Impacts of behavioural factors on the household water consumption in urban areas

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-36
Author(s):  
Janaína Conceição Santos ◽  
Ayşe Lisa Allison ◽  
Bojana Jankovic-Nisic ◽  
Luiza C. Campos
Keyword(s):  
Los Angeles ◽  
Water Consumption ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Cultural Factors ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Highest Weight ◽  
Household Water ◽  
Behavioural Factors ◽  
Social And Cultural Factors

Gaps in understanding what influences household water consumption has led water providers failing to convince their customers to report sustainable practices. To this end, the present study aimed to answer the question, “How do social and cultural factors influence water consumption in urban areas”? The response to this issue has been identified through an investigation that involved a group of selected socio-cultural factors, whose analysis was based on collected survey data from participants in Lagos-Nigeria, Salvador-Brazil, Sao Paulo-Brazil, London-UK and Los Angeles-USA. The Capability-Opportunity-Motivation-Behaviour (COM-B) model was used as a data analysis framework to identify influences. The investigation revealed that Motivation is the most reported driver of water consumption. In a scale from 0 (lowest) to 5 (highest), this component presented the most significant scores in Lagos (3.93), Salvador (4.13), Sao Paulo (3.88), London (4.13) and Los Angeles (3.59). The Capability dimension had the second-highest weight in Lagos, Salvador, Sao Paulo, and Los Angeles, with scores of 2.80, 3.60, 3.60 and 3.20, respectively. Participants from London have Opportunity (score= 2.88) as the second influential pillar in water consumption. These findings are aimed at helping to best drive water saving practices by gaining insight into factors underpinning water consumption in a structured manner.

Sobre a Formação da Mão de Obra Industrial no Brasil e a Imigração Estrangeira - 1890-1930

GEOgraphia ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 3 (5) ◽  
pp. 47
Author(s):  
Satiê Mizubuti
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Rio De Janeiro ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Agricultural Activities ◽  
Work Relations ◽  
Trade Unionism ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
First Republic ◽  
International Demand

Resumo A formação da mão-de-obra no Brasil no decorrer da Primeira República (1890-1930) se fez de forma acelerada e em dois campos simultaneamente no rural e no urbano. No rural, pelo aquecimento da demanda internacional pelo café brasileiro, e, no urbano, pelo início da industrialização, principalmente, nas cidades do Rio de Janeiro e de São Paulo. Tanto nas atividades agrícolas, como nas industriais, a presença e a participação do imigrante estrangeiro foram hegemônicas e decisivas. É preciso considerar que a abolição da escravatura havia ocorrido em 1888, criando um esvaziamento do mercado de trabalho no Brasil. Palavras chave: imigração estrangeira; cafeicultura, industrialização; sindicalismo; relações de trabalho.Resumo Labor formation in Brazil took an accelerated rhythmus during the First Republic (1890-1930) in two fields simultaneously: rural and urban. In the rural sector it was due to an increase in international demand for Brazilian coffee. In the urban areas, meanwhile, the beginning of industrialization, specially in Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo, was the main cause. Not only in the agricultural activities. but also in the industries, the presence and participation of foreign immigrants were decisive. The abolition os slavery in 1888 must be considered as part of this context, as it changed the labour market. Keywords: foreign immigration; coffee growing; industrialization; trade unionism; work relations.

scholarly journals Space-time cluster analysis of American visceral leishmaniasis in Bauru, São Paulo State, Brazil

2012 ◽  
Vol 28 (10) ◽  
pp. 1949-1964 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vanessa Aparecida Feijó de Souza ◽  
Luiz Ricardo Paes de Barros Cortez ◽  
Ricardo Augusto Dias ◽  
Marcos Amaku ◽  
José Soares Ferreira Neto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
Space Time ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Prevention Measures ◽  
Paulo State ◽  
Positive Tendency ◽  
São Paulo State ◽  
The City

A space-time analysis of American visceral leishmaniasis (AVL) in humans in the city of Bauru, São Paulo State, Brazil was carried out based on 239 cases diagnosed between June 2003 and October 2008. Spatial analysis of the disease showed that cases occurred especially in the city's urban areas. AVL annual incidence rates were calculated, demonstrating that the highest rate occurred in 2006 (19.55/100,000 inhabitants). This finding was confirmed by the time series analysis, which also showed a positive tendency over the period analyzed. The present study allows us to conclude that the disease was clustered in the Southwest side of the city in 2006, suggesting that this area may require special attention with regard to control and prevention measures.

Extreme Rainfall Events in the Macro-Metropolis of São Paulo: trends and connection with climate oscillations

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carolyne B. Machado ◽  
Thamiris L. O. B. Campos ◽  
Sameh A. Abou Rafee ◽  
Jorge A. Martins ◽  
Alice M. Grimm ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Extreme Rainfall ◽  
Kendall Test ◽  
Rain Gauge ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Extreme Rainfall Events ◽  
Climatic Indices

AbstractIn the present work, the trend of extreme rainfall indices in the Macro-Metropolis of São Paulo (MMSP) was analyzed and correlated with largescale climatic oscillations. A cluster analysis divided a set of rain gauge stations into three homogeneous regions within MMSP, according to the annual cycle of rainfall. The entire MMSP presented an increase in the total annual rainfall, from 1940 to 2016, of 3 mm per year on average, according to Mann-Kendall test. However, there is evidence that the more urbanized areas have a greater increase in the frequency and magnitude of extreme events, while coastal and mountainous areas, and regions outside large urban areas, have increasing rainfall in a better-distributed way throughout the year. The evolution of extreme rainfall (95th percentile) is significantly correlated with climatic indices. In the center-north part of the MMSP, the combination of Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) and Antarctic Oscillation (AAO) explains 45% of the P95th increase during the wet season. In turn, in southern MMSP, the Temperature of South Atlantic (TSA), the AAO, the El Niño South Oscillation (ENSO) and the Multidecadal Oscillation of the North Atlantic (AMO) better explain the increase in extreme rainfall (R2 = 0.47). However, the same is not observed during the dry season, in which the P95th variation was only negatively correlated with the AMO, undergoing a decrease from the ‘70s until the beginning of this century. The occurrence of rainy anomalous months proved to be more frequent and associated with climatic indices than dry months.

scholarly journals Canine rabies epidemiology in Araçatuba and neighborhood, Northwestern São Paulo State - Brazil

2004 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 139-142 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luzia Helena Queiroz da Silva ◽  
César Eduardo Bissoto ◽  
Ádna Cleia B. Delbem ◽  
Clara Isabel de Lucca Ferrari ◽  
Sílvia Helena Venturoli Perri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Canine Rabies ◽  
Paulo State ◽  
São Paulo State ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Northwest Region ◽  
Epidemiological Characteristics ◽  
Rabies Diagnosis

Epidemiological characteristics of canine rabies in the northwest region of São Paulo State (Araçatuba region), Brazil, from 1993 to 1997 are presented. Out of 1,984 dogs, a total of 351 (17.7%) were positive for rabies diagnosis; 89% (312/351) of these occurred in urban areas and 85% (266/312) of the urban positive cases were among owned dogs. The mean age of the rabid dogs was 34 months and 61% were male. Aggressive behavior was observed in 77% of rabid dogs, followed by lack of coordination and paralysis (42%) and 48% of these dogs were responsible biting people or other animals. Information about vaccination status was obtained from 182 records and 51% of rabid dogs were non-vaccinated. The number of unvaccinated rabid dogs indicates a low vaccination index and this factor added to the high dog/man ratio must have contributed to the canine rabies epizootic observed in the studied area.

scholarly journals The exotic wasp Megastigmus transvaalensis (Hymenoptera: Torymidae): first record and damage on the Brazilian peppertree, Schinus terebinthifolius drupes, in São Paulo, Brazil

2015 ◽  
Vol 87 (4) ◽  
pp. 2091-2095 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pedro J. Ferreira-Filho ◽  
Fátima C.M. Piña-Rodrigues ◽  
José M.S. Silva ◽  
Julio C. Guerreiro ◽  
Thaís C. Ghiotto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Invasive Species ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Natural Regeneration ◽  
First Record ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Natural Forests ◽  
Schinus Terebinthifolius ◽  
Ecological Regions ◽  
Native Forests

ABSTRACT This paper records the first report of Megastigmus transvaalensis Hussey (Hymenoptera: Torymidae) in Brazilian peppertree, Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi (Anacardiaceae) drupes in Sorocaba, state of São Paulo, Brazil. This wasp is an invasive species and was found damaging S. terebinthifolius drupes in urban areas (35.0±15.8%), natural forests (21.5±10.2%) and restoration areas (15.8±8.4%). The bio-ecology and damage caused by M. transvaalensis in the S. terebinthifolius drupes warrants further study focused upon the management of this phytophagous wasp. Megastigmus transvaalensis has a potential to be disseminated throughout Brazil and is posing a threat to the natural regeneration of S. terebinthifolius in the native forests and restoration areas and ecological regions of this country.

scholarly journals Mining in urban areas: methodological proposal for the identification and mediation of socio-environmental conflicts

2013 ◽  
Vol 66 (3) ◽  
pp. 369-374 ◽  
Author(s):  
Denise de La Corte Bacci ◽  
Tânia Maria Ramos de Godoi Diniz
Keyword(s):  
Social Learning ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Environmental Conflicts ◽  
Environmental Preservation ◽  
Social Actors ◽  
The Social ◽  
Northwestern Region

The conflicts generated by mining in urban areas are due to several reasons. In this paper we sought to identify the social actors and the dynamics of conflicts in the northwestern region of the São Paulo Municipality. This area presents aspects of environmental preservation, quarry activities, and dense urbanization. To minimize/solve these conflicts, strategies are proposed based on Social Learning methodologies.

scholarly journals Relationship of rural work with gender and education level / Relação do trabalho rural com gênero e nível de escolaridade

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 2364-2378
Author(s):  
Eveline Barbosa S. Carvalho ◽  
Felipe Rocha Campos ◽  
José Wellington Saraiva Sousa Junior ◽  
Luis Henrique B. De Araújo
Keyword(s):  
Elementary Education ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Demand Curve ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
Education Level ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Gender And Education ◽  
Rural Work

The research analyzes the relationship between rural work gender and education level based on microdata from the Brazilian Federal Government's General Register of Employed and Unemployed. Using data from employment in the states of Ceará and São Paulo as a case study, the descriptive analysis from the demand curve confirms that male workers have higher average salary level than female workers, in rural areas and also in urban areas, regardless of schooling. The research used the calculation of the price elasticity of demand coefficient to capture the behavior of employment in response to wage variations and showed that for illiterate workers job is more stable in Ceará regardless of gender. On the other hand, for São Paulo illiterate workers have less job stability. For workers with incomplete elementary education, the demand for men and women is inelastic for both Ceará and São Paulo. The cross-elasticity coefficients showed that the higher the level of education, the lower the possibility of discrimination as both gender are considered substitute factors of production.

scholarly journals Gouvernance urbaine et décentralisation inframunicipale dans les grandes villes d’Amérique

2015 ◽  
Vol 58 (164) ◽  
pp. 173-192
Author(s):  
Jean-Philippe Meloche
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Los Angeles ◽  
Buenos Aires ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
São Paulo

La Ville de Montréal affiche une structure de gouvernance décentralisée comprenant 19 arrondissements dotés de conseils élus et d’une certaine autonomie budgétaire. Cette décentralisation inframunicipale est souvent considérée excessive par les acteurs locaux. Quelques études comparatives existent sur la question, mais concernent surtout des villes européennes. Aucune ne permet de situer le cas de Montréal parmi les grandes villes d’Amérique. À travers une recension de documents officiels, la présente recherche propose un tour d’horizon sur la question pour une trentaine de grandes villes d’Amérique. Les arrangements institutionnels en place dans huit grandes villes comportant des entités inframunicipales y sont approfondis : Montréal, Toronto, New York, Los Angeles, Mexico, Bogotá, São Paulo et Buenos Aires. Il s’agit d’une première tentative de caractériser la décentralisation inframunicipale dans un contexte américain. Au final, on s’aperçoit que Montréal est significativement plus décentralisée que les autres grandes villes, mais que le processus est en développement dans certaines villes d’Amérique latine.

scholarly journals Noise pollution generated by motor vehicles at different times on Avenue Paulista, municipality of São Paulo / SP

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (71) ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio Celso de Souza Junior ◽  
João Alexandre Paschoalin Filho
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Noise Pollution ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
Motor Vehicles ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Technical Standards ◽  
Irreversible Damage ◽  
The Road ◽  
Resources Exploitation

Cities have shown high rates of population growth since the beginning of the twentieth century (at a greater intensity when compared to their development), which puts pressure on the environment intensifying the need of natural resources exploitation, as well as creating infrastructure problems. Among the impacts caused by the high densification of the population, noise pollution caused mainly by motor vehicles can be highlighted. This kind of urban impact, often ignored by the population and government, in addition to reducing people's quality of life and depreciating urban areas, can cause irreversible damage to public health. In this regard, this research brings, through measurements "in loco", the generation of noise by motor vehicles, in one of the main roads of the city of São Paulo. In addition to the data obtained, this research also analyzes them in the light of recommendations for technical standards and resolutions aimed at noise control. Through the analyzes conducted, it was found that the noise due to traffic, which is subject to the population that occupies (permanently or transiently) the surroundings of the road in studies, is above the recommended levels. In addition to momentary discomfort, the noise levels obtained have the potential to cause damage to the health of the population, such as hearing loss, attention deviations and even psychological problems. Therefore, it is hoped that this research will help to foster the debate about the impacts of noise pollution on the urban environment and the need for measures to be taken by municipal managers.

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