, nor have any of the antiviral substances been found to be effective in treatment. Consequently, the welfare of the individual infant depends upon his physician's acumen in arriving at a correct clinical diagnosis and in utilizing nonspecific measures to combat the disturbances of his respiratory physiology. DIAGNOSIS The first requisite of proper management is an accurate diagnosis. Table I lists other causes of infantile dyspnea which may cause confusion. Exclusion of these entities depends upon a careful history and physical examination, a chest roentgenogram, and a few well-chosen laboratory tests. The most frequent differential problem is the distinction among viral bronchiolitis, asthmatic bronchitis, and bacterial infection of the lower respiratory passages.

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